Magnetic anisotropic effects and electronic correlations in MnBi ferromagnet
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Antropov, V.P.↗
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Monte Carlo Simulation of Electron Thermalization in Scintillator Materials: Implications for Scintillator Nonproportionality
The lack of reliable quantitative estimates of the length and time scales associated with hot electron thermalization after a gamma-ray induced energy cascade obscures the interplay of various microscopic processes controlling scintillator performance and hampers the search for improved detector materials. We apply a detailed microscopic kinetic Monte Carlo model of the creation and subsequent thermalization of hot electrons produced by gamma irradiation of six important scintillating crystals to determine the spatial extent of the cloud of excitations produced by gamma rays and the time required for the cloud to thermalize with the host lattice. The main ingredients of the model are ensembles of microscopic track structures produced upon gamma excitation (including the energy distribution of the excited carriers), numerical estimates of electron-phonon scattering rates, and a calculated particle dispersion to relate the speed and energy of excited carriers. All these ingredients are based on first-principles density functional theory calculations of the electronic and phonon band structures of the materials. Details of the Monte Carlo model are presented along with results for thermalization time and distance distributions. These results are discussed in light of previous work. It is found that among the studied materials, calculated thermalization distances are positively correlated with measured nonproportionality. In the important class of halide scintillators, the particle dispersion is found to be more influential than the largest phonon energy in determining the thermalization distance.
Phonons, radiation detection, scintillators, thema↗
Origin of electrons emitted into vacuum from InGaN light emitting diodes
The mechanism responsible for efficiency droop in InGaN light-emitting diodes (LEDs) has long been elusive due to indirect measurement techniques used for its identification. Auger recombination is unique among proposed efficiency droop mechanisms, in that it is the only mechanism capable of generating hot carriers. In a previous study [J. Iveland et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 177406 (2013)], we performed electron energy analysis of electrons emitted into vacuum from a forward biased InGaN LED that had been brought into negative electron affinity by cesiation. Three peaks were observed in the energy spectrum of vacuum emitted electrons. In this Letter, we unambiguously identify the origin of the peaks. The two higher energy peaks correspond to accumulation of electrons transported to the surface in the bulk Γ and side L conduction band valleys. The L-valley peak is a direct signature of a hot Auger electron population. The lower energy peak results from surface photoemission induced by the internal LED light emitted from the InGaN quantum wells. Two control experiments were performed. In the first, a simple GaN pn junction generated only a single Γ peak in electroemission. In the second, selective detection of the photoemission from an LED under modulated light excitation and DC electrical injection confirms that only the low energy peak is photogenerated and that LED light is incapable of generating Γ or L-valley peaks, the latter only occurring due to the Auger effect in the LED active region.
42 ENGINEERING↗
Multi-dimensional Vlasov simulations and modeling of trapped-electron-driven filamentation of electron plasma waves
Kinetic simulations of two-dimensional finite-amplitude electron plasma waves are performed in a one-wavelength long system. A systematic study of the most unstable linear sideband mode, in particular its growth rate γ and wavenumber k{sub y}, is carried out by scanning the amplitude and wavenumber of the initial wave. Simulation results are compared with numerical and analytical solutions to a two-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger model [H. A. Rose and L. Yin, Phys. Plasmas 15, 042311 (2008)] and to the reduced model by Kruer et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 23, 838 (1969)] generalized to two dimensions.
70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
Processable High Electron Mobility {pi}-Copolymers via Mesoscale Backbone Conformational Ordering
The synthesis and experimental/theoretical characterization of a new series of electron-transporting copolymers based on the naphthalene bis(4,8-diamino-1,5-dicarboxyl)amide (NBA) building block are reported. Comonomers are designed to test the emergent effects of manipulating backbone torsional characteristics, and density functional theory (DFT) analysis reveals the key role of backbone conformation in optimizing electronic delocalization and transport. The NBA copolymer conformational and electronic properties are characterized using a broad array of molecular/macromolecular, thermal, optical, electrochemical, and charge transport techniques. All NBA copolymers exhibit strongly aggregated morphologies with significant nanoscale order. Copolymer charge transport properties are investigated in thin-film transistors and exhibit excellent electron mobilities ranging from 0.4 to 4.5 cm(2) V-1 s(-1). Importantly, the electron transport efficiency correlates with the film mesoscale order, which emerges from comonomer-dependent backbone planarity and extension. These results illuminate the key NBA building block structure-morphology-bulk property design relationships essential for processable, electronics-applicable high-performance polymeric semiconductors.
n‐↗
TiO{sub 2} nanotube arrays for photocatalysis: Effects of crystallinity, local order, and electronic structure
To furnish insight into correlations of electronic and local structure and photoactivity, arrays of short and long TiO{sub 2} nanotubes were synthesized by electrochemical anodization of Ti foil, followed by thermal treatment in O{sub 2} (oxidizing), Ar (inert), and H{sub 2} (reducing) environments. The physical and electronic structures of these nanotubes were probed with x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and synchrotron-based x-ray absorption spectroscopy, and correlated with their photocatalytic properties. The photocatalytic activity of the nanotubes was evaluated by monitoring the degradation of methyl orange under UV-VIS light irradiation. Results show that upon annealing at 350 °C all as-anodized amorphous TiO{sub 2} nanotube samples partially transform to the anatase structure, with variations in the degree of crystallinity and in the concentration of local defects near the nanotubes' surface (∼5 nm) depending on the annealing conditions. Degradation of methyl orange was not detectable for the as-anodized TiO{sub 2} nanotubes regardless of their length. However, the annealed long nanotubes demonstrated detectable catalytic activity, which was more significant with the H{sub 2}-annealed nanotubes than with the Ar- and O{sub 2}-annealed nanotube samples. This enhanced photocatalytic response of the H{sub 2}-annealed long nanotubes relative to the other samples is positively correlated with the presence of a larger concentration of lattice defects (such as Ti{sup 3+} and anticipated oxygen vacancies) and a slightly lower degree of crystallinity near the nanotube surface. These physical and electronic structural attributes impact the efficacy of visible light absorption; moreover, the increased concentration of surface defects is postulated to promote the generation of hydroxyl radicals and thus accelerate the photodegradation of the methyl orange. The information obtained from this study provides unique insight into the role of the near-surface electronic and defect structure, crystal structure, and the local chemical environment on the photocatalytic activity and may be employed for tailoring the materials' properties for photocatalysis and other energy-related applications.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Electron density and electron temperature measurement in a bi-Maxwellian electron distribution using a derivative method of Langmuir probes
In plasma diagnostics with a single Langmuir probe, the electron temperature T{sub e} is usually obtained from the slope of the logarithm of the electron current or from the electron energy probability functions of current (I)-voltage (V) curve. Recently, Chen [F. F. Chen, Phys. Plasmas 8, 3029 (2001)] suggested a derivative analysis method to obtain T{sub e} by the ratio between the probe current and the derivative of the probe current at a plasma potential where the ion current becomes zero. Based on this method, electron temperatures and electron densities were measured and compared with those from the electron energy distribution function (EEDF) measurement in Maxwellian and bi-Maxwellian electron distribution conditions. In a bi-Maxwellian electron distribution, we found the electron temperature T{sub e} obtained from the method is always lower than the effective temperatures T{sub eff} derived from EEDFs. The theoretical analysis for this is presented.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
Compact femtosecond electron diffractometer with 100 keV electron bunches approaching the single-electron pulse duration limit
We present the design and implementation of a highly compact femtosecond electron diffractometer working at electron energies up to 100 keV. We use a multi-body particle tracing code to simulate electron bunch propagation through the setup and to calculate pulse durations at the sample position. Our simulations show that electron bunches containing few thousands of electrons per bunch are only weakly broadened by space-charge effects and their pulse duration is thus close to the one of a single-electron wavepacket. With our compact setup, we can create electron bunches containing up to 5000 electrons with a pulse duration below 100 fs on the sample. We use the diffractometer to track the energy transfer from photoexcited electrons to the lattice in a thin film of titanium. This process takes place on the timescale of few-hundred femtoseconds and a fully equilibrated state is reached within 1 ps.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
Exact solution of two simple non-equilibrium electron-phonon and electron-electron coupled systems: The atomic limit of the Holstein-Hubbard model and the generalized Hatsugai-Komoto model
One of the challenges in many-body physics is determining the effects of phonons on strongly correlated electrons. The difficulty arises from strong correlations at differing energy scales—for band metals, Migdal-Eliashberg theory accurately determines electron-phonon coupling effects due to the absence of vertex corrections, but strongly correlated electrons require a more complex description, and the standard Migdal-Eliashberg approach does not necessarily apply. In this work, we solve for the atomic limit Green's function of the Holstein-Hubbard model with both time-dependent electron-electron and electron-phonon couplings. Then, we examine the photoemission spectra of this model in and out of equilibrium. Next, we use similar methods to exactly solve an extended version of the Hatsugai-Komoto model and examine its behavior in and out of equilibrium. These calculations lead us to propose using the first moment of the photoemission spectra to signal non-equilibrium changes in electron-electron and electron-phonon couplings.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
Analysis of Multilayer Devices for Superconducting Electronics by High-Resolution Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy
We used a focused ion beam to obtain cross-sectional specimens from both magnetic multilayer and Nb/Al-AlOx/Nb Josephson junction devices for characterization by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). An automated multivariate statistical analysis of the EDX spectral images produced chemically unique component images of individual layers within the multilayer structures. STEM imaging elucidated distinct variations in film morphology, interface quality, and/or etch artifacts that could be correlated to magnetic and/or electrical properties measured on the same devices.
46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
Precision determination of electron scattering angle by differential nuclear recoil energy method
Not Available
Liyanage, N.↗
Electronic and structural features of octa-coordinated yttrium–ammonia complexes: the first neutral solvated electron precursor with eight ligands and three outer electrons
The neutral and charged yttrium metal–ammonia complexes, [Y(NH3)8]0,±, are investigated using state-of-the-art quantum chemical calculations. The electronic structure of these complexes is described as an Y(NH3)83+ core with two, three, and four electrons orbiting in its periphery. Unlike the so far reported solvated electron precursors containing alkali, alkaline earth or first-row transition metals, yttrium complexes are the only ones which can accommodate eight ammonia ligands and up to four peripheral electrons. For the neutral species, two electrons occupy the diffuse s-type orbital (1s) and one diffuse p-type orbital (1p). For the cationic counterpart one electron is removed from the 1p orbital, while for the anion another electron is added to the 1p shell. The calculated low-lying electronic states with excitation energies up to 2.0 eV populate the 1s, 1p, and 1d outer orbitals. The first ionization energy of Y(NH3)8 is 2.74 eV and its electron affinity is 0.64 eV. The present results suggest that saturated yttrium ammonia solutions will turn into solids (liquid or expanded metals), where a grid of Y(NH3)83+ centers will be surrounded by “free” electrons.
Almeida, Nuno M. S.↗
Deep Learning Approach for High-accuracy Electron Counting of Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor-type Direct Electron Detectors at Increased Electron Dose
Abstract Electron counting can be performed algorithmically for monolithic active pixel sensor direct electron detectors to eliminate readout noise and Landau noise arising from the variability in the amount of deposited energy for each electron. Errors in existing counting algorithms include mistakenly counting a multielectron strike as a single electron event, and inaccurately locating the incident position of the electron due to lateral spread of deposited energy and dark noise. Here, we report a supervised deep learning (DL) approach based on Faster region-based convolutional neural network (R-CNN) to recognize single electron events at varying electron doses and voltages. The DL approach shows high accuracy according to the near-ideal modulation transfer function (MTF) and detector quantum efficiency for sparse images. It predicts, on average, 0.47 pixel deviation from the incident positions for 200 kV electrons versus 0.59 pixel using the conventional counting method. The DL approach also shows better robustness against coincidence loss as the electron dose increases, maintaining the MTF at half Nyquist frequency above 0.83 as the electron density increases to 0.06 e−/pixel. Thus, the DL model extends the advantages of counting analysis to higher dose rates than conventional methods.
Materials Science↗
Influences of Quantum Mechanically Mixed Electronic and Vibrational Pigment States in 2D Electronic Spectra of Photosynthetic Systems: Strong Electronic Coupling Cases
In 2D electronic spectroscopy studies, long-lived quantum beats have recently been observed in photosynthetic systems, and several theoretical studies have suggested that the beats are produced by quantum mechanically mixed electronic and vibrational states. Concerning the electronic-vibrational quantum mixtures, the impact of protein-induced fluctuations was examined by calculating the 2D electronic spectra of a weakly coupled dimer with the Franck-Condon active vibrational modes in the resonant condition. This analysis demonstrated that quantum mixtures of the vibronic resonance are rather robust under the influence of the fluctuations at cryogenic temperatures, whereas the mixtures are eradicated by the fluctuations at physiological temperatures. However, this conclusion cannot be generalized because the magnitude of the coupling inducing the quantum mixtures is proportional to the inter-pigment electronic coupling. In this paper, we explore the impact of the fluctuations on electronic-vibrational quantum mixtures in a strongly coupled dimer with an off-resonant vibrational mode. Toward this end, we calculate energy transfer dynamics and 2D electronic spectra of a model dimer that corresponds to the most strongly coupled bacteriochlorophyll molecules in the Fenna-Matthews-Olson complex in a numerically accurate manner. The quantum mixtures are found to be robust under the exposure of protein-induced fluctuations at cryogenic temperatures, irrespective of the resonance. At 300 K, however, the quantum mixing is disturbed more strongly by the fluctuations, and therefore, the beats in the 2D spectra become obscure even in a strongly coupled dimer with a resonant vibrational mode. Further, the overall behaviors of the energy transfer dynamics are demonstrated to be dominated by the environment and coupling between the 0 0 vibronic transitions as long as the Huang-Rhys factor of the vibrational mode is small. Finally, the electronic-vibrational quantum mixtures do not necessarily play a significant role in electronic energy transfer dynamics despite contributing to the enhancement of long-lived quantum beating in the 2D spectra.
2D electronic spectra↗
Nonadiabatic rate constants for proton transfer and proton-coupled electron transfer reactions in solution: Effects of quadratic term in the vibronic coupling expansion
Rate constant expressions for vibronically nonadiabatic proton transfer and proton-coupled electron transfer reactions are presented and analyzed. The regimes covered include electronically adiabatic and nonadiabatic reactions, as well as high-frequency and low-frequency proton donor-acceptor vibrational modes. These rate constants differ from previous rate constants derived with the cumulant expansion approach in that the logarithmic expansion of the vibronic coupling in terms of the proton donor-acceptor distance includes a quadratic as well as a linear term. The analysis illustrates that inclusion of this quadratic term in the framework of the cumulant expansion framework may significantly impact the rate constants at high temperatures for proton transfer interfaces with soft proton donor-acceptor modes that are associated with small force constants and weak hydrogen bonds. The effects of the quadratic term may also become significant in these regimes when using the vibronic coupling expansion in conjunction with a thermal averaging procedure for calculating the rate constant. In this case, however, the expansion of the coupling can be avoided entirely by calculating the couplings explicitly for the range of proton donor-acceptor distances sampled. The effects of the quadratic term for weak hydrogen-bonding systems are less significant for more physically realistic models that prevent the sampling of unphysical short proton donor-acceptor distances. Additionally, the rigorous relation between the cumulant expansion and thermal averaging approaches is clarified. In particular, the cumulant expansion rate constant includes effects from dynamical interference between the proton donor-acceptor and solvent motions and becomes equivalent to the thermally averaged rate constant when these dynamical effects are neglected. This analysis identifies the regimes in which each rate constant expression is valid and thus will be important for future applications to proton transfer and proton-coupled electron transfer in chemical and biological processes.
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
Electron-beam-induced-current and active secondary-electron voltage-contrast with aberration-corrected electron probes
The ability to map out electrostatic potentials in materials is critical for the development and the design of nanoscale electronic and spintronic devices in modern industry. Electron holography has been an important tool for revealing electric and magnetic field distributions in microelectronics and magnetic-based memory devices, however, its utility is hindered by several practical constraints, such as charging artifacts and limitations in sensitivity and in field of view. In this article, we report electron-beam-induced-current (EBIC) and secondary-electron voltage-contrast (SE-VC) with an aberration-corrected electron probe in a transmission electron microscope (TEM), as complementary techniques to electron holography, to measure electric fields and surface potentials, respectively. These two techniques were applied to ferroelectric thin films, multiferroic nanowires, and single crystals. Electrostatic potential maps obtained by off-axis electron holography were compared with EBIC and SE-VC to show that these techniques can be used as a complementary approach to validate quantitative results obtained from electron holography analysis.
75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
Electron-stimulated reactions in nanoscale water films adsorbed on (alpha)-Al2O3(0001)
The radiation-induced decomposition and desorption of nanoscale amorphous solid water (D2O) films adsorbed on -Al2O3(0001) surface was studied at low temperature in ultrahigh vacuum using temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and electron stimulated desorption (ESD) with a mono-energetic, low energy electron source. ESD yields of molecular products ( D2, O2 and D¬2O) and the total sputtering yield increased with increasing D2O coverage up to ~15 water monolayers (i.e. ~15 1015 cm-2) to a coverage-independent level for thicker water films. Experiments with isotopically-layered water films (D2O and H2O) demonstrated that the highest water decomposition yields occurred at the interfaces of the nanoscale water films with the alumina substrate and vacuum. However, the increased reactivity of the water/alumina interface is relatively small compared to the enhancements in the non-thermal reactions previously observed at the water/Pt(111) and water/TiO2(110) interfaces. We propose that the relatively low activity of Al2O3(0001) for the radiation-induced production of molecular hydrogen is associated with lower reactivity of this surface with hydrogen atoms, which are likely precursors for the molecular hydrogen.
Petrik, Nikolay G.↗