Colloid-particle electrostatic thrustors.
Colloid particle electrostatic thrustors for lunar ferry missions in specific impulse range 1000-3000 sec
COLLOIDAL PROPELLANT↗
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Results for “Ferry”
Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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Shuttle airbreathing propulsion
Space shuttle airbreathing propulsion systems requirements and design studies, considering cruise, landing, go-around and ferry capabilities
Glassman, A. J.↗
Aerospace applications of atmospheric rendezvous.
This paper studies the feasibility of the use of an atmospheric rendezvous concept to increase the efficiency and flexibility of space transportation systems. In this concept the second stage of a recoverable orbital launch vehicle or hypersonic transport would be built without wings, landing gear, or subsonic flight propulsion, and would be received in an atmospheric rendezvous by a carrier vehicle at the terminal point of flight for subsequent ferry to a landing site. Significant possibilities for weight improvement are shown and the attractiveness of a subsonic form of atmospheric rendezvous in either a towing or docking mode is illustrated.
Bird, J. D.↗
Digital autopilot for the SKYLAB orbital assembly.
In Project SKYLAB, the Command and Service Module which ferries astronaut crews to and from the Orbital Workshop is required to have the capability of providing attitude control for the entire Orbital Assembly during docked phases of the mission. A digital autopilot has been designed which meets this requirement. It is a direct descendant of the digital autopilot designed for and used extensively in project Apollo. There is a major difference however. For Apollo, it was reasonable to design an autopilot that treated the roll, pitch, and yaw axes independently. Because of the geometry of the Orbital Assembly, however, it is of considerable advantage to design the jet selection logic for SKYLAB such that the roll and pitch axes are treated as coupled, and also that the roll and yaw axes are treated as coupled. This paper discusses how inter-axis dependence has been incorporated in the Command and Service Module's digital autopilot while working within the limitations of the onboard computer.
Turnbull, J. F.↗
Rationale for windshield glass system specification requirements for shuttle orbiter
A preliminary procurement specification for the space shuttle orbiter windshield pane, and some of the design considerations and rationale leading to its development are presented. The windshield designer is given the necessary methods and procedures for assuring glass pane structural integrity by proof test. These methods and procedures are fully developed for annealed and thermally tempered aluminosilicate, borosilicate, and soda lime glass and for annealed fused silica. Application of the method to chemically tempered glass is considered. Other considerations are vision requirements, protection against bird impact, hail, frost, rain, and meteoroids. The functional requirements of the windshield system during landing, ferrying, boost, space flight, and entry are included.
Hayashida, K.↗
Neutral buoyancy testing of a shuttle orbiter crew compartment
The architectural and man-machine aspects of a shuttle orbiter crew compartment were examined. All phases of the Orbiter's flight mode from launch through zero gravity, reentry, and ferry flight are considered. The data provides an initial design criteria that treats the crew compartment as a total system and provides data that has a direct contribution to the development of flight hardware. Primary interest was centered on the design of the galley, hygiene facility, passenger couches, airlock, work station, and flight deck access. The man-machine interface emphasis was placed on identifying and developing solutions for problems in mobility/restraint, ingress/egress, accessibility, and volume utilization.
Rosener, A. A.↗
Prediction and evaluation of eddy-viscosity models for free mixing
Analysis for the turbulent mixing of free jets is presented in this paper and compared to recent experimental results. A turbulent mass diffusion model is presented and is based on the concentration potential core. The model yielded good results when compared with the experimental results except for low-speed flows where few experimental data are available. A review of recent experimental results verifies again that the three diffusion processes in turbulent mixing are interrelated; however, no single diffusion model may be used for all three processes. This is especially true when pressure gradients are present in the flow field. It is shown that even though momentum diffusion is significantly affected by pressure gradients, mass diffusion is not. It is further indicated that the mass diffusion model has been derived and is based on the accurate correlations of experimental results obtained for the concentration potential core. Similar techniques may be used in deriving an expression for the momentum and thermal diffusion coefficients. These expressions would be more complicated since they would have to take care of the boundary layer at the start of the mixing region. Finally, a comparison of the analyses, using this particular model and Ferri's model, with available experimental results is made.
Zakkay, V.↗
Space Shuttle orbiter power system requirements and design.
This paper is the third in a series discussing space station-shuttle power systems. The power requirements of the orbiter and a tradeoff study of several possible power system concepts are presented. The power sources considered are fuel cells, solar array/battery, radioisotope Brayton, and cryogenic fueled turboalternators. A fuel cell power source is chosen as the best candidate for the orbiter power system. A baseline power system is defined using four fuel cells, secondary batteries, primary emergency batteries, and constant speed drive-alternator units for ferrying power. A weight and cost summary is included.
Lombard, J. W.↗
Space Shuttle Orbiter ECLSS.
The Orbiter Environmental Control and Life Support System (ECLSS) provides the functions of atmosphere revitalization, crew life support, active thermal conditioning, and airlock support for EVA and docking activities. The ECLSS must satisfy the requirements of orbital missions with four to ten crewmembers and mission duration of a few hours to 30 days and the requirements associated with an atmospheric horizontal flight test program and ferry flight missions. The ECLSS development plan utilizes an ECLSS ground test article and thermal/vacuum testing to support the first horizontal flight test at the end of 1976. The ground testing and horizontal flight test program certify the Orbiter ECLSS for the first orbital flight in early 1978.
Stoll, O. T.↗
Research on the sonic boom problem. Part 2: Flow field measurement in wind tunnel and calculation of second order F-function
An experimental investigation has been carried out in a wind tunnel to test some of the results of Landahl's second order theory. The slender models consisted of a parabolic spindle, tested at M = 3, and a wing body configuration, suggested by Ferri, and tested at M = 2.7. The theory indicates that shock position and strength at an arbitrary distance can be calculated by means of near field measurements. The results show that this method is an appropriate one for simple bodies and for bodies with complicated geometries as well.
Landahl, M.↗
Effects of the air breathing propulsion system on space shuttle orbiter subsonic stability and control characteristics (OA71A)
Experimental aerodynamic investigations were conducted on an 0.0405 scale representation of the -89B (2A) Space Shuttle Orbiter in a 7.75 x 11.00 ft low speed wind tunnel during the time period from July 27, 1973 to August 3, 1973. The primary test objective was to investigate the aerodynamic effects of engine nacelle grouping and location on the orbiter ferry mission configuration. Five nacelles were tested, both individually mounted as well as mounted in a podded configuration, at the baseline position and moved 45.0 in. aft (full scale). Orbiter control effectiveness, both with and without nacelles, was recorded at elevon deflections of 0 deg, 5 deg, 10 deg, -10 deg and -20 deg and aileron deflections, about 0 deg elevon, of 0 deg, 5 deg, 10 deg, and 15 deg. The model was sting mounted on a 2.5 inch diameter internal strain gage balance entering through the base region. The nominal angle of attack range was -4 deg or = alpha or = 30 deg. Yaw polars were recorded over the beta range of -10 deg or = beta or = at fixed angles of attack of 0 deg and 10 deg.
Mennell, R. C.↗
Operations analysis (study 2.1). Program SEPSIM (solar electric propulsion stage simulation)
Program SEPSIM is a FORTRAN program which performs deployment, servicing, and retrieval missions to synchronous equatorial orbit using a space tug with a continuous low thrust upper stage known as a solar electric propulsion stage (SEPS). The SEPS ferries payloads back and forth between an intermediate orbit and synchronous orbit, and performs the necessary servicing maneuvers in synchronous orbit. The tug carries payloads between the orbiter and the intermediate orbit, deploys fully fueled SEPS vehicles, and retrieves exhausted SEPS vehicles when, and if, required. The program is presently contained in subroutine form in the Logistical On-orbit VEhicle Servicing (LOVES) Program, but can also be run independently with the addition of a simple driver program.
Lang, T. J.↗
Skylab's photographic workhorse
There are ten Data Acquisition Cameras (DAC) aboard the Skylab workshop, and one additional is aboard each of the three command modules that ferry astronauts to Skylab. These cameras will transport approximately 40,000 feet of 16-mm film at frame rates from time exposures to 24 frames per second (fps). The heart of the 16-mm DAC system is a unique sequence camera. Approximately 80% of the Skylab 16-mm film will be exposed at 2 fps to maximize data acquisition time and remain within spacecraft return weight limitations. Of the approximately 225 accessories, the most unique item is the 400-foot magazine system.-
Gerlach, R.↗
Effects of air breathing engine plumes on SSV orbiter subsonic wing pressure distribution, volume 2
Data presented were obtained during wind tunnel tests of a 0.0405-scale model of the -89B ferry configuration of the space shuttle vehicle orbiter. These tests were conducted in the Rockwell International low speed wind tunnel (NAAL). The primary test objective was to investigate orbiter wing pressure distributions resulting from nacelle plumes above and below the wing. Three six-engine nacelle configurations were tested. One configuration has a twin-podded nacelle mounted above each wing and the others had one mounted below each wing. Both had a centerline twin-podded nacelle mounted below the wing. Wing pressure distribution was determined by locating static pressure bugs on the upper and lower surfaces of the left wing. Pressure bugs were also located on the upper and lower surfaces of the body flap and on the B12 afterbody fairing when it was installed. Base and balance cavity pressures were recorded and a strain gage instrumented beam in the right wing measured elevon hinge moments and normal forces.
Soard, T.↗
Effects of air breathing engine plumes on SSV orbiter subsonic wing pressure distribution (OA57B), volume 1
Data were obtained during wind tunnel tests of a 0.0405-scale model of the ferry configuration of the space shuttle vehicle orbiter conducted in a low speed wind tunnel during the time period of September 18 to September 23, 1973. The primary test objective was to investigate orbiter wing pressure distributions resulting from nacelle plumes above and below the wing. Three six-engine nacelle configurations were tested. One configuration had a twin-podded nacelle mounted above each wing and the others had one mounted below each wing. Both had a centerline twin-podded nacelle mounted below the wing. Wing pressure distribution was determined by locating static pressure bugs on the upper and lower surfaces of the left wing. Pressure bugs were also located on the upper and lower surfaces of the body flap and on the B12 afterbody fairing when it was installed. Base and balance cavity pressures were recorded and a strain gage instrumented beam in the right wing measured elevon hinge moments and normal forces.
Soard, T.↗
Effects of the air breathing engine plumes on SSV orbiter subsonic wing pressure distributions (OA57A)
Experimental aerodynamic pressure investigations were conducted on a 0.0405 scale representation of the -89 space shuttle orbiter ferry configuration in the Rockwell International 7.75 x 11.00 foot Low Speed Wind Tunnel. The primary test objective was to investigate the orbiter wing pressure distribution resulting from five under-wing engine nacelle plumes. Two five engine nacelle configurations were tested at 3 ground plane heights with pressure bug measurements being made on the left upper and lower wing panel. In addition, base and balance cavity pressure measurements were made, with elevon normal and hinge moment measurements on the right panel.
Cameron, B. W., Jr.↗
Natural environment support guidelines for Space Shuttle tests and operations
The present work outlines the general concept as to how natural environment guidelines will be developed for Space Shuttle activities. The following six categories that might need natural environment support are single out: development tests; preliminary operations and prelaunch; launch to orbit; orbital mission and operations; deorbit, entry, and landing; ferry flights. An example of detailed event requirements for decisions to launch is given. Some artist's conceptions of proposed launch complexes at Kennedy Space Center and Vandenberg AFB are shown.
Carter, E. A.↗
The shuttle orbiter cabin atmospheric revitalization systems
The Orbiter Atmospheric Revitalization Subsystem (ARS) and Pressure Control Subsystem (ARPCS) are designed to provide the flight crew and passengers with a pressurized environment that is both life-supporting and within crew comfort limitations. The ARPCS is a two-gas (oxygen-nitrogen) system that obtains oxygen from the Power Reactant Supply and Distribution (PRSD) subsystem and nitrogen from the nitrogen storage tanks. The ARS includes the water coolant loop; cabin CO2, odor, humidity and temperature control; and avionics cooling. Baseline ARPCS and ARS changes since 1973 include removal of the sublimator from the water coolant loop, an increase in flowrates to accommodate increased loads, elimination of the avionics bay isolation from the cabin, a decision to have an inert vehicle during ferry flight, elimination of coldwall tubing around windows and hatches, and deletion of the cabin heater.
Ward, C. F.↗