Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “FREQUENCY MODULATION”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 73 records · Page 4
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2019

Numerical simulation of amplification of frequency-modulated radiation in a gas amplifier THL-100 laser system

Numerical simulation methods have been used to study the effect of frequency modulation of input laser radiation with a pulse duration of 250 ps on the gain characteristics in a gas XeF (C – A) amplifier of the hybrid THL-100 laser system at a pump energy of 270 – 400 J. Using the Wigner distribution function, local radiation spectra are calculated at various points of the input laser beam with positive and negative chirps. The effect of the pump energy of the amplifier on the energy, intensity, and duration of the output laser radiation pulses is investigated. It is shown that with an insignificant change in energy, the pulse duration of the output radiation turns out to be longer with a negative chirp of the input radiation. (lasers)

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

Autopilot for frequency-modulation atomic force microscopy

One of the most challenging aspects of operating an atomic force microscope (AFM) is finding optimal feedback parameters. This statement applies particularly to frequency-modulation AFM (FM-AFM), which utilizes three feedback loops to control the cantilever excitation amplitude, cantilever excitation frequency, and z-piezo extension. These loops are regulated by a set of feedback parameters, tuned by the user to optimize stability, sensitivity, and noise in the imaging process. Optimization of these parameters is difficult due to the coupling between the frequency and z-piezo feedback loops by the non-linear tip-sample interaction. Four proportional-integral (PI) parameters and two lock-in parameters regulating these loops require simultaneous optimization in the presence of a varying unknown tip-sample coupling. Presently, this optimization is done manually in a tedious process of trial and error. Here, we report on the development and implementation of an algorithm that computes the control parameters automatically. The algorithm reads the unperturbed cantilever resonance frequency, its quality factor, and the z-piezo driving signal power spectral density. It analyzes the poles and zeros of the total closed loop transfer function, extracts the unknown tip-sample transfer function, and finds four PI parameters and two lock-in parameters for the frequency and z-piezo control loops that optimize the bandwidth and step response of the total system. Implementation of the algorithm in a home-built AFM shows that the calculated parameters are consistently excellent and rarely require further tweaking by the user. The new algorithm saves the precious time of experienced users, facilitates utilization of FM-AFM by casual users, and removes the main hurdle on the way to fully automated FM-AFM.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2016

Frequency modulation and compression of optical pulses in an optical fibre with a travelling refractive-index wave

We have studied the conditions for spectral broadening, frequency modulation and compression (both temporal and spectral) of Gaussian pulses propagating in a fibre with a travelling refractive-index wave. Analytical expressions have been derived for the dependences of pulse duration, chirp and spectral width on the distance travelled through the fibre, parameters of the fibre and radiation launched into it. Based on the numerical analysis we have studied the behaviour of these characteristics by changing the coefficient of the refractive-index modulation and other parameters of the travelling refractive-index wave. (nonlinear optical phenomena)

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
NASA NTRS1976

Neural pulse frequency modulation of an exponentially correlated Gaussian process

The effect of NPFM (Neural Pulse Frequency Modulation) on a stationary Gaussian input, namely an exponentially correlated Gaussian input, is investigated with special emphasis on the determination of the average number of pulses in unit time, known also as the average frequency of pulse occurrence. For some classes of stationary input processes where the formulation of the appropriate multidimensional Markov diffusion model of the input-plus-NPFM system is possible, the average impulse frequency may be obtained by a generalization of the approach adopted. The results are approximate and numerical, but are in close agreement with Monte Carlo computer simulation results.

Hutchinson, C. E.↗
DOE OSTI2020

Coherent Processing of Up/Down Linear Frequency Modulated Chirps

A useful and popular waveform for high-performance radar systems is the Linear Frequency Modulated (LFM) chirp. The chirp may have a positive frequency slope with time (up-chirp) or a negative frequency slope with time (down-chirp). There is no inherent advantage to one with respect to the other, except that the receiver needs to be matched to the proper waveform. However, if up-chirps and down-chirps are employed on different pulses in the same Coherent Processing Interval (CPI), then care must be taken to maintain coherence in the range-compressed echo signals. We present the mathematics for doing so, for both correlation processing and stretch processing.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2016

Optimisation of frequency-modulated characteristics of output radiation in a lidar with Raman amplification

The reported study is aimed at increasing the power in the transmission path of a lidar with Raman amplification for longpath sensing of methane by optimising the frequency-modulated characteristics of the output radiation. The pump current of the used distributed-feedback master laser was modulated by a linearfrequency signal with simultaneous application of a non-synchronous high-frequency signal. For such a modulation regime, the Raman amplifier provided the mean output power of 2.5 W at a wavelength of 1650 nm. The spectral broadening did not significantly decrease the lidar sensitivity at long paths. (lidars)

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2016

Investigation on nanoscale processes on the BaF{sub 2}(111) surface in various solutions by frequency modulation atomic force microscopy

In this study, we have directly observed nanoscale processes that occur on BaF{sub 2}(111) surfaces in various solutions using liquid-environment frequency modulation atomic force microscopy (FM-AFM) with a true atomic resolution. In addition, to investigate atomic-scale mechanisms of crystal growth process of BaF{sub 2}, we determined a suitable solution for atomic-resolution FM-AFM imaging of the BaF{sub 2}(111) surface. For undersaturated solutions, the surface is roughened by barium hydroxo complexes in the case of high pH, whereas by dissolution and proton or water molecule adsorption throughout the surface in the case of low pH. On the other hand, for supersaturated solutions, the surface shows two-dimensional nucleation and growth (σ = 0.1) and three-dimensional crystal growth with tetrahedral structures (σ = 1), where σ is the degree of supersaturation. The atomic-resolution imaging of the BaF{sub 2}(111) surface has been demonstrated in potassium fluoride (KF) and the supersaturated (σ = 0.1 and 1) solutions, wherein atomically flat terraces are shown at least for about 30 min.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2019

Generation of ultrashort X-ray bursts without attosecond frequency modulation in Coulomb collisions of nuclei of diatomic heteronuclear molecules ionised by an ultraintense laser pulse

Based on classical and quantum mechanical calculations, we study the possibility of generating ultrashort X-ray bursts, free of attosecond frequency modulation (attochirp), with photon energies of the order of 1 keV and higher in Coulomb collisions of nuclei in an ensemble of diatomic molecules containing nuclei with different masses, driven by ultraintense IR laser pulses. The minimally attainable duration of the generated X-ray pulses is investigated as a function of intensity and wavelength of laser radiation. It is shown that the considered mechanism of nuclear collisions makes it possible to generate transform-limited X-ray pulses with a duration of about 1 as using modern petawatt laser systems. (paper)

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2017

Laser cooling of {sup 171}Yb{sup +} ions in a frequency-modulated field

We have investigated the laser cooling of ytterbium ions in a radio-frequency trap by a frequency-modulated resonant laser field. It has been shown that the lowest laser cooling temperatures, close to the Doppler limit, can be reached at field modulation parameters μ ⩾ 0.1. At lower μ values, the region of field parameters optimal for cooling shifts to higher intensities and the minimum possible laser cooling temperature increases. (paper)

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2014

Coherent cooling of atoms in a frequency-modulated standing laser wave: Wave function and stochastic trajectory approaches

The wave function of a moderately cold atom in a stationary near-resonant standing light wave delocalizes very fast due to wave packet splitting. However, we show that frequency modulation of the field can suppress packet splitting for some atoms whose specific velocities are in a narrow range. These atoms remain localized in a small space for a long time. We demonstrate and explain this effect numerically and analytically. We also demonstrate that the modulated field can not only trap but also cool the atoms. We perform a numerical experiment with a large atomic ensemble having wide initial velocity and energy distributions. During the experiment, most of atoms leave the wave while the trapped atoms have a narrow energy distribution.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2015

Frequency modulation of semiconductor disk laser pulses

A numerical model is constructed for a semiconductor disk laser mode-locked by a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM), and the effect that the phase modulation caused by gain and absorption saturation in the semiconductor has on pulse generation is examined. The results demonstrate that, in a laser cavity with sufficient second-order dispersion, alternating-sign frequency modulation of pulses can be compensated for. We also examine a model for tuning the dispersion in the cavity of a disk laser using a Gires–Tournois interferometer with limited thirdorder dispersion. (control of radiation parameters)

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2019

Determination of the sign of the population difference in a two-level system by frequency-modulation spectroscopy

Population inversions can occur in two-level systems as a result of chemical kinetic processes that involve pulsed excitation of a system with a large amount of excess energy, for example, multi-photon dissociation. In this work, we report the use of frequency-modulation (FM) spectroscopy to determine, from the phase of the FM signal, the sign of the population difference in a two-level system – specifically, whether the two-level system is inverted. Here, as a proof of principle demonstration of this technique, we show that FM signals from an inverted I 2 B 3 Π 0+u – X 1 $Σ$ $^+$$_g$ transition, prepared by a pulsed laser, have opposite phase with respect to signals from a non-inverted system, the Rb D 1 -line absorption transition.

74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS↗
NASA NTRS1986

Fiber-optic interferometer using frequency-modulated laser diodes

This paper describes an electrically passive fiber-optic interferometer which uses dual frequency-modulated laser diodes. Experimental results show that this type of interferometer can attain a displacement range of 100 micron with subnanometer resolution. This technique can serve as the basis for a number of high-precision fiber-optic sensors.

Beheim, G.↗
DOE OSTI2018

High frequency modulation circuits based on photoconductive wide bandgap switches

Methods, systems, and devices for high voltage and/or high frequency modulation. In one aspect, an optoelectronic modulation system includes an array of two or more photoconductive switch units each including a wide bandgap photoconductive material coupled between a first electrode and a second electrode, a light source optically coupled to the WBGP material of each photoconductive switch unit via a light path, in which the light path splits into multiple light paths to optically interface with each WBGP material, such that a time delay of emitted light exists along each subsequent split light path, and in which the WBGP material conducts an electrical signal when a light signal is transmitted to the WBGP material, and an output to transmit the electrical signal conducted by each photoconductive switch unit. The time delay of the photons emitted through the light path is substantially equivalent to the time delay of the electrical signal.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1985

Frequency-Modulation Correlation Spectrometer

New type of correlation spectrometer eliminates need to shift between two cells, one empty and one containing reference gas. Electrooptical phase modulator sinusoidally shift frequencies of sample transmission spectrum.

Margolis, J. S.↗
DOE OSTI2014

Clean surface processing of rubrene single crystal immersed in ionic liquid by using frequency modulation atomic force microscopy

Surface processing of a rubrene single crystal immersed in ionic liquids is valuable for further development of low voltage transistors operated by an electric double layer. We performed a precise and clean surface processing based on the tip-induced dissolution of rubrene molecules at the ionic liquid/rubrene single crystal interfaces by using frequency modulation atomic force microscopy. Molecular resolution imaging revealed that the tip-induced dissolution proceeded via metastable low density states derived from the anisotropic intermolecular interactions within the crystal structure.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗