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CCN(CCl)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of sixteen chloromethane molecules, eight hydrogen cyanide molecules, and eight methane molecules.
(C)2CNC2NH3O2(CCl)3 crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of six chloromethane molecules, two hydrogen cyanide molecules, four methane molecules, and two nh2cho meoh molecules.
CCN(CCl)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of sixteen chloromethane molecules, eight hydrogen cyanide molecules, and eight methane molecules.
C(CCl)5CCl3 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of four chloroform molecules, twenty chloromethane molecules, and four methane molecules.
Ni2C2O2Cl(CCl)3 crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of twelve chloromethane molecules and four Ni2C2O2Cl clusters. In two of the Ni2C2O2Cl clusters, there are two inequivalent Ni2+ sites. In the first Ni2+ site, Ni2+ is bonded in a distorted L-shaped geometry to one C+0.80+ and one Cl1- atom. The Ni–C bond length is 1.79 Å. The Ni–Cl bond length is 2.25 Å. In the second Ni2+ site, Ni2+ is bonded in a distorted L-shaped geometry to one C+0.80+ and one Cl1- atom. The Ni–C bond length is 1.80 Å. The Ni–Cl bond length is 2.25 Å. There are two inequivalent C+0.80+ sites. In the first C+0.80+ site, C+0.80+ is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Ni2+ and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.15 Å. In the second C+0.80+ site, C+0.80+ is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Ni2+ and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.15 Å. There are two inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+0.80+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+0.80+ atom. Cl1- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two Ni2+ atoms. In two of the Ni2C2O2Cl clusters, there are two inequivalent Ni2+ sites. In the first Ni2+ site, Ni2+ is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to one C+0.80+ and one Cl1- atom. The Ni–C bond length is 1.80 Å. The Ni–Cl bond length is 2.25 Å. In the second Ni2+ site, Ni2+ is bonded in a distorted L-shaped geometry to one C+0.80+ and one Cl1- atom. The Ni–C bond length is 1.80 Å. The Ni–Cl bond length is 2.25 Å. There are two inequivalent C+0.80+ sites. In the first C+0.80+ site, C+0.80+ is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Ni2+ and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.15 Å. In the second C+0.80+ site, C+0.80+ is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Ni2+ and one O2- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.15 Å. There are two inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+0.80+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C+0.80+ atom. Cl1- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to two Ni2+ atoms.
ClCCN(CCl)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of eight chloro(methylimino)methane molecules and sixteen chloromethane molecules.
(C)2COCO2(CCl)4 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of sixteen chloromethane molecules, four formic anhydride molecules, and eight methane molecules.
(C)3(CCl)5 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of forty chloromethane molecules and twenty-four methane molecules.
Te(CCl)2(CF)10 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of forty fluoromethane molecules and four schembl4020522 molecules.
(C)9(CCl)6Br crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of two bromine molecules, twenty-four chloromethane molecules, six ethyne molecules, and twenty-four methane molecules.
(C)2(CCl)5 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pbcn space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of forty chloromethane molecules and sixteen methane molecules.
(C)4CO(CCl)14CCl4 crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of two carbon tetrachloride molecules, twenty-eight chloromethane molecules, two formaldehyde molecules, and eight methane molecules.
CCN(CCl)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of eight chloromethane molecules, four hydrogen cyanide molecules, and four methane molecules.
(CCl)8CCl2CSO3Cl2 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of thirty-two chloromethane molecules, four dichloromethane molecules, and four CSO3Cl2 clusters. In each CSO3Cl2 cluster, C2+ is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one O2- and one Cl1- atom. The C–O bond length is 1.45 Å. The C–Cl bond length is 1.75 Å. S2- is bonded in a distorted tetrahedral geometry to three O2- and one Cl1- atom. There is two shorter (1.43 Å) and one longer (1.62 Å) S–O bond length. The S–Cl bond length is 2.04 Å. There are three inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one S2- atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one C2+ and one S2- atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one S2- atom. There are two inequivalent Cl1- sites. In the first Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one S2- atom. In the second Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one C2+ atom.
CO(CCl)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of eight chloromethane molecules and four formaldehyde molecules.
Molten salt compatibility with structural alloys has been identified as a key issue for the development of Generation 3 concentrating solar power (CSP) systems with thermal storage. To accelerate this evaluation to pumped systems, the goal of this project was to conduct thermal convection loop (TCL) experiments with a peak temperature of ≥700°C and a typical temperature gradient of ~100°C. The experiments indicated that conventional ~16wt.%Cr Ni-based alloys are compatible up to 700°C with purified (i.e. low O) or dried (low H₂O) industrial-sourced Mg-K-Na chloride salt with <10 μm/yr loss. This two-year project was conducted based on the experimental and mechanistic understanding developed more than 60 years ago at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). The first TCL experiment met the <15 μm/yr corrosion metric for this project with specimens of Ni-based alloy 600 exposed at 580°-700°C for 1000 h and post-exposure room temperature tensile tests showed minimal degradation. The second TCL experiment successfully deployed an electrochemical sensor from Argonne National Laboratory and had a peak temperature of 750°C but only ran for ~110 h due to a furnace failure. Both experiments used highly purified industrial-sourced salt with an O content of ~3 μg O/g salt and a Mg addition of 0.04 wt.%. In the second year, the Chloride Collective developed a more economical drying procedure such that the O content was much higher (>20,000 μg O/g salt). A third TCL experiment was conducted with a sensor and a peak temperature of 700°C using dried salt from the same industrial source and increased NaCl content (~20 wt.%). In addition to a 0.05% Mg addition to the salt, a Mg coupon was added in the coldest part of the loop which dissolved during the experiment. Again, small mass changes were noted for specimens of alloys 600 and C276 but the values were slightly higher than those measured in purified salt with Mg. A thin non-continuous and non-adherent oxide layer was deposited on most specimens containing Mg, Si and Al but Cr depletion also was observed. Both years included facilities qualification crucible experiments and then capsule experiments to confirm a baseline isothermal reaction rate. The first year capsule experiment led to the conclusion that the two-stage ORNL purification process using NH₄Cl and CCl₄ left the salt with a high Cl potential and a Mg addition (~0.05wt.%) was needed to lower the potential. The second year capsule experiments at 600° and 700°C found little difference in depth of attack for 0-0.25%Mg additions. In general, the complex reactions where salt can be trapped in the porous surface layer of metal indicated that mass change is an unreliable metric and average depth of Cr depletion is a better metric for assessing the extent of attack. These results have created a new baseline that is contrary to the recent published literature for chloride salts where mass losses have been reported that can be extrapolated to very significant annual metal loss rates. Chloride salt corrosion can be controlled and the results also indicate that salt purification to low O levels may not be necessary. However, additional TCL experiments are needed at different times and temperatures to generate important engineering information such as temperature dependent corrosion rates and reaction rate laws for extrapolation to long-term behavior and isolate the effect of salt additives and impurities.
This report summarizes the performance limits of the LANSCE Coupled-Cavity Linac (CCL). These results are captured or summarized directly from the references cited. This report was written in support of the LANSCE Modernization Project (LAMP).
INL performed targeted oxidation tests to measure oxidation rates for samples of ET-10 and ETU-10 graphite under CRADA No. 21CRA22 Mod. 3, Annex A, “Tritium Testing to Support Kairos Power Advanced Reactor Demonstration” (04/02/2024). All testing was conducted within INL’s Carbon Characterization Laboratory (CCL) using test standard ASTM D7542-21 "Standard Test Method for Air Oxidation of Carbon and Graphite in the Kinetic Regime" [ASTM International, 2021]. Kairos Power provided all test specimens through its graphite vendor Ibiden, Inc. to INL and ASTM specimen specified dimensions. Information within this report only provides the Arrhenius oxidation rate plots as a function of temperature for each graphite grade tested. The raw mass loss per time data will be provided on the Nuclear Data Management and Analysis System (NDMAS) portal located on the INL information system.