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At least 73 records · Page 4
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2016

Direct evidence of interaction-induced Dirac cones in a monolayer silicene/Ag(111) system

Silicene, analogous to graphene, is a one-atom-thick 2D crystal of silicon, which is expected to share many of the remarkable properties of graphene. The buckled honeycomb structure of silicene, along with enhanced spin-orbit coupling, endows silicene with considerable advantages over graphene in that the spin-split states in silicene are tunable with external fields. Although the low-energy Dirac cone states lie at the heart of all novel quantum phenomena in a pristine sheet of silicene, a hotly debated question is whether these key states can survive when silicene is grown or supported on a substrate. Here we report our direct observation of Dirac cones in monolayer silicene grown on a Ag(111) substrate. By performing angle-resolved photoemission measurements on silicene(3 × 3)/Ag(111), we reveal the presence of six pairs of Dirac cones located on the edges of the first Brillouin zone of Ag(111), which is in sharp contrast to the expected six Dirac cones centered at the K points of the primary silicene(1 × 1) Brillouin zone. Our analysis shows clearly that the unusual Dirac cone structure we have observed is not tied to pristine silicene alone but originates from the combined effects of silicene(3 × 3) and the Ag(111) substrate. Our study thus identifies the case of a unique type of Dirac cone generated through the interaction of two different constituents. The observation of Dirac cones in silicene/Ag(111) opens a unique materials platform for investigating unusual quantum phenomena and for applications based on 2D silicon systems.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

SU-E-T-370: Measurement of Conical Cone Output Factors for the Varian Edge Linear Accelerator

Purpose: To quantify the impact of detector type, SSD/depth, and intermediate reference on conical cone output factor (OF) measurements for the Varian Edge linac. Methods: OF's for 4, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5, 15, and 17.5 mm diameter cones relative to 10cmx10cm field were measured for the 6X FFF and 10X FFF energies, with jaws set to 5cmx5cm. Measurements were performed with an Edge diode (0.8mmx0.8mmx0.03mm WxLxT), stereotatic diode SFD, photon diode, CC01 and pinpoint chambers (2mm diameter for both). 95cm SSD/5cm depth were used in a water tank. For the measurement with diodes, OF's were cross-referred to CC13 ion chamber measurements with 3cmx3cm field, as recommended, to help mitigate the energy variation in diode response with field size. Results were compared to the representative data from Varian measured with Edge detector. With SFD, OF's at 98.5cm SSD/1.5cm depth and 90cm SSD/10cm depth were also measured. Results: OF's measured with the Edge detector matched within 1.3% (max diff) with the representative data from Varian. For the SFD, OF's matched within 1.3% for the 4, 5 and 17.5 mm cones and within 3.7% for the other cones. OF's with photon diode were within 1.3% except for the 4 and 5 mm cones where they were 8.1% and 3.7%, respectively. OF's for the CC01 and pinpoint chamber deviated up to 36% and 44%, respectively for the 4 mm cone. OF's after intermediate reference with 3cmx3cm field changed by 3.7% for SFD, 0.8% for photon diode, and 0.6% for Edge detector. OF's at 98.5cm SSD/1.5cm depth were 10.8% higher than that at 95cm SSD/5cm depth, and OF's at 90cm SSD/1.5cm depth were 7.5% lower. Conclusion: OF's measured with the Edge detector appear to be reliable. CC01 and pinpoint chambers do not appear suitable for measuring the small cone OF's. SSD/depth affects OF measurements significantly.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

HopBox: An image analysis pipeline to characterize hop cone morphology

Abstract Hop cone morphology can influence picking and drying ability, and color can impact consumer preference and may be indicative of quality. However, these characteristics are not generally evaluated in hop breeding programs due to the tedious nature of trait quantification and the extensive variation among cones within a genotype. We developed the HopBox, which is a simply constructed light box with a camera mount, and a publicly available image processing pipeline that identifies hop cones within color‐corrected images, reads a QR code within the image, and outputs data on hop cone length, width, area, perimeter, openness, weight, color, and density. The trained model was applied to images of 500 cones each from 15 replicated advanced hop genotypes from the USDA‐ARS breeding program in Prosser, Washington. Analysis of variance revealed significant ( p < 0.001) differences between genotypes for all traits measured, enabling breeders to discriminate between genotypes for selection purposes. Broad sense heritability for all traits ranged from 0.23 to 0.59. A random sampling of hop cones from the complete dataset revealed that imaging only 5–10 cones adequately captured genotypic variation and provided acceptable rank correlations ( r s > 0.75); however, increasing the sample size to 30 provided optimal precision. Instructions for constructing a HopBox and the code for the analysis pipeline are publicly available online and have wide applicability for hop breeding and research.

Altendorf, Kayla R.↗
DOE OSTI2026

Exploring the holographic entropy cone via reinforcement learning

We develop a reinforcement learning algorithm to study the holographic entropy cone. Given a target entropy vector, our algorithm searches for a graph realization whose min-cut entropies match the target vector. If the target vector does not admit such a graph realization, it must lie outside the cone, in which case the algorithm finds a graph whose corresponding entropy vector most nearly approximates the target and allows us to probe the location of the facets. For the N = 3 cone, we confirm that our algorithm successfully rediscovers monogamy of mutual information beginning with a target vector outside the holographic entropy cone. We then apply the algorithm to the N = 6 cone, analyzing the 6 mystery extreme rays of the subadditivity cone from [1] that satisfy all known holographic entropy inequalities yet lacked graph realizations. We found realizations for 3 of them, proving they are genuine extreme rays of the holographic entropy cone, while providing evidence that the remaining 3 are not realizable, implying unknown holographic inequalities exist for N = 6.

AdS-CFT correspondence↗
DOE OSTI2011

A virtual source model for Kilo-voltage cone beam CT: Source characteristics and model validation

Purpose: The purpose of this investigation was to study the source characteristics of a clinical kilo-voltage cone beam CT unit and to develop and validate a virtual source model that could be used for treatment planning purposes. Methods: We used a previously commissioned full Monte Carlo model and new bespoke software to study the source characteristics of a clinical kilo-voltage cone beam CT (CBCT) unit. We identified the main particle sources, their spatial, energy and angular distribution for all the image acquisition presets currently used in our clinical practice. This includes a combination of two energies (100 and 120 kVp), two filters (neutral and bowtie), and eight different x-ray beam apertures. We subsequently built a virtual source model which we validated against full Monte Carlo calculations. Results: We found that the radiation output of the clinical kilo-voltage cone beam CT unit investigated in this study could be reproduced with a virtual model comprising of two sources (target and filtration cone) or three sources (target, filtration cone and bowtie filter) when additional filtration was used. With this model, we accounted for more than 97% of the photons exiting the unit. Each source in our model was characterised by a origin distribution in both X and Y directions, a fluence map, a single energy spectrum for unfiltered beams and a two dimensional energy spectrum for bowtie filtered beams. The percentage dose difference between full Monte Carlo and virtual source model based dose distributions was well within the statistical uncertainty associated with the calculations ( {+-} 2%, one standard deviation) in all cases studied. Conclusions: The virtual source that we developed is accurate in calculating the dose delivered from a commercial kilo-voltage cone beam CT unit operating with routine clinical image acquisition settings. Our data have also shown that target, filtration cone, and bowtie filter sources needed to be all included in the model in order to accurately replicate the dose distribution from the clinical radiation beam.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2014

SU-E-T-122: Dosimetric Comparison Between Cone, HDMLC and MicroMLC for the Treatment of Trigeminal Neuralgia

Purpose: The purpose of this work was to evaluate the dosimetric characteristics of three collimation systems, 5mm circular cone (Brainlab) and square fields of 5mm with HDMLC (Varian) and microMLC Moduleaf, Siemens) for trigeminal neuralgia treatment. Methods: A TPS Iplan v4.5 BrainLAB was used to do treatment plans for each collimations system in a square solid water phantom with isocenter at 5cm depth. Single field and treatment plan including 11 arcs with fix field and 100° gantry range was made for each collimation systems. EBT3 films were positioned at isocenter in a coronal plane to measured dose distribution for all geometries. Films were digitized with a Vidar DosimetryPro Red scanner with a resolution of 89dpi and RIT113v6.1 software was used for analysis. Penumbra region (80%–20%), FWHM and dose percentage at 5mm and 10mm from CAX were determined. All profiles were normalized at CAX. Results: For single beam the penumbra (FWHM) was 1.5mm (5.3mm) for the cone, 1.9mm (5.5mm) for HDMLC and 1.8mm (5.4mm) for the microMLC. Dose percentage at 5mm was 6.9% for cone, 12.5% for HDMLC and 8.7% for the microMLC. For treatment plan the penumbra (FWHM) was 2.58mm (5.47mm) for the cone, 2.8mm (5.84mm) for HDMLC and 2.58mm (6.09mm) for the microMLC. Dose perecentage at 5mm was 13.1% for cone, 16.1% for HDMLC, 15.2% for the microMLC. Conclusion: The cone has a dose falloff larger than the microMLC and HDMLC, by its reduced penumbra, this translates into better protection of surrounding healthy tissue, however, the microMLC and HDMLC have similar accuracy to cone.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2015

Analytic image reconstruction from partial data for a single-scan cone-beam CT with scatter correction

Purpose: A beam-blocker composed of multiple strips is a useful gadget for scatter correction and/or for dose reduction in cone-beam CT (CBCT). However, the use of such a beam-blocker would yield cone-beam data that can be challenging for accurate image reconstruction from a single scan in the filtered-backprojection framework. The focus of the work was to develop an analytic image reconstruction method for CBCT that can be directly applied to partially blocked cone-beam data in conjunction with the scatter correction. Methods: The authors developed a rebinned backprojection-filteration (BPF) algorithm for reconstructing images from the partially blocked cone-beam data in a circular scan. The authors also proposed a beam-blocking geometry considering data redundancy such that an efficient scatter estimate can be acquired and sufficient data for BPF image reconstruction can be secured at the same time from a single scan without using any blocker motion. Additionally, scatter correction method and noise reduction scheme have been developed. The authors have performed both simulation and experimental studies to validate the rebinned BPF algorithm for image reconstruction from partially blocked cone-beam data. Quantitative evaluations of the reconstructed image quality were performed in the experimental studies. Results: The simulation study revealed that the developed reconstruction algorithm successfully reconstructs the images from the partial cone-beam data. In the experimental study, the proposed method effectively corrected for the scatter in each projection and reconstructed scatter-corrected images from a single scan. Reduction of cupping artifacts and an enhancement of the image contrast have been demonstrated. The image contrast has increased by a factor of about 2, and the image accuracy in terms of root-mean-square-error with respect to the fan-beam CT image has increased by more than 30%. Conclusions: The authors have successfully demonstrated that the proposed scanning method and image reconstruction algorithm can effectively estimate the scatter in cone-beam projections and produce tomographic images of nearly scatter-free quality. The authors believe that the proposed method would provide a fast and efficient CBCT scanning option to various applications particularly including head-and-neck scan.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1957

Free-Flight Skin Temperature and Pressure Measurements on a Slightly Blunted 25 Deg Cone-Cylinder-Flare Configuration to a Mach Number of 9.89

Skin temperatures and surface pressures have been measured on a slightly blunted cone-cylinder-flare configuration to a maximum Mach number of 9.89 with a rocket-propelled model. The cone had a t o t a l angle of 25 deg and the flare had a 10 deg half-angle. Temperature data were obtained at eight cone locations, four cylinder locations, and seven flare locations; pressures were measured at one cone location, one cylinder location, and three flare locations. Four stages of propulsion were utilized and a reentry type of trajectory was employed in which the high-speed portion of flight was obtained by firing the last two stages during the descent of the model from a peak altitude of 99,400 feet. The Reynolds number at peak Mach number was 1.2 x 10(exp 6) per foot of model length. The model length was 6.68 feet. During the higher speed portions of flight, temperature measurements along one element of the nose cone indicated that the boundary layer was probably laminar, whereas on the opposite side of the nose the measurements indicated transitional or turbulent flow. Temperature distributions along one meridian of the model showed the flare to have the highest temperatures and the cylinder generally to have the lowest. A maximum temperature of 970 F was measured on the cone element showing the transitional or turbulent flow; along the opposite side of the model, the maximum temperatures of the cone, cylinder, and flare were 545 F, 340 F, and 680 F, respectively, at the corresponding time.

Bond, Aleck C.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Performance of the coned-face end seal with regard to energy conservation

The effects of face coning on seal performance are evaluated with particular regard to the energy saving potential of convex conedface end seals as indicated by torque reduction. Experiments were conducted using a conventional carbon flat-face pusher-type seal, a coned-face pusher-type seal, coned-face bellows-type seal, and a modified coned-face pusher-type seal intended for dynamically unstable operation, with shaft rotation at up to 8000 rpm, pressures of up to 2758 kPa, and a petroleum-based turbine oil as lubricant. Torque at the seal interface is found to be reduced by 42% when the standard flat-face seal is replaced by a coned seal, although the leakage of the cone-face seal was 11 times greater. Reduction of seal balance from 76.1 to 51.3% resulted in an additional 44% reduction in torque, although at the expense of excessive leakage, but did not produce unstable operation. Face temperatures were reduced by 33-56 C and wear was also reduced greatly on the cone face seals. Seal performance is noted to be in agreement with analytical calculations.

Sehnal, J.↗
NASA NTRS1958

Boundary-Layer Transition on an Open-Nose Cone at Mach 3.1

Comparison of transition locations for an open-nose cone, a conventional sharp cone, and a hollow cylinder showed that transition locations on the open-nose cone and the hollow cylinder were identical but differed greatly from those on the sharp cone. This is believed to be caused by the essentially two-dimensional character of leading edge of the open-nose cone. Bluntness effects on the open-nose cone observed on the hollow cylinder. Transition 2.2 times the sharp-cone transition distance by blunting the tip.

Brinich, Paul F↗
NASA NTRS1994

Ionization cones and radio ejecta in active galaxies

We report radio mapping at three frequencies of the Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 5252, which is known to exhibit a spectacular pair of 'ionization cones' in optical emission-line images. The radio structure of the galaxy comprises an unresolved (less than 50 pc) source coincident with the optical nucleus, weak, narrow features extending approximately equal to 900 pc to north and south from the nucleus, and an unresolved radio source some 10 kpc from the nucleus. The inner parts of the extended radio structure and the off-nuclear source align well with the axis of the ionization cones. There are currently 11 Seyfert galaxies known to possess an ionization cone or a bi-cone; 8 of these galaxies also contain a linear (double, triple, or jet-like) nuclear radio structure. For this limited, incomplete sample, there is a tight alignment between cone and radi axes: the formal mean difference between the measured projections of these axes on the sky is only 6 deg, and the alignment may well be better than this at the location(s) closer to the nucleus where the collimation occurs. Although the degree of collimation is much worse for the ionizing photons than for the radio plasma, it is clear that they are collimated by the same, or coplanar, nulcear disks or tori. In particular, if the ionization cones result from absorption by dusty tori on the pc scale and the radio ejecta from accretion disks around the central black hole, the absence of differential precession indicates that either the gravitating mass distribution is close to spherical or the dusty torus has settled into a preferred plane. The cones currently known in late-type (but not early-type) spirals show a trend to align with the axis of the galaxy stellar disk. We argue that this alignment is either an observational selection effect or indicates that the gas accreted to power the nuclear activity has an internal origin in late-type spirals, but may have an external origin (e.g., a galaxy merger) in early-types. .

Wilson, A. S.↗
NASA NTRS1961

Free-Flight Skin-Temperature and Surface-Pressure Measurements on a Highly Polished Nose Having a 100 deg Total-Angle Cone and a 10 deg Half-Angle Conical Flare Section up to a Mach Number of 4.08

The skin temperature and surface pressure were measured on a large-scale, highly polished nose having a relatively sharp-tipped 100 deg total-angle cone followed by a conical flare section of 10 deg half-angle. The measurements were obtained in flight from a rocket-propelled model up to a peak Mach number of 4.08 and a peak Reynolds number of 22 x 10(exp 6) per foot. Temperature distributions indicated that the heating on the forward 3.5 inches of the 100 deg cone was lower than the heating on the rearward portion. Likewise, measured temperatures on the flare portion of the test nose were generally lower than the temperatures on the 100 deg cone portion. The data indicated that the local Reynolds numbers of transition, based on calculated boundary-layer momentum thicknesses, ranged from 530 to 940 for a Mach number range from 2.72 to 3.75. Comparison of measured cone pressures with theory for a sharp cone showed that theory overestimates the cone pressures. Pressure measurements on the flare portion of the nose showed that in the lower speed range the flow expands below atmospheric pressure in going from the cone to the flare; however, as the speed increased, the expansion diminished and for speeds greater than a Mach number of approximately 3.0 the flare pressure coefficients were at or near a value of zero.

Rashis, Bernard↗
DOE OSTI2017

Performance and emissions characteristics of a lighting cone for charcoal stoves

We report a lighting cone is a simple metal cone placed on the charcoal bed during ignition to increase draft. Many traditional charcoal-burning stoves are difficult to light due to poor draft through the fuel bed, so lighting cones are used as an inexpensive accessory to help with charcoal ignition. The goal of this work was to determine the validity of using a lighting cone to decrease the ignition time of traditional Haitian charcoal stoves, and evaluate its impact on stove emissions and fuel consumption during the typically inefficient and slow ignition phase. We found that the lighting cone successfully reduced ignition time by over 50%. Due to a more efficient, shorter ignition stage, charcoal consumption during ignition was reduced by over 40% and carbon monoxide was reduced by over 50%. This suggests that lighting cones are a viable and beneficial accessory for aiding ignition in shallow-bed charcoal stoves.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2022

Modification of the Loss Cone for Energetic Particles in the Earth's Inner Magnetosphere

The behavior of energetic particles in the Earth's dipole and stretched magnetic-field models is explored with a focus on the shift of the atmospheric loss cone away from the magnetic-field direction and on non-adiabatic behavior occurring when the particle gyroradius becomes comparable with the gradient scale length of the local magnetic field. It is shown that the equatorial loss cone is aberrated away from the magnetic-field direction (pitch angle of 0°) by the perpendicular drift of a charged particle (which is referred to as the “Mozer transform” described in Mozer (1966, https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ071i011p02701). It is found that the Mozer coordinate transformation in pitch-angle/gyrophase-angle space better organizes the behavior of bounce times, mirror altitudes, drift speeds, and first adiabatic invariant. It also describes the loss-cone shift accurately for a certain range of values of the adiabaticity parameter ϵ, defined by the ratio of the particle gyroradius to the local radius of curvature of the magnetic field. For particles with larger ϵ, the Mozer transform (evaluated with the standard gradient-curvature drift) breaks down and the “central trajectory” theory can be used to calculate the angular shift of the loss cone, which now includes an Earthward shift. When ϵ becomes relatively large, stochastic field line curvature (FLC) scattering occurs: we show the intimate connection between the strength of FLC scattering and the loss-cone shift. Finally, by comparing ion orbits in the dipole and Tsyganenko (Ts89 and Ts04) magnetic fields, we conclude that the loss cone of ring-current ions is significantly modified during geomagnetically active times.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Enhanced dense attosecond electron bunch generation by irradiating an intense laser on a cone target

By using two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations, we demonstrate enhanced spatially periodic attosecond electron bunches generation with an average density of about 10n{sub c} and cut-off energy up to 380 MeV. These bunches are acquired from the interaction of an ultra-short ultra-intense laser pulse with a cone target. The laser oscillating field pulls out the cone surface electrons periodically and accelerates them forward via laser pondermotive force. The inner cone wall can effectively guide these bunches and lead to their stable propagation in the cone, resulting in overdense energetic attosecond electron generation. We also consider the influence of laser and cone target parameters on the bunch properties. It indicates that the attosecond electron bunch acceleration and propagation could be significantly enhanced without evident divergency by attaching a plasma capillary to the original cone tip.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2021

AbacusSummit Halo Light Cone Catalogs

This is a set of halo light cone catalogs from the AbacusSummit suite of cosmological N-body simulations (abacussummit.readthedocs.io/). They are a value-added data product provided by post-processing the simulation output. The main application of the halo light cone catalogs is the construction of realistic mock galaxy catalogues and weak lensing maps on the sky. The algorithm (described in Hadzhiyska et al. 2021) associates CompaSO halos from 29 redshift epochs spanning z = 0.1-2.5 with their particles at the time of light-cone crossing. It then records the halo and particle information into an easily accessible product, which can be read with the CompaSO reader. The 25 base resolution boxes at fiducial cosmology have a halo light cone catalog covering an octant of the sky to z approx 0.8 and about 2000 deg2 extending to z approx 2.4. The huge boxes provide light cone information of the full sky until z approx 2.18 and extend further towards the corners of the box (available until z = 2.25). Galaxy mock catalogs on the sky can be generated easily though the AbacusHOD script providing an extended HOD framework (see Yuan et al. 2021, for details), which has been modified to work with the halo light cone catalogs. The available tracers are luminous red galaxies (LRGs), emission-line galaxies (ELGs), and quasi-stellar objects (QSOs).

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Evaluation of radiosurgery techniques–Cone-based linac radiosurgery vs tomotherapy-based radiosurgery

Performances of radiosurgery of intracranial lesions between cone-based Linac system and Tomotherapy-based system were compared in terms of dosimetry and time. Twelve patients with single intracranial lesion treated with cone-based Linac radiosurgery system from 2005 to 2009 were replanned for Tomotherapy-based radiosurgery treatment. The conformity index, homogeneity index (HI), and gradient score index (GSI) of each case was calculated. The Wilcoxon matched-pair test was used to compare the 3 indices between both systems. The cases with regular target (n = 6) and those with irregular target (n = 6) were further analyzed separately. The estimated treatment time between both systems was also compared. Significant differences were found in HI (p = 0.05) and in GSI (p = 0.03) for the whole group. Cone-based radiosurgery was better in GSI whereas Tomotherapy-based radiosurgery was better in HI. Cone-based radiosurgery was better in conformity index (p = 0.03) and GSI (p = 0.03) for regular targets, whereas Tomotherapy-based radiosurgery system performed significantly better in HI (p = 0.03) for irregular targets. The estimated total treatment time for Tomotherapy-based radiosurgery ranged from 24 minutes to 35 minutes, including 15 minutes of pretreatment megavoltage computed tomography (MVCT) and image registration, whereas that for cone-based radiosurgery ranged from 15 minutes for 1 isocenter to 75 minutes for 5 isocenters. As a rule of thumb, Tomotherapy-based radiosurgery system should be the first-line treatment for irregular lesions because of better dose homogeneity and shorter treatment time. Cone-based Linac radiosurgery system should be the treatment of choice for regular targets because of the better dose conformity, rapid dose fall-off, and reasonable treatment time.

61 RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY↗
DOE OSTI2011

Initial cone-in-shell fast-ignition experiments on OMEGA

Fast ignition is a two-step inertial confinement fusion concept where megaelectron volt electrons ignite the compressed core of an imploded fuel capsule driven by a relatively low-implosion velocity. Initial surrogate cone-in-shell, fast-ignitor experiments using a highly shaped driver pulse to assemble a dense core in front of the cone tip were performed on the OMEGA/OMEGA EP Laser [T. R. Boehly et al., Opt. Commun. 133, 495 (1997); L. J. Waxer et al., Opt. Photonics News 16, 30 (2005)]. With optimal timing, the OMEGA EP pulse produced up to {approx}1.4 x 10{sup 7} additional neutrons which is a factor of {approx}4 more neutrons than without short-pulse heating. Shock-breakout measurements performed with the same targets and drive conditions demonstrate an intact cone tip at the time when the additional neutrons are produced. Velocity interferometer system for any reflector measurements show that x-rays from the shell's coronal plasma preheat the inner cone wall of thin-walled Au cones, while the thick-walled cones that are used in the integrated experiments are not affected by preheat.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗