Influence of various fabrication methods on the compressive strength of titanium skin- stringer panels
Influence of fabrication methods on compressive strength of titanium alloy skin stringer panels
Gardner, J. E.↗
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Development of a Printable Prill Formulation Technique and Demonstration of Monomodal Prill Size on Compaction Density and Compressive Strength
Polymer-bonded explosive molding powder, or “prills,” are relied on for the fabrication of pressed high explosives since the 1950's. The wet granulation technique, also known as “slurry coating,” that is used to formulate prills, is a complex process that results in polydisperse and variable yields. This makes it difficult to study the mesoscale effect that prills have on the microstructure of a pressed article. The following study introduces a novel approach to energetic granulation that leverages techniques used in the additive manufacturing of paste-like energetic materials. This extrusion granulation, or prill printing technique, makes it possible to tailor the sizes and shapes of prills, allowing for their morphological influences to be studied in a controlled manner. The following work details the fabrication and characterization of four monomodal size lots of prills using an inert formulation (95 wt.% melamine, 5 wt.% polymer binder). Prills from each size lot were die-pressed using a fixed recipe to investigate how prill size impacts compaction density and therefore compressive strength. It was found that larger prills influence the pressing density by creating larger defects within the microstructure of a pressed article, resulting in a decrease in compressive strength.
direct ink write↗
An investigation of the compressive strength of Kevlar 49/epoxy composites
Tests were performed to evaluate the effect of a wide range of variables including matrix properties, interface properties, fiber prestressing, secondary reinforcement, and others on the ultimate compressive strength of Kevlar 49/epoxy composites. Scanning electron microscopy is used to assess the resulting failure surfaces. In addition, a theoretical study is conducted to determine the influence of fiber anisotropy and lack of perfect bond between fiber and matrix on the shear mode microbuckling. The experimental evaluation of the effect of various constituent and process characteristics on the behavior of these unidirectional composites in compression did not reveal any substantial increase in strength. However, theoretical evaluations indicate that the high degree of fiber anisotropy results in a significant drop in the predicted stress level for internal instability. Scanning electron microscope data analysis suggests that internal fiber failure and smooth surface debonding could be responsible for the measured low compressive strengths.
Kulkarni, S. V.↗
Effect of Impact Damage and Open Holes on the Compression Strength of Tough Resin/high Strain Fiber Laminates
Tests to assess the performance of composite structures damaged by impact or containing local discontinuities such as cutouts are discussed. In particular, two plate specimen test configurations which were developed to define the serverity of compression strength reduction are described; one for impact damage and the other open hole specimens. The test technique for impact specimens involves damaging the plate at selected energies, measuring the size of damage by ultrasonic C-scan techniques and measuring the residual strength in a compression load test. Open-hole specimen compression tests are conducted for several different hole diameters and the failure strain and load and mode of failure recorded. The plate specimen used in these tests is designed with length, width, thickness and laminate stiffness to ensure that overall plate buckling is not responsible for initiating failure.
Williams, J. G.↗
Predicting concrete compressive strength using hybrid ensembling of surrogate machine learning models
This study aims to implement a hybrid ensemble surrogate machine learning technique in predicting the compressive strength (CS) of concrete, an important parameter used for durability design and service life prediction of concrete structures in civil engineering projects. For this purpose, an experimental database consisting of 1030 records has been compiled from the machine learning repository of the University of California, Irvine. The database was used to train and validate four conventional machine learning (CML) models, namely Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Linear and Non-Linear Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS-L and MARS-C), Gaussian Process Regression (GPR), and Minimax Probability Machine Regression (MPMR). Subsequently, the predicted outputs of CML models were combined and trained using ANN to construct the Hybrid Ensemble Model (HENSM). It is observed that the proposed HENSM produces higher predictive accuracy compared to the CML models used in the present study. The predictive performance of all models for CS prediction was compared using the testing dataset and it is found that the HENSM model attained the highest predictive accuracy in both phases. Based on the experimental results, the newly constructed HENSM model is very potential to be a new alternative in handling the overfitting issues of CML models and hence, can be used to predict the concrete CS, including the design of less polluting and more sustainable concrete constructions.
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
Column and Plate Compressive Strengths of Aircraft Structural Martials Extruded 0-1HTA Magnesium Alloy
Column and plate compressive strengths of extruded 0-1HTA magnesium alloy were determined both within and beyond the elastic range from tests of flat end H-section columns and from local instability tests of H-, Z-, and channel section columns. These tests are part of an extensive research investigation to provide data on the structural strength of various aircraft materials. The results are presented in the form of curves and charts that are suitable for use in the design and analysis of aircraft structures.
Heimerl, George J↗
Column and Plate Compressive Strengths of Aircraft Structural Materials: Extruded 24S-T Aluminum Alloy
Column and plate compressive strengths of extruded 24S-T aluminum alloy were determined both within and beyond the elastic range from tests of thin-strip columns and local-instability tests of H-, Z-,and channel-section columns. These tests are part of an extensive research investigation to provide data on the' structural strength of various aircraft materials. The results are presented in the form of curves and charts that are suitable for use in the design and analysis of aircraft structures.
Heimerl, George J.↗
Use of optimum stiffness tailoring to improve the compressive strength of composite plates with holes
A structural optimization procedure is used to tailor the cross-sectional stiffness distribution of compression-loaded composite plates with holes. Minimum mass designs are obtained for plates with cross sections consisting of two different balanced symmetric laminates with 0 deg, + or - 45 deg and 90 deg plies. The plate interior region contains the hole and is designed from a softer material system with a higher failure strain than the plate exterior region. All-graphite-epoxy plates and hybrid graphite/glass-epoxy plates were studied. Other designs with different percentages of 0 deg and + or 45 deg plies in the exterior laminate are compared with the optimum designs. Designs with uniform cross-sectional stiffnesses also are compared with the tailored cross-sectional stiffness designs. Specimens of each design were tested to verify the analytical predictions. The results show that cross-sectional stiffness tailoring can increase the compressive strength and decrease the mass of compression-loaded laminated plates with holes.
Haftka, R. T.↗
The compressive strength of duralumin columns of equal angle section
This report presents a chart giving the compressive strength of duralumin columns of equal angle section. The data used in the construction of the chart were obtained from various published sources and were correlated with theory in the range where secondary failure occurred. Appendices are included giving excerpts from Army and Navy specifications for duralumin and approximate formulas for the properties of the equal angle section.
Lundquist, Eugene E↗
Relevant biochar characteristics influencing compressive strength of biochar-cement mortars
To counteract the contribution of CO 2 emissions by cement production and utilization, biochar is being harnessed as a carbon-negative additive in concrete. Increasing the cement replacement and biochar dosage will increase the carbon offset, but there is large variability in methods being used and many researchers report strength decreases at cement replacements beyond 5%. This work presents a reliable method to replace 10% of the cement mass with a vast selection of biochars without decreasing ultimate compressive strength, and in many cases significantly improving it. By carefully quantifying the physical and chemical properties of each biochar used, machine learning algorithms were used to elucidate the three most influential biochar characteristics that control mortar strength: initial saturation percentage, oxygen-to-carbon ratio, and soluble silicon. These results provide additional research avenues for utilizing several potential biomass waste streams to increase the biochar dosage in cement mixes without decreasing mechanical properties.
97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
Determination of Plate Compressive Strengths at Elevated Temperatures
The results of local-instability tests of h-section plate assemblies and compressive stress-strain tests of extruded 75s-t6 aluminum alloy, obtained to determine flat-plate compressive strength under stabilized elevated temperature conditions, are given for temperatures up to 600 degrees F. The results show that methods available for calculating the critical compressive stress at room temperature can also be used at elevated temperatures if the applicable compressive stress-strain curve for the material is given.
Heimerl, George J↗
A Finite Element Analysis for Predicting the Residual Compressive Strength of Impact-Damaged Sandwich Panels
A simple analysis method has been developed for predicting the residual compressive strength of impact-damaged sandwich panels. The method is tailored for honeycomb core-based sandwich specimens that exhibit an indentation growth failure mode under axial compressive loading, which is driven largely by the crushing behavior of the core material. The analysis method is in the form of a finite element model, where the impact-damaged facesheet is represented using shell elements and the core material is represented using spring elements, aligned in the thickness direction of the core. The nonlinear crush response of the core material used in the analysis is based on data from flatwise compression tests. A comparison with a previous analysis method and some experimental data shows good agreement with results from this new approach.
Ratcliffe, James G.↗
A Finite Element Analysis for Predicting the Residual Compression Strength of Impact-Damaged Sandwich Panels
A simple analysis method has been developed for predicting the residual compression strength of impact-damaged sandwich panels. The method is tailored for honeycomb core-based sandwich specimens that exhibit an indentation growth failure mode under axial compression loading, which is driven largely by the crushing behavior of the core material. The analysis method is in the form of a finite element model, where the impact-damaged facesheet is represented using shell elements and the core material is represented using spring elements, aligned in the thickness direction of the core. The nonlinear crush response of the core material used in the analysis is based on data from flatwise compression tests. A comparison with a previous analysis method and some experimental data shows good agreement with results from this new approach.
Ratcliffe, James G.↗
A mechanism responsible for reducing compression strength of through-the-thickness reinforced composite material
A study was conducted to identify one of the mechanisms that contributes to the reduced compression strength of composite materials with through-the-thickness (TTT) reinforcements. In this study a series of thick (0/90) laminates with stitched and integrally woven TTT reinforcements were fabricated and statically tested. In both the stitching and weaving process a surface loop of TTT reinforcement yarn is created between successive TTT penetrations. It was shown that the surface loop of the TTT reinforcement 'kinked' the in-plane fibers in such a manner that they were made ineffective in carrying compressive load. The improvement in strength by removal of the surface loop and 'kinked' in-plane fibers was between 7 and 35 percent.
Farley, Gary L.↗
Predicting The Compression Strength Of Impact-Damaged Sandwich Panels
The objective of this work was to develop a technique for predicting the residual compression strength of sandwich panels containing impact damage in one facesheet. The technique was tailored to predict the strength of specimens that exhibit a failure mode involving the formation of kink bands at locations of peak strain in the region of impact damage. Under continued compression loading, the kink bands propagate in a stable manner perpendicular to the applied load. When a critical kink-band length is reached, growth becomes unstable corresponding to panel failure. The analysis follows in two sections. The first section calculates the far-field stress required for stable kink-band growth and the second calculates that required for unstable growth. The residual strength prediction is made when the stress for stable growth becomes equal to that for unstable kink-band growth. Initial comparisons between analysis and experiment show good agreement.
Ratcliffe, James↗
Compressive Strength of Flat Panels with Z- and Hat-Section Stiffeners
Compression tests were conducted on 247 panels with Z-section stiffeners and 304 panels with hat-section stiffeners. Specimens were constructed from artificially aged Alclad 24S aluminum alloy with minimum guaranteed yield strengths of 64 and 57 ksi for stiffeners and sheet materials, respectively. Height, thickness, and spacing of stiffeners, sheet thickness, and length of specimens were varied systematically to show effects of changes in these dimensions on panel strength. Results show average stresses at buckling load and maximum load.
STRESSED SKIN - SHEETS - STRENGTH, COMPRESSIVE↗
Column and Plate Compressive Strength of Extruded XB75S-T Aluminum Alloy
Results are presented of tests to determine the column and plate compressive strength of extruded XB75S-T aluminum alloy, and comparative values are shown for 24S-T aluminum-alloy sheet. Stress-strain curves are also given,
Heimerl, George J.↗
Long-Term Isothermal Aging Effects on Carbon Fabric-Reinforced PMR-15 Composites: Compression Strength
A study was conducted to determine the effects of long-term isothermal thermo-oxidative aging on the compressive properties of T-650-35 fabric reinforced PMR-15 composites. The temperatures that were studied were 204, 260, 288, 316, and 343 C. Specimens of different geometries were evaluated. Cut edge-to-surface ratios of 0.03 to 0.89 were fabricated and aged. Aging times extended to a period in excess of 15,000 hours for the lower temperature runs. The unaged and aged specimens were tested in compression in accordance with ASTM D-695. Both thin and thick (plasma) specimens were tested. Three specimens were tested at each time/temperature/geometry condition. The failure modes appeared to be initiated by fiber kinking with longitudinal, interlaminar splitting. In general, it appears that the thermo-oxidative degradation of the compression strength of the composite material may occur by both thermal (time-dependent) and oxidative (weight-loss) mechanisms. Both mechanisms appear to be specimen-thickness dependent.
Bowles, Kenneth J.↗