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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2018

Fermilab Accelerator Complex: Status and Improvement Plans

Fermilab carries out an extensive program of accelerator-based high-energy particle physics research, which relies on 8 GeV and 120 GeV proton accelerators. Routine operations with 700 kW, 120 GeV proton beam power on a neutrino target was achieved in 2017. There are plans to further increase the beam power to the 900 kW range. The next major upgrade of the Fermilab accelerator complex, the PIP-II project, is under development. Its goal is to deliver 1.2 MW of beam power on target at the start of the DUNE experiment in the middle of the next decade. PIP-II will replace the existing 40-year old 400 MeV normal-conducting Linac with a modern 800 MeV superconducting RF based linear accelerator. There are several concepts for future upgrades that will increase the beam power to >2.4 MW, after replacement of the existing 8 GeV Booster synchrotron. The Muon Campus provides 3.1 GeV polarized muons to the g-2 experiment and will provide 8 kW of 8 GeV protons to the Mu2e production target. The Fermilab Test Beam Facility provides a primary 120 GeV proton beam of moderate intensity, (1-300 kHz) and secondary particle beams of energies down to about 1 GeV, consisting of hadrons, muons and/or electrons/photons for detectors tests. In this article we discuss the current performance of the Fermilab accelerator complex, the upgrade plans for the next two decades, and the accelerator R&D program to address cost and performance risks for these upgrades.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Electron Cloud Studies at Fermilab

The presence of unwanted electrons in an accelerator vacuum chamber, known as E-cloud (E-cloud) can potentially cause operational problems in the Fermilab Main Injector (MI) and Recycler Ring (RR). E-cloud has caused instability in the RR in the past, and although it is not currently a problem, there is measurable E-cloud in the MI accelerator. There are planned beam intensity increases due to upgrades of the Fermilab accelerator complex, so E-cloud could become a problem. Some work has been done by others previously to understand how low SEY (Secondary Electron Yield coefficient) coatings might mitigate production of E-cloud, and to model the mechanism whereby E-cloud causes beam instability. Using previous studies as a base, this research took several approaches toward understanding the risk of E-cloud at Fermilab. The evolution of the SEY of the SS316L (stainless steel), TiN coated SS316L, and amorphous carbon coated SS316L were measured in-situ using a SEY meas urement station in the MI tunnel. The SEY of these materials change over time either due to bombardment of the E-cloud, or disruption of vacuum conditions. The SEY evolution was tracked over a several year period to find out how long it takes for the SEY of each material to reach its lowest level, and how much the SEY rises during deconditioning periods of poor vacuum. The SEY measurement results can be used to determine whether the SS316L will be a problem at upgrade intensities, and if so, whether or not TiN and A-Carbon coatings can mitigate E-cloud related problems sufficiently. Direct measurements of the E-cloud were done as well, and compared to simulation. The E-cloud bombardment rate was measured at different beam intensities and bunch lengths. It was possible to get detailed information on how the E-cloud varies over the acceleration cycle, where sensitivity to bunch length is reflected in the evolution of the E-cloud. The Retarding Field Analyzer (RFA) measuring th e E-cloud bombardment rate was near the instrument that is u! sed to measure the SEY of the beam pipe material. This proximity provided an accurate SEY value for simulations, so that the simulated E-cloud bombardment rate could be better compared to measurement. Bunch length measurements and computations generated accurate bunch length information also needed as input for simulations. After this careful control of the input parameters, the POSINST simulations of E-cloud were a good match to direct measurements. This gave confidence that predictions could be made concerning the E-cloud densities at upgrade intensities. These densities were compared against corresponding proton densities to predict the SEY required to avoid instabilities. That prediction and the information provided by the SEY measurements provide helpful information regarding the risks of E-cloud effects at future beam intensities at Fermilab.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2019

LArSoft and Future Framework Directions at Fermilab [Slides]

The diversity of the scientific goals across HEP experiments necessitates unique bodies of software tailored for achieving particular physics results. The challenge, however, is to identify the software that must be unique, and the code that is unnecessarily duplicated, which results in wasted effort and inhibits code maintainability. Fermilab has a history of supporting and developing software projects that are shared among HEP experiments. Fermilab's scientific computing division currently expends effort in maintaining and developing the LArSoft toolkit, used by liquid argon TPC experiments, as well as the event-processing framework technologies used by LArSoft, CMS, DUNE, and the majority of Fermilab-hosted experiments. As computing needs for DUNE and the HL-LHC become clearer, the computing models are being rethought. This talk will focus on Fermilab's plans for addressing the evolving software landscape as it relates to LArSoft and the event-processing frameworks, and how commonality among experiment software can be achieved while still supporting customizations necessary for a given experiment's physics goals.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2021

A Cost-Effective Upgrade Path for the Fermilab Accelerator Complex

The Fermilab Proton Improvement Plan II, or PIP-II, would enable the world's most intense high-energy neutrino beam and would help scientists search for rare particle physics processes. The PIP-II goal is to deliver 1.2 MW of proton beam power from the Fermilab Main Injector, over the energy range 60 - 120 GeV, at the start of operation of the LBNF/DUNE program. PIP-II provides a variety of upgrade paths to higher beam power from the Main Injector, as demanded by the neutrino science program and as recommended by the 2014 P5 report. Delivering more than 2 MW to the LBNF target in the future will require a replacement of the existing Booster. This report outlines a cost-effective Booster replacement option and an upgrade path for the Fermilab Accelerator Complex to attain 2.4-MW beam power on the LBNF target, as well as to retain the capability to provide 8-GeV proton beams to the existing Fermilab Muon Campus via the existing Recycler ring. Its cost-effectiveness is achieved by: (1) using a small-diameter metallic vacuum chamber in the Booster replacement and (2) reusing the existing Recycler ring. Reusing the Recycler ring may be of particular advantage since it is presently employed to deliver 8-GeV beams to the Muon Campus experiments. The present concept also retains such a capability.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Accelerator challenges in the Fermilab Neutrino Program

In Fermilab's 2022-2023 proton complex run, Fermilab recovered from an unexpected failure in the neutrino focusing horn to achieve a record beam power of 960 kW. For Snowmass and P5, Fermilab recently proposed a new upgrade plan known as Accelerator Complex Evolution (ACE) to occur after PIP-II upgrade in tandem with DUNE/LBNF operation. The first phase of ACE, is the ACE Main Injector Ramp and Targetry upgrade, would raise the LBNF beam power from 1.2 MW to 2 MW by shortening the Main Injector cycle time to around 0.65s. The second phase of ACE, the ACE Booster Replacement, would replace the Booster with a new machine and achieve 2.4 MW for DUNE/LBNF. The core accelerator challenges, present and future, for operating intense neutrino beams at Fermilab will be highlighted.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2024

The Italian Summer Students Program at Fermilab and other US Laboratories: 40 years of education in particle physics and technology

Since 1983 the Italian groups collaborating with Fermilab (US) have been running a 2-month summer training program for Master students. While in the first year the program involved only 4 physics students, in the following years it was extended to engineering students. Many students have extended their collaboration with Fermilab with their Master Thesis and PhD. The program has involved almost 600 Italian students from more than 20 Italian universities. Each intern is supervised by a Fermilab Mentor responsible for the training program. Training programs spanned from Tevatron, CMS, Muon (g-2), Mu2e and SBN and DUNE design and data analysis, development of particle detectors, design of electronic and accelerator components, development of infrastructures and software for tera-data handling, quantum computing and research on superconductive elements and accelerating cavities. In 2015 the University of Pisa included the program within its own educational programs. Summer Students are enrolled at the University of Pisa for the duration of the internship and at the end of the internship they write summary reports on their achievements. After positive evaluation by a University of Pisa Examining Board, interns are acknowledged 6 ECTS credits for their Diploma Supplement. In the years 2020 and 2021 the program was canceled due to the sanitary emergency but in 2022 it was restarted and allowed a cohort of 21 students in 2022, and a cohort of 27 students in 2023 to be trained for nine weeks at Fermilab. We are now organizing the 2024 program.

Barzi, Emanuela↗
DOE OSTI2015

Fast Transverse Instability and Electron Cloud Measurements in Fermilab Recycler

A new transverse instability is observed that may limit the proton intensity in the Fermilab Recycler. The instability is fast, leading to a beam-abort loss within two hundred turns. The instability primarily affects the first high-intensity batch from the Fermilab Booster in each Recycler cycle. This paper analyzes the dynamical features of the destabilized beam. The instability excites a horizontal betatron oscillation which couples into the vertical motion and also causes transverse emittance growth. This paper describes the feasibility of electron cloud as the mechanism for this instability and presents the first measurements of the electron cloud in the Fermilab Recycler. Direct measurements of the electron cloud are made using a retarding field analyzer (RFA) newly installed in the Fermilab Recycler. Indirect measurements of the electron cloud are made by propagating a microwave carrier signal through the beampipe and analyzing the phase modulation of the signal. The maximum betatron amplitude growth and the maximum electron cloud signal occur during minimums of the bunch length oscillation.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2016

The FIFE Project at Fermilab

The FabrIc for Frontier Experiments (FIFE) project is an initiative within the Fermilab Scientific Computing Division designed to steer the computing model for non-LHC Fermilab experiments across multiple physics areas. FIFE is a collaborative effort between experimenters and computing professionals to design and develop integrated computing models for experiments of varying size, needs, and infrastructure. The major focus of the FIFE project is the development, deployment, and integration of solutions for high throughput computing, data management, database access and collaboration management within an experiment. To accomplish this goal, FIFE has developed workflows that utilize Open Science Grid compute sites along with dedicated and commercial cloud resources. The FIFE project has made significant progress integrating into experiment computing operations several services including a common job submission service, software and reference data distribution through CVMFS repositories, flexible and robust data transfer clients, and access to opportunistic resources on the Open Science Grid. The progress with current experiments and plans for expansion with additional projects will be discussed. FIFE has taken the leading role in defining the computing model for Fermilab experiments, aided in the design of experiments beyond those hosted at Fermilab, and will continue to define the future direction of high throughput computing for future physics experiments worldwide.

Box, D.↗
DOE OSTI2017

Baby Bison at Fermilab

Fermilab’s first director, Robert Wilson, established the bison herd in 1969 as a symbol of the history of the Midwestern prairie and the laboratory’s pioneering research at the frontiers of particle physics. The herd remains a major attraction for families and wildlife enthusiasts. A herd of pure bison is a natural fit for a prairie ecosystem, like the kind that exists on the Fermilab site. Fermilab hosts 1,100 acres of reconstructed tall-grass prairie. A baby bison was born at Fermilab on April 20, 2017. Here is that story.

99 GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Design of the cryogenic systems for the Near and Far LAr-TPC detectors of the Short-Baseline Neutrino program (SBN) at Fermilab

The Short-Baseline Neutrino (SBN) physics program at Fermilab and Neutrino Platform (NP) at CERN are part of the international Neutrino Program leading to the development of Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility/Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (LBNF/DUNE) science project. The SBN program consisting of three Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LAr-TPC) detectors positioned along the Booster Neutrino Beam (BNB) at Fermilab includes an existing detector known as MicroBooNE (170-ton LAr-TPC) plus two new experiments known as SBN’s Near Detector (SBND, ~260 tons) and SBN’s Far Detector (SBN-FD, ~760 tons). All three detectors have distinctly different design of their cryostats thus defining specific requirements for the cryogenic systems. Fermilab has already built two new facilities to house SBND and SBN-FD detectors. The cryogenic systems for these detectors are in various stages of design and construction with CERN and Fermilab being responsible for delivery of specific sub-systems. This contribution presents specific design requirements and typical implementation solutions for each sub-system of the SBND and SBN-FD cryogenic systems.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2020

LArSoft and Future Framework Directions at Fermilab

The diversity of the scientific goals across HEP experiments necessitates unique bodies of software tailored for achieving particular physics results. The challenge, however, is to identify the software that must be unique, and the code that is unnecessarily duplicated, which results in wasted eort and inhibits code maintainability. Fermilab has a history of supporting and developing software projects that are shared among HEP experiments. Fermilab’s scientific computing division currently expends eort in maintaining and developing the LArSoft toolkit, used by liquid argon TPC experiments, as well as the event-processing framework technologies used by LArSoft, CMS, DUNE, and the majority of Fermilab-hosted experiments. As computing needs for DUNE and the HL-LHC become clearer, the computing models are being rethought. Presented here are Fermilab’s plans for addressing the evolving software landscape as it relates to LArSoft and the data-processing frameworks, specifically as it relates to the DUNE experiment.

Knoepfel, Kyle↗
DOE OSTI2022

200 MV Record Voltage Of vCM And LCLS-II-HE Cryomodules Production Start At Fermilab

The Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) is an X-ray science facility at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory. The LCLS-II project (an upgrade to LCLS) is in the commissioning phase; the LCLS-II-HE (High Energy) project is another upgrade to the facility, enabling higher energy operation. An electron beam is accelerated using superconducting radio frequency (SRF) cavities built into cryomodules. It is planned to build 24 1.3 GHz standard cryomodules and one 1.3 GHz single-cavity Buncher Capture Cavity (BCC) cryomodule for the LCLS-II-HE project. Fourteen of these standard cryomodules and the BCC are planned to be assembled and tested at Fermilab. Procurements for standard cryomodule components are nearing completion. The first LCLS-II-HE cryomodule, referred to as the verification cryomodule (vCM) was assembled and tested at Fermilab. Fermilab has completed the assembly of the second cryomodule. This paper presents LCLS-II-HE cryomodule production status at Fermilab, emphasizing the changes done based on the successes, challenges, mitigations, and lessons learned from LCLS-II; validation of the changes with the excellent vCM results.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2023

GUI Control System for the Mu2e Electrostatic Septum High Voltage at Fermilab

The Mu2e Experiment has stringent beam structure requirements; namely, its proton bunches with a time structure of 1.7 $\mu$s in the Fermilab Delivery Ring. This beam structure will be delivered using the Fermilab 8-GeV Booster, the 8-GeV Recycler Ring, and the Delivery Ring. The 1.7-$\mu$s period of the Delivery Ring will generate the required beam structure by means of a third order resonant extraction system operating on a single circulating bunch. The electrostatic septum (ESS) for this system is particularly challenging, requiring mechanical precision in a ultra high vacuum of 1 x 10$^-8$ Torr to generate 100 kV across 15 mm. This paper describes a graphical user interface that has been developed to automate the conditioning and commissioning process for the electrostatic septa. It is based on an interface to the Fermilab ACNET system using the ACSys Python Data Pool Manager (DPM) Client produced and maintained by Fermilab Accelerator Controls. Network interfacing between data pool managers made by the application and ACNET devices introduce an inherent (approximately 1 s) latency in throughput of the readouts. This delay is utilized to process and graph incoming data events of devices crucial to conditioning of a electrostatic septum (ESS). 'Ramping' and 'Monitoring' modes adjust settings of the power supply based on internal logic to efficaciously increase and maintain the high voltage (HV) in the ESS, easing the voltage setting on incidence of sparking or other possibly damaging events. A timestamped log file is produced as the application runs.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Fermilab Report - Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory Monthly Report, June 1979

Fermilab is engaged in several new ventures building for the future of the Laboratory and for excursions into new energy ranges. At the same time, it should be remembered that Fermilab also carries out a vigorous program of particle physics at 400 GeV, or thereabouts, with experimenters from a host of different institutions and a number of different countries. This program, which will be the backbone of Fermilab until the era of TeV physics begins, depends completely on reliable operation of the Fermilab accelerator at the intensities and in the modes needed for experiments. There has not been a review of accelerator operation in these pages since August, 1976, and it seems appropriate to discuss the progress of the accelerator.

Cole, F. T.↗
DOE OSTI2026

Real time heat load calculation software based on EPICS for Fermilab PIP-II CM tests

Fermilab has a project to improve the proton beam energy which is called PIP-II (the 2nd Proton Improvement Plan). There is a superconducting linear accelerator, LINAC, to improve the proton beam power and the LINAC consists of 5 types of cryomodules (CM), 1 HWR CM, 2 SSR1 CM, 4 SSR2 CM, LB650 CM, and HB650 CM. The prototypes of these cryomodules are being tested at Fermilab’s CryoModule Test Facility (CMTF). Heat load measurements are an important part of the prototype CM testing. The CMTF cryogenic control system was developed based on the ACNET (Accelerator Control NETwork) for CM testing for other projects, but the PIP-II cryogenic control system will be implemented using the Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System (EPICS). As part of the prototype CM testing campaign, an EPICS based control system has been implemented at CMTF. This EPICS cryogenic control system includes real-time heat load calculation software utilizing the Fortran implementation of Hepak. This paper details the real time heat load calculation software developed for the prototype CM testing including the first results from the HB650 CM.

Yoon, S. [Fermilab]↗
DOE OSTI2025

Real time heat load calculation software based on EPICS for Fermilab PIP-II CM tests

Fermilab has a project to improve the proton beam energy which is called PIP-II (the 2nd Proton Improvement Plan). There is a superconducting linear accelerator, LINAC, to improve the proton beam power and the LINAC consists of 5 types of cryomodules (CM), 1 HWR CM, 2 SSR1 CM, 4 SSR2 CM, LB650 CM, and HB650 CM. The prototypes of these cryomodules are being tested at Fermilab’s CryoModule Test Facility (CMTF). Heat load measurements are an important part of the prototype CM testing. The CMTF cryogenic control system was developed based on the ACNET (Accelerator Control NETwork) for CM testing for other projects, but the PIP-II cryogenic control system will be implemented using the Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System (EPICS). As part of the prototype CM testing campaign an EPICS based control system has been implemented at CMTF. This EPICS cryogenic control system includes real time heat load calculation software utilizing the Fortran implementation of Hepak. This paper details the real time heat load calculation software developed for the prototype CM testing including the first results from the HB 650 CM.

Yoon, S. [Fermilab]↗
DOE OSTI2026

White-Rabbit-Disciplined FPGA Readout for Fermilab Timing Events

Fermilab's accelerator timing links broadcast short event codes to thousands of devices at once, but the links themselves carry no absolute notion of time; that comes separately from a White Rabbit reference. This work builds the piece that ties the two together on a single board. On a Xilinx Kria KR260 (Zynq UltraScale+), the programmable logic decodes a real Fermilab TCLK link, stamps every event with an absolute White-Rabbit \{sec, ns\} UTC time, and reads the timestamped stream out over AXI4-Lite; a thin Linux process on the same die publishes each event into a Redis stream on the control network. To exercise the full chain on one board, the decoded events are re-encoded as gigabit ACLK, transmitted out an SFP+ optical port, looped back over a short fiber jumper, and decoded again on the same timeline, and are additionally mirrored as an ACLK-Lite Manchester waveform for benchtop probing. Across sustained, multi-day testing against real Fermilab TCLK, the pipeline has decoded, timestamped, and published hundreds of millions of events with practically zero loss, and folding the timestamped stream on the 60-second accelerator supercycle recovers the machine's periodic structure directly from the published data.

Rossel, Jacob [Fermilab; UC, Berkeley (main)] (ORC↗
DOE OSTI2026

A Single-Board Fermilab Timing Pipeline on the Xilinx KR260: Decode, Timestamp, Publish, Mirror

Full-width abstract \renewcommand{\maketitlehookd}{% \begin{abstract} \noindent Fermilab's accelerator timing links broadcast short event codes to thousands of devices at once, but the links themselves carry no absolute notion of time; that comes separately from a White Rabbit reference. This work builds the piece that ties the two together on a single board. On a Xilinx Kria KR260 (Zynq UltraScale+), the programmable logic decodes a real Fermilab TCLK link, stamps every event with an absolute White-Rabbit \{sec, ns\} UTC time, and reads the timestamped stream out over AXI4-Lite; a thin Linux process on the same die publishes each event into a Redis stream on the control network. To exercise the full chain on one board, the decoded events are re-encoded as gigabit ACLK, transmitted out an SFP+ optical port, looped back over a short fiber jumper, and decoded again on the same timeline, and are additionally mirrored as an ACLK-Lite Manchester waveform for benchtop probing. Across sustained, multi-day testing against real Fermilab TCLK, the pipeline has decoded, timestamped, and published hundreds of millions of events with practically zero loss, and folding the timestamped stream on the 60-second accelerator supercycle recovers the machine's periodic structure directly from the published data.

Rossel, Jacob [UC, Berkeley; Fermilab] (ORCID:0009↗