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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 73 records · Page 4
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1987

Synthesis, physical and chemical properties, and potential applications of graphite fluoride fibers

Graphite fluoride fibers can be produced by fluorinating pristine or intercalated graphite fibers. The higher the degree of graphitization of the fibers, the higher the temperature needed to reach the same degree of fluorination. Pitched based fibers were fluorinated to flourine-to-carbon atom rations between 0 and 1. The graphite fluoride fibers with a fluorine-to-carbon atom ration near 1 have extensive visible structural damage. On the other hand, fluorination of fibers pretreated with bromine or fluorine and bromine result in fibers with a fluorine-to-carbon atom ratio nearly equal to 0.5 with no visible structural damage. The electrical resistivity of the fibers is dependent upon the fluorine to carbon atom ratio and ranged from .01 to 10 to the 11th ohm/cm. The thermal conductivity of these fibers ranged from 5 to 73 W/m-k, which is much larger than the thermal conductivity of glass, which is the regular filler in epoxy composites. If graphite fluoride fibers are used as a filler in epoxy or PTFE, the resulting composite may be a high thermal conductivity material with an electrical resistivity in either the insulator or semiconductor range. The electrically insulating product may provide heat transfer with lower temperature gradients than many current electrical insulators. Potential applications are presented.

Hung, Ching-Cheh↗
NASA NTRS1990

Graphite fluoride fibers and their applications in the space industry

Characterization and potential space applications of graphite fluoride fibers from commercially available graphitized carbon fibers are presented. Graphite fluoride fibers with fluorine to carbon ratios of 0.65 and 0.68 were found to have electrical resistivity values of 10(exp 4) and 10(exp 11) Ohms-cm, respectively, and thermal conductivity values of 24 and 5 W/m-K, respectively. At this fluorine content range, the fibers have tensile strength of 0.25 + or - 0.10 GPa (36 + or - 14 ksi), Young's modulus of 170 + or - 30 GPa (25 + or - 5 Msi). The coefficient of thermal expansion value of a sample with fluorine to carbon ratio of 0.61 was found to be 7 ppm/C. These properties change and approach the graphite value as the fluorine content approach 0. Electrically insulative graphite fluoride fiber is at least five times more thermally conductive than fiberglass. Therefore, it can be used as a heat sinking printed circuit board material for low temperature, long life power electronics in spacecraft. Also, partially fluorinated fiber with tailor-made physical properties to meet the requirements of certain engineering design can be produced. For example, a partially fluorinated fiber could have a predetermined CTE value in -1.5 to 7 ppm/C range and would be suitable for use in solar concentrators in solar dynamic power systems. It could also have a predetermined electrical resistivity value suitable for use as a low observable material. Experimental data indicate that slightly fluorinated graphite fibers are more durable in the atomic oxygen environment than pristine graphite. Therefore, fluorination of graphite used in the construction of spacecraft that would be exposed to the low Earth orbit atomic oxygen may protect defect sites in atomic oxygen protective coatings and therefore decrease the rate of degradation of graphite.

Hung, Ching-Chen↗
NASA NTRS1991

Observations of the freeze/thaw performance of lithium fluoride by motion picture photography

To gain direct observation of the molten salt phase change, a novel containerless technique was developed where the high surface tension of lithium fluoride was used to suspend a bead of the molten salt inside a specially designed wire cage. By varying the current passing through the wire, the cage also served as a variable heat source. In this way, the freeze/thaw performance of the lithium fluoride could be photographed by motion picture photography without the influence of container walls. The motion picture photography of the lithium fluoride sample revealed several zones during the phase change, a solid zone and a liquid zone, as expected, and a slush zone that was predicted by thermal analysis modeling.

Jaworske, D. A.↗
NASA NTRS1994

Exotic fluoride molecules in IRC +10216: Confirmation of AlF and searches for MgF and CaF

Three new rotational transitions of aluminum fluoride (AlF) at 0.8 and 1.2 mm have been observed. The J = 10-9, J = 8-7, and J = 7-6 lines of AlF at 230, 263, and 329 GHz, respectively, were seen toward IRC +10216 using the Caltech Submillimter Observatory (CSO). Combined with the earlier data obtained for this species at IRAM at 2 and 3 mm, these measurements confirm the presence of the metal halide in this carbon-rich circumstellar shell. Analysis of the CSO and IRAM data suggests that AlF arises from a source with a diameter of theta(sub s) approximately = 5-10 sec and hence is present chiefly in the inner envelope of IRC +10216. In this region, the molecule has a column density of (0.3-1.1) x 10(exp 15)/sq cm, which indicates a fractional abundance of at least approximately 10(exp -9), relative to H2. Searches for the metal fluoride species CaF and MgF have also been conducted toward IRC +10216, but with negative results. The column density upper limits for MgF and CaF are N(sub tot) less than (1-4) x 10(exp 14)/sq cm. Relative abundances of these metal fluoride molecules can be understood in terms of chemical thermodynamic equilibrium. The presence of AlF in IRC +10216 also indicates that large quantities of fluorine must be present in the inner stellar envelope, suggesting that this element may be produced not primarily in explosive nucleosynthesis but rather in helium shell flashes, as indicated also by HF spectroscopy of red giant stars.

Ziurys, L. M.↗
NASA NTRS1960

Lubricating Properties of Some Bonded Fluoride and Oxide Coatings for Temperature to 1500 F

The lubricating properties of some experimental ceramic coatings, diffusion-bonded fluoride coatings, and ceramic-bonded fluoride coatings were determined. The experiments were conducted in an air atmosphere at a sliding velocity of 430 feet per minute and at temperatures from 75 to 1500 F. Several ceramic coatings provided substantial reductions in friction coefficient and rider wear (compared with the unlubricated metals). For example, a cobaltous oxide (CoO) base coating gave friction coefficients of 0.24 to 0.36 within the temperature range of 75 to 1400 F; serious galling and welding of the metal surfaces were prevented. The friction coefficients were higher than the arbitrary maximum (0.2) usually considered for effective boundary lubrication. However, when a moderately high friction coefficient can be tolerated, this type of coating may be a useful antiwear composition. Diffusion-bonded calcium fluoride (CaF2) on Haynes Stellite 21 and on Inconel X gave friction coefficients of 0.1 to 0.2 at 1500 F. Endurance life was dependent on the thermal history of the coating; life improved with increased exposure time at elevated temperatures prior to running. Promising results were obtained with ceramic-bonded CaF2 on Inconel X. Effective lubrication and good adherence were obtained with a 3 to 1 ratio of CaF2 to ceramic. A very thin sintered and burnished film of CaF2 applied to the surface of this coating further improved lubrication, particularly above 1350 F. The friction coefficient was 0.2 at 500 F and decreased with increasing temperature to 0.06-at 1500 F. It was 0.25 at 75 F and 0.22 at 250 F.

Sliney, Harold E.↗
NASA NTRS1989

ESCA Study of Poly (Vinylidene Fluoride) Tetrafluoroethylene - Ethylene Copolymer and Polyethylene Exposed to Atomic Oxygen

The ESCA (electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis) spectra of films of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), tetrafluoroethylene-ethylene copolymer (TFE/ET) and polyethylene (PE) exposed to atomic oxygen (O(P-3)), in or out of the glow of a radio-frequency O2 plasma, were compared. ESCA spectra of PE films exposed to (O(P-3)) in low Earth orbit (LEO) on the STS-8 Space Shuttle were also examined. Apart from O(P-3)-induced surface recession (etching), the various polymer films exhibited surface oxidation, which proceeded towards equilibrium saturation oxygen levels. The maximum surface oxygen uptakes for in-glow or out-of-glow exposures were in the order: PE greater than TFE/ET greater than PVDF; for PE itself, the oxygen uptakes were in the order: in glow greater than out of glow greater than LEO. Given prior ESCA data on poly(vinyl fluoride) and polytetrafluoroethylene films exposed to O(P-3), the extent of surface oxidation is seen to decrease regularly with increase in fluorine substitution in a family of ethylene-type polymers. (Keywords: ESCA; poly(vinylidene fluoride); tetrafluoroethylene ethylene copolymer; polyethylene; atomic oxygen; radio-frequency oxygen plasma; low Earth orbit)

Golub, Morton A.↗
NASA NTRS1997

Discovery of Interstellar Hydrogen Fluoride

We report the first detection of interstellar hydrogen fluoride. Using the Long Wavelength Spectrometer of the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO), we have detected the 121.6973 micron J = 2-1 line of HF in absorption toward the far-infrared continuum source Sagittarius B2. The detection is statistically significant at the 13 sigma level. On the basis of our model for the excitation of HF in Sgr B2, the observed line equivalent width of 1.0 nm implies a hydrogen fluoride abundance of about 3 x 10 (exp -10) relative to H, If the elemental abundance of fluorine in Sgr B2 is the same as that in the solar system, then HF accounts for about 2% of the total number of fluorine nuclei. We expect hydrogen fluoride to be the dominant reservoir of gas-phase fluorine in Sgr B2, because it is formed rapidly in exothermic reactions of atomic fluorine with either water or molecular hydrogen; thus, the measured HF abundance suggests a substantial depletion of fluorine onto dust grains. Similar conclusions regarding depletion have previously been reached for the case of chlorine in dense interstellar clouds. We also find evidence at a lower level of statistical significance (about 5 sigma) for an emission feature at the expected position of the 4(sub 32)-4(sub 23) 121.7219 micron line of water. The emission-line equivalent width of 0.5 mm for the water feature is consistent with the water abundance of 5 x 10(exp -6) relative to H, that has been inferred previously from observations of the hot core of Sgr B2.

Neufeld, David A.↗
NASA NTRS1997

Discovery of Interstellar Hydrogen Fluoride

We report the first detection of interstellar hydrogen fluoride. Using the Long Wavelength Spectrometer of the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO), we have detected the 121.6973 micron J = 2-1 line of HF in absorption toward the far-infrared continuum source Sagittarius B2. The detection is statistically significant at the 13 sigma level. On the basis of our model for the excitation of HF in Sgr B2, the observed line equivalent width of 1.0 nm implies a hydrogen fluoride abundance of approximately 3 x 10(exp -10) relative to H2. If the elemental abundance of fluorine in Sgr B2 is the same as that in the solar system, then HF accounts for approximately 2% of the total number of fluorine nuclei. We expect hydrogen fluoride to be the dominant reservoir of gas-phase fluorine in Sgr B2, because it is formed rapidly in exothermic reactions of atomic fluorine with either water or molecular hydrogen; thus, the measured HF abundance suggests a substantial depletion of fluorine onto dust grains. Similar conclusions regarding depletion have previously been reached for the case of chlorine in dense interstellar clouds. We also find evidence at a lower level of statistical significance (approximately 5 sigma) for an emission feature at the expected position of the 4(sub 32)-4(sub 23) 121.7219 micron line of water. The emission-line equivalent width of 0.5 nm for the water feature is consistent with the water abundance of 5 x 10(exp -6) relative to H2 that has been inferred previously from observations of the hot core of Sgr B2.

Neufeld, David A.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Effect of oral calcium and calcium + fluoride treatments on mouse bone properties during suspension

The bone effects of oral dosages of calcium chloride with or without supplementary sodium fluoride were assessed in antiorthostatically suspended mice. Two calcium dosages were used to replace half (3.1 mM) or all(6.3 mM) of the dietary calcium lost due to reduced food intake by the suspended mice. Two groups of 6.3 mM CaCl2-treated mice were additionally treated with 0.25 or 2.5 mM NaF. The results indicate that supplementation of the mouse drinking water with calcium salts prevents bone changes induced by short-term suspension, while calcium salts in combination with fluoride are less effective as fluoride dosage increases. However, the calcium supplements change the relationship between the femur mechanical properties and the mineral composition of the bone. Because of this, it appears that oral calcium supplements are effective through a mechanism other than simple dietary supplementation and may indicate a dependence of bone consistency on systemic and local fluid conditions.

Non-NASA Center↗
NASA NTRS2017

Advanced Environmentally Resistant Lithium Fluoride Mirror Coatings for the Next Generation of Broadband Space Observatories

Recent advances in the physical vapor deposition (PVD) of protective fluoride films have raised the far-ultraviolet (FUV: 912-1600 A) reflectivity of aluminum-based mirrors closer to the theoretical limit. The greatest gains, at more than 20%, have come for lithium fluoride-protected aluminum, which has the shortest wavelength cutoff of any conventional overcoat. Despite the success of the NASA FUSE mission, the use of lithium fluoride (LiF)-based optics is rare, as LiF is hygroscopic and requires handling procedures that can drive risk. With NASA now studying two large mission concepts for astronomy, Large UV-Optical-IR Surveyor (LUVOIR) and the Habitable Exoplanet Imaging Mission (HabEx), which mandate throughput down to 1000 , the development of LiF-based coatings becomes crucial. This paper discusses steps that are being taken to qualify these new enhanced LiF-protected aluminum (eLiF) mirror coatings for flight. In addition to quantifying the hygroscopic degradation, we have developed a new method of protecting eLiF with an ultrathin (10-20 A) capping layer of a nonhygroscopic material to increase durability. We report on the performance of eLiF-based optics and assess the steps that need to be taken to qualify such coatings for LUVOIR, HabEx, and other FUV-sensitive space missions.

Fleming, Brian↗
DOE OSTI2022

Enabling Conversion-Type Iron Fluoride Cathode by Halide-Based Solid Electrolyte

The practical application of low-cost and energy-dense iron fluoride cathodes has been hindered by the first cycle electrochemical irreversibility, cycling instability, and large voltage hysteresis. Here, we report that these challenges may be overcome by the utilization of halide-based solid electrolytes (SEs). The excellent electrochemical stability of halide-based SEs enables a complete conversion and deconversion of FeF 2 which cannot be achieved with sulfide-based SEs. Due to restricted and reversible decomposition of SE, prevention of Fe dissolution, mechanical confinement of active material, as well as improved electrode kinetics, solid-state FeF 2 cathode with halide-based SE demonstrated superior electrochemical performance compared with FeF 2 electrodes in liquid electrolytes, with a high 1st cycle coulombic efficiency (~100 %), high specific capacity (~600 mAh/g), long cycle life (>100 cycles) and high-rate performance (up to 2C). In conclusion, our results suggest solidifying the batteries may be a viable approach to addressing the long-standing key challenges of iron fluoride cathodes.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Production of anhydrous ƒ-element fluorides through the ionothermal treatment of ƒ-element oxalates

The pivotal role of uranium and plutonium fluorides in the nuclear fuel cycle, particularly in the pyrochemical reduction process, is well recognized. Traditionally, the fluorination of uranium and plutonium materials relies on the use of highly toxic and corrosive gases (e.g., HF (g) , F 2(g) ). Herein, we present an alternative approach using the ionic liquid 1‑butyl‑3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([Bmim][PF 6 ] (l) ) and/or hexafluorophosphoric acid (HPF 6(aq) ) as fluorinating agents for the ƒ-element oxalates M$^{III}_{2}$(C 2 O 4 ) 3 ∙ 9H 2 O (s) M$^{III}_{2}$(C 2 O 4 ) 3 ∙ 9H 2 O (s) (M III = Ce, Pu) and M IV (C 2 O 4 ) 2 ∙ 6H 2 O (s) (M IV = Th, U). Our findings demonstrate that [Bmim][PF 6 ] (l) and HPF 6(aq) enable the ionothermal fluorination of ƒ-element oxalates, resulting in the formation of anhydrous CeF 3(s) , ThF 4(s) , and UF 4(s) within 2 hours at 200 °C. This method also facilitates the partial fluorination of plutonium(III) oxalate, yielding a mixture of anhydrous PuF 3(s) and an unidentified phase. Overall, the ionothermal treatment approach offers a safer and more efficient means of producing anhydrous ƒ-element fluorides than conventional methods involving hazardous gases. In addition, we describe the morphology of UF 4(s) materials as a function of production route and demonstrate the presence of morphological signatures that could be used during a nuclear forensic investigation.

Cerium↗
DOE OSTI2023

Optical spectroscopy of molten fluorides: Methods, electronic and vibrational data, structural interpretation, and relevance to radiative heat transfer

In this study, to help address the need for predicting radiative heat transfer (RHT) behavior of molten salts, we conducted a comprehensive review of methods and data from optical spectroscopic measurements on molten fluoride salts. Transmittance, reflectance, and trans-reflectance experimental methods are discussed, along with the corresponding data reduction methodology and the limitations of each technique. Optical spectroscopy is a convenient indirect probe for changes in structural parameters with temperature and composition. Electronic and vibrational absorption data for transition-metal, lanthanide, and actinide solutes and vibrational absorption data for alkali and alkaline earth fluoride solvents are compiled, and the corresponding structural interpretation is discussed and compared with other experimental and theoretical work. We find that solvent and solute vibrational absorption can be significant in the mid-infrared, resulting in near-infrared edges of significance to RHT. Extrapolation and averaging of existing edge data leads to estimated gray absorption coefficient values at 700 °C of 546 m —1 for FLiBe and 276 m —1 for FLiNaK, both within the range of 1 – 6000 m —1 identified to be of engineering relevance for radiative heat transfer analysis.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Removing Fluoride from Double Four-Membered Rings Yielding Defect-Free Zeolites under Mild Conditions Using Ozone

We have investigated ozone treatment of as-made LTA zeolites under mild temperature conditions (175 °C) using experiments and periodic DFT as a method of energy savings and engineering defects such as silanol nests in comparison with conventional calcination at 550 °C. We have studied ozone treatment on LTA samples synthesized with 1,2-dimethyl-3-(4-methylbenzyl) imidazolium (denoted as “BULKY”) as the primary organic structure-directing agent (OSDA) and with various amounts of tetramethylammonium (TMA) as a secondary OSDA. Ozone treatment of LTA-BULKY at 175 °C was found to give defect-free, pristine LTA materials as determined by 29 Si NMR, 13 C NMR, Raman spectra, and DFT to assign the spectra. This represents a significant and unexpected finding: that fluoride ions can be completely removed from double four-membered rings (D4Rs) under such mild conditions. Furthermore, ozone treatment of LTA-BULKY-TMA samples removed BULKY but left behind TMA/F, giving a new and more diverse structural landscape of Si environments in LTA. Ab initio MetaDynamics calculations provide pathways with relatively low barriers, explaining how fluoride ions can be removed from D4Rs, leaving behind defect-free LTA materials under mild conditions.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

High Li + Transference Number Electrolyte Enabled by Fluoride Acceptor for Low-Temperature Li-Ion Batteries

To enable wide-temperature operation of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), new electrolyte formulations have been developed to enhance the performance, particularly at low temperatures. A key challenge lies in achieving both high ionic conductivity and a high lithium-ion transference number due to their inherent trade-off. In this study, we designed an electrolyte system comprising tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (TPFPB), a fluoride acceptor, and LiF salt in ethylene carbonate (EC)-free solvents. TPFPB, with its electron-deficient boron center, facilitates fluoride transfer reactions that promote the dissociation of otherwise insoluble LiF. When methyl acetate (MA) was used as the solvent, the electrolyte exhibited a high transference number (t Li + = 0.85) and ionic conductivity (σ = 5.0 × 10 –3 S cm –1 ). The optimized electrolyte demonstrated excellent performance at −20 °C, with no evidence of lithium plating. This work presents a new strategy for electrolyte design by leveraging cation desolvation to achieve high-performance LIBs for low-temperature and high-power applications.

anions↗
DOE OSTI2025

Investigation of a U(IV)/U(III) Thermodynamic Reference Electrode for High-Temperature Molten Fluoride Salts

While thermodynamic reference electrodes with known and stable potentials are common in traditional aqueous systems, the high temperature and corrosive environment of a molten fluoride salt makes achieving long term stability with a thermodynamic reference electrode challenging, especially at temperatures of 600°C or higher. In this work, a thermodynamic reference electrode consisting of U(IV)/U(III) in a boron nitride compartment was evaluated for use in FLiBe at temperatures ≥ 600°C. FLiBe used in the study was purified by AlphaTech's proprietary process and characterized by ICP-MS and square wave voltammetry. The free oxide concentration was <2 ppm. Using the purified FLiBe, the U(IV)/U(III) thermodynamic reference electrode was shown to provide a stable, well-defined, and reproducible potential for more than 600+ hours of use in different tests. Moreover, the thermodynamic reference electrode showed a consistent potential with no signs of failure, even after being cooled between tests and then reheated for reuse. Thus, the U(IV)/U(III) reference electrode is suitable for use in rigorous electrochemical studies in molten fluoride salts. As a result, it may be useful as a common standard, facilitating the advancement of nuclear applications such as isotope separation or online monitoring of reactor systems through improved certainty in the measurement of thermodynamic potentials.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Fluoride Analysis by Ion Chromatography in Support of Fast Critical Assembly (FCA) Spent Nuclear Fuel Processing

INTRODUCTION The Savannah River Site (SRS) is currently processing Fast Critical Assembly (FCA) fuel received from the Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) for disposition. Stainless steel-clad plate and rods in stainless steel containers are dissolved using electrolysis with a solution mixture of nitric acid (HNO3), potassium fluoride (KF), and gadolinium (Gd). An ion chromatography (IC) was developed and vetted to monitor fluoride at various sampling points of the process. To finalize the method, FCA test solution was analyzed to qualify the analytical method followed by real FCA process solution analysis using two different analytical columns. This presentation summarizes the development and vetting of the IC method.

White, Thomas L. [Savannah River National Laborato↗
DOE OSTI2025

Fabrication and Testing of Solid-Solution Strengthened Corrosion Resistant Alloys For Service in Molten Fluoride Environments

The demand for higher system thermal efficiencies requires the operation of power generation cycles and heat conversion systems at progressively higher temperatures. As the system operating temperature increases, existing materials may not provide adequate mechanical properties or environmental compatibility or both. There is an increasing commercial interest in the development and deployment of liquid-fueled Molten Salt Reactors (MSRs). Hastelloy®N, the highest performing candidate MSR structural alloy, is not capable of operations at temperatures above 700°C, thus limiting the performance of these systems. Using an Integrated Computational Materials Engineering (ICME)-approach and small laboratory scale heats, ORNL developed a class of patented alloys covered by U.S. Patent 9, 435, 011 B2, “Creep-resistant, Cobalt-free alloys for high temperature, liquid-salt heat exchanger systems,” similar to Hastelloy®N in that they are primarily solid solution strengthened. In contrast to precipitation strengthened alloys, the microstructure of solid solution alloys and hence the high temperature mechanical properties are stable for extended periods of time allowing long reactor operating life. The new alloys have shown to possess good resistance to liquid fluorides at temperatures up to 850°C and have significantly improved creep properties when compared to Hastelloy®N. The purpose of the CRADA project was for ORNL to collaborate with Haynes International- a materials producer, MetalTek International- a foundry, and Kairos Power – an advanced reactor developer – to scale-up selected alloys, evaluate their properties, and identify one solid solution strengthened alloy that can meet the property requirements for the reactor being developed by Kairos Power and other similar liquid fluoride-salt cooled reactors. As part of the project, eight alloys were down-selected and fabricated in larger industrial scale heats by Haynes International. Resistance to molten salt was evaluated in flowing FLiNaK and FLiBe by Kairos Power using their Rotating Cage Loop (RCL) system. Accounting for iron deposition during these tests, the new alloys displayed very low net mass change showing excellent corrosion performance in molten salt. Creep properties evaluated at ORNL were found to be better than that of Hastelloy®N and 316 stainless steel. Long-term stabilities of the alloys evaluated by Haynes International showed that these alloys have excellent thermal stability in the temperature range 704.4-815.6°C, with the change in strength and ductility being less than 10-15% after a 4000-hour exposure at 815.6°C. Autogenously Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) welded samples showed less than 10% change in yield strength / ultimate tensile strength / total elongation compared to the basemetal, indicating that the alloys have excellent weldability. Three parts were successfully investment-cast using one alloy with very little voiding showing feasibility of fabricating parts using the casting process. This project enabled extensive interaction between the material producer Haynes International, casting supplier MetalTek, and reactor developer Kairos Power. This facilitated testing of materials and components produced using the newly developed alloys by the end-user. This allowed the generation of critical dataset required for down-selection of a few promising alloys for further development. This data is also currently being shared with other reactor designers for them to evaluate the suitability of this alloy for their reactor design. The availability of this alloy will ultimately enable the design and development and deployment of MSRs with increased temperature of operation and thus, improved efficiencies.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗