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DOE OSTI2021

Improved age- and gender-specific radiation risk models applied on cohorts of Swedish patients

The aim of this study is to implement lifetime attributable risk (LAR) predictions for radiation induced cancers for Swedish cohorts of patients of various age and sex, undergoing diagnostic investigations by nuclear medicine methods. Methods: Calculations are performed on Swedish groups of patients with Paget's disease and with bone metastases from prostatic cancer and diagnosed with bone scintigraphy with an administration of 500 MBq 99m Tc-phosphonate. Results: The inclusion of patient survival rates into the calculations lowers the induced radiation cancer risk, as it takes into account that cohorts of patients have shorter predicted survival times than the general population. Conclusion: LAR estimations could be valuable for referring physicians, nuclear medicine physicians, nurses, medical physicists, radiologists, and oncologists and as well as ethical committees for risk estimates for specific subgroups of patients. Caution is however advised with respect to application of LAR predictions to individuals (because of individual sensitivities, circumstances, etc.).

61 RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY↗

DOE OSTI2022

Statistical analysis for the neutrinoless double-β-decay matrix element of 48 Ca

Neutrinoless double-β-decay (0⁢vββ) nuclear matrix elements (NME) are the object of many theoretical calculation methods, and are very important for analysis and guidance of a large number of experimental efforts. However, there are large discrepancies between the NME values provided by different methods. Here, in this paper, we propose a statistical analysis of the 48 Ca 0v⁢ββ NME using the interacting shell model, emphasizing the range of the NME probable values and their correlations with observables that can be obtained from the existing nuclear data. Based on this statistical analysis with three independent effective Hamiltonians, we propose a common probability distribution function for the 0⁢vββ NME, which has a range of (0.45–0.95) at 90% confidence level, and a mean value of 0.68.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Forced Oscillation Source Location in Power Systems Using MVMD-assisted DEF in TF Plane

Fast and accurate forced oscillation source location (FOSL) is critical for mitigating forced oscillations in power systems. Here, to overcome the shortcomings of traditional dissipating energy flow (DEF) in decomposing the forced oscillation components from the measurement responses, a multivariate variational mode decomposition (MVMD)-assisted FOSL is proposed in this paper to locate the forced oscillation sources from measurements in time-frequency (TF) plane. The multi-channel measurement matrix of each generator is formed, then the multi-channel modes are decomposed from the formed multi-channel measurement matrix using the MVMD. Further, the intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) associated with the forced oscillation mode are distinguished from the decomposed modes according to the relative energy weights. With the distinguished IMFs, the MVMD-assisted DEF calculation method is developed to locate the forced oscillation source. Finally, the performance of the proposed method is evaluated using the simulation data of the WECC 179-bus test system and IEEE-NASPI Oscillation Source Location Contest as well as the actual PMU data of ISO New England. The results validated the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method in the FOSL.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗

DOE OSTI2024

Role of water in fracture of modified silicate glasses

Decarbonizing the glass industry requires alternative melting technology, as current industrial melting practices rely heavily on fossil fuels. Hydrogen has been proposed as an alternative to carbon-based fuels, but the ensuing consequences on the mechanical behavior of the glass remain to be clarified. A critical distinction between hydrogen and carbon-based fuels is the increased generation of water during combustion, which raises the equilibrium solubility of water in the melt and alters the behavior of the resulting glass. A series of five silicate glasses with 80% silica and variable [Na 2 O]/([H 2 O] + [Na 2 O]) ratios were simulated using molecular dynamics to elucidate the effects of water on fracture. Several fracture toughness calculation methods were used in combination with atomistic fracture simulations to examine the effects of hydroxyl content on fracture behavior. Here, this study reveals that the crack propagation pathway is a key metric to understanding fracture toughness. Notably, the fracture propagation path favors hydrogen sites over sodium sites, offering a possible explanation of the experimentally observed effects of water on fracture properties.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

DOE OSTI2026

Battery Performance and Cost Model (BatPaC) Version 6.0

SF-26-016 The Battery Performance and Cost model (BatPaC) is a calculation method based on Microsoft Excel spreadsheets that has been developed at Argonne for estimating the performance and manufacturing cost of lithium-ion batteries for electric-drive vehicles including hybrid-electrics (HEV), plug-in hybrids (PHEVs) and pure electrics. BatPaC was first developed in 2007, was subsequently peer reviewed, and it has served Argonne researchers and the greater battery community in studying the impact of material properties on performance at the pack level. BatPaC has been updated and re-released multiple times since its original public release in 2011. This current version is BatPaC 6.0, which contains additional functionality needed to handle advances in automotive batteries, like the use of lithium metal and silicon anodes and the need to accommodate cell expansion and apply high levels of pressure.

KNEHR, KEVIN [Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), A↗

DOE OSTI2022

Comparative analysis of energy deposition modes available in Serpent 2 within the framework of the supercritical water reactor - Fuel qualification test reactor physics benchmark

A joint European Canadian Chinese development of a supercritical water-cooled small modular reactor (SCW-SMR) technology is in progress since September 2020 in the framework of a Horizon 2020 project called ECC-SMART. As a main purpose of the project, proper estimates of energy deposition and its spatial distribution are prerequisites for the accurate analysis of safety related parameters of the SCW-SMR concept under development. A supercritical water reactor fuel computational benchmark model, provided by Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, was applied for detailed comparison of different energy deposition calculation options available in the Serpent 2 Monte Carlo code. The effect of energy deposition options on the normalization of the results as well as on the spatial distribution of the energy deposition are discussed. Consistent energy deposition calculation methods are presented between three Monte Carlo codes, viz., Serpent 2, MCNP6 and OpenMC. Although resource-intensive, the use of the coupled neutron-photon transport mode of Serpent 2 is recommended for accurate spatial and quantitative characterization of energy deposition in the SCW-SMR fuel assemblies, accounting for both neutron and photon heating of all the materials. (authors)

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗

DOE OSTI2023

PARETO 0.8.0 Release

PARETO 0.8.0 Release. Highlights: Model Updates - Applied unified sets for pipeline and trucking arcs in strategic model - Apply unified sets for pipeline and trucking arcs in operational model - Added new config argument for removal efficiency calculation method - Standardized bidirectional capacity constraint - Added dependencies removed in IDAES 2.1 - Created bounding functions & utilities - Added Hydraulics module to the strategic model - Add additional arc types to strategic model Documentation and Tutorial Updates - Improved PARETO treatment document - Introduced general tutorial and treatment module Jupyter notebooks for Strategic Model - Update docs with correct support email list address - Consolidate and deduplicate Getting Started and resources for developers - Enable Black formatting for Jupyter notebooks - Add Binder configuration files and README Bug Fixes - Fix strategic model documentation typos - Removed duplicated units from output file header UI Updates - Added view for comparing different scenarios - Added functionality for manually overriding PARETO decisions

PARETO,PARETO-UI,PSE,Process Systems Engineering,P↗

DOE OSTI2021

Theoretical Yields for 188 W Production in the High Flux Isotope Reactor

Accurately predicting the production yield of 188 W and 191 Os from enriched 186W metal rings irradiated in HFIR is not straightforward. Two key factors can lead to significant uncertainty or inaccuracy in yield predictions: The effect of neutron flux depression in the dense tungsten metal target. Inaccuracy of the currently published 187 W thermal neutron absorption cross section. This manuscript reports the calculated yields for 188 W, 191 Os, and total osmium mass for the NM-888 target that was irradiated in High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) Cycles 487 and 488. Three different yield calculation methods were used and are described herein. The results are presented in terms of total yield and in terms of yield per target mass. This allows for an approximate estimation of yields for future targets of varying mass loading but with similar irradiation profiles. For more accurate prediction yields, target-specific models that account for target loading, target positioning within HFIR, and accurate HFIR cycle data are required.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

DOE OSTI2022

Impact of Increased Latent Generations on Sensitivity Calculations with SCALE [Slides]

Depending on the system, energy, and/or nuclide, altering the number of latent generations can significantly impact generated sensitivity coefficients. In general, as the number of latent generations increases, the accuracy of the generated sensitivity value compared with the DP value increases and there is a significant increase in the uncertainty with generated sensitivity values. IFP generated sensitivities appear to be more stable than those with CLUTCH. Complex systems, even with IFP and increased latent generations can still produce poor results (i.e., MPC- 32). This reiterates the importance of performing DPs to confirm sensitivities. IFP-Shift and CLUTCH can take advantage of parallel computing abilities. Work continues in this area as additional parameters and calculational methods are examined to provide analysts insights to successfully generating sensitivity coefficients for confirmatory analyses and validation efforts.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Comparison of Temperature-Dependent Cross Section Treatments Within the Shift Monte Carlo Radiation Transport Code

Multiple calculation methods have been developed to account for Doppler broadening of cross sections in Monte Carlo radiation transport simulations. This work compares the accuracy and performance of four different broadening methods, including an on-the-fly multipole treatment, applied to three different geometries of increasing complexity, including a nuclear reactor assembly with a realistic temperature profile. The comparisons reveal how the combination of physics implementations in the Shift Monte Carlo code result in slightly different temperature-dependent behavior, and different levels of performance, for a variety of materials and situations.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2024

Wind Turbine Design Guideline DG03: Yaw and Pitch Bearings

This design guideline describes the design criteria, calculation methods, and applicable standards recommended for use in performance and life analyses of ball and roller (rolling) bearings for yaw and pitch motion support in wind turbine applications. The formulae presented here for rolling bearing analytical methods and bearing-life ratings are consistent with methods currently used by wind turbine designers and rolling bearing manufacturers. The original yaw and pitch bearing design guideline was first drafted in 1999 by industry members and finally published in 2009 by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. It was conceived as the third in a series of design guidelines, but it was the only one actually published by NREL and since has been known by the name "DG03." Other design guidelines were started, but instead of being published by NREL, they eventually became some of the International Electrotechnical Commission wind turbine standards in use today. This updated design guideline includes advances in research and field experiences made between 2009 and 2023. A better understanding of the operating conditions and damage mechanisms, advances in computational design, and publicly available test results facilitate more reliable yaw and pitch bearing designs.

17 WIND ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2026

Thriving in the Carbon-Aware Market: How to Account for Emissions in the Era of Carbon-Centered Trade Policies

Emerging global policies, such as the European Union's enacted Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism and similar policies under development in Canada, Australia and the United Kingdom, will place a premium on goods traded into their territories with higher embedded emissions than those produced domestically. U.S. manufacturers could stand to benefit from such policies; given the investments U.S. industry has made to reduce the energy and emission intensities of its operations. For example, the overall GHG intensity of U.S. steel production in 2019 was ~0.96 t CO2/t steel, less than half that of China (~1.97 t CO2/t steel), and bested only by Italy. To realize these benefits, transparent, accurate, interoperable and accepted embedded emissions accounting and calculation methods are required. Achieving this requires overcoming challenges related to data availability, boundary definitions, and product definitions among others, both at individual facilities as well as through value chains. We will present technical findings on methodology considerations and data-availability constraints for determining the emissions of traded goods, using steel as a pilot and leveraging publicly available data. Issues such as determining the appropriate scope for emissions accounting, implications of the specificity of product chosen, emissions allocation in multi-product facilities, and enumeration of emissions for products manufactured across multiple facilities will be discussed. By sharing the results of our efforts, we aim to inform the development and execution of embedded emissions accounting methods from a technical perspective such that U.S. manufacturers can thrive in emerging global markets.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

DOE OSTI2026

Comparative Assessment of Battery Carbon Footprint Calculation Frameworks to Support U.S. Battery Manufacturing

A “battery passport” is a digital record that provides comprehensive information about an individual battery across its life cycle. This concept has been introduced by Battery Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 [1], which applies to batteries for electric vehicles (EVs), industrial batteries with a capacities greater than 2 kWh, and batteries for light means of transport (LMT) greater than 2kWh sold in the European Union (EU) market – impacting manufacturers and exporters across multiple jurisdictions globally. Among its reporting mandates, a key feature of battery passports is the requirement for a carbon footprint (CF) calculation methodology supported by enhanced data granularity to enable traceable and verifiable CF results. While no other jurisdictions have yet adopted formal battery passport requirements like the EU’s, some are developing CF calculation methods to comply with the EU Battery Regulation or are creating CF-related regulations that could evolve in a similar direction, reflecting the growing importance of battery CF guidelines for manufacturers seeking to remain competitive in global markets.

Zhang, Jingyi [Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), ↗

DOE OSTI2026

Development of a Framework and Methodology for an Advanced Reactor Materials Environmental Effects Design Guide

Advanced non-light-water reactor components may operate at elevated temperature while experiencing cyclic loading, significant neutron irradiation, and exposure to reactor coolant. ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section III, Division 5, provides design rules for elevated-temperature service but does not include specific procedures to account for environmental effects on material properties. This report develops an initial framework and methodology for an Environmental Effects Design Guide (EEDG) focused on neutron irradiation; coolant-environment effects are reserved for future work. The proposed approach treats irradiation as a property-based overlay on the existing Division 5 design process, with two routes: a sparse-data route applying two reduction factors — FCR on creep-rupture strength and FF on fatigue life — for the creep-fatigue evaluations that typically control the design of advanced high-temperature reactor components, and a fuller framework developing the property-to-rule chain across the four Division 5 checks (primary load, strain limits and ratcheting, creep-fatigue, and buckling), together with swelling and weldments as scope items. Both routes are scoped by an in-pile qualification that restricts the use of post-irradiation-examination-derived properties in regimes where an in-pile mechanism could control the design outcome. Illustrative outputs derived on a compiled annealed Type 316 database — FCR ≈ 0.78–0.86 and FF ≈ 0.4 — demonstrate the calculation method within that specific dataset. The framework is an initial, testable design-rule concept; it identifies a practical path for preliminary design evaluations under sparse data and the material data and testing needed to develop the framework further.

Barua, Bipul (ORCID:0000000247184113)↗

DOE OSTI2022

Soil-related developments of the Biome-BGCMuSo v6.2 terrestrial ecosystem model

Terrestrial biogeochemical models are essential tools to quantify climate–carbon cycle feedback and plant–soil relations from local to global scale. In this study, a theoretical basis is provided for the latest version of the Biome-BGCMuSo biogeochemical model (version 6.2). Biome-BGCMuSo is a branch of the original Biome-BGC model with a large number of developments and structural changes. Earlier model versions performed poorly in terms of soil water content (SWC) dynamics in different environments. Moreover, lack of detailed nitrogen cycle representation was a major limitation of the model. Since problems associated with these internal drivers might influence the final results and parameter estimation, additional structural improvements were necessary. In this paper the improved soil hydrology as well as the soil carbon and nitrogen cycle calculation methods are described in detail. Capabilities of the Biome-BGCMuSo v6.2 model are demonstrated via case studies focusing on soil hydrology, soil nitrogen cycle, and soil organic carbon content estimation. Soil-hydrology-related results are compared to observation data from an experimental lysimeter station. The results indicate improved performance for Biome-BGCMuSo v6.2 compared to v4.0 (explained variance increased from 0.121 to 0.8 for SWC and from 0.084 to 0.46 for soil evaporation; bias changed from -0.047 to -0.007 m 3 m -3 for SWC and from -0.68 to -0.2 mm d -1 for soil evaporation). Simulations related to nitrogen balance and soil CO 2 efflux were evaluated based on observations made in a long-term field experiment under crop rotation. The results indicated that the model is able to provide realistic nitrate content estimation for the topsoil. Soil nitrous oxide (N 2 O) efflux and soil respiration simulations were also realistic, with overall correspondence with the observations (for the N 2 O efflux simulation bias was between -0.13 and -0.1 mgNm -2 d -1 , and normalized root mean squared error (NRMSE) was 32.4 %–37.6 %; for CO 2 efflux simulations bias was 0.04–0.17 gCm -2 d -1 , while NRMSE was 34.1 %–40.1 %). Sensitivity analysis and optimization of the decomposition scheme are presented to support practical application of the model. The improved version of Biome-BGCMuSo has the ability to provide more realistic soil hydrology representation as well as nitrification and denitrification process estimation, which represents a major milestone.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗

DOE OSTI2023

A Revised International Standard for Gearboxes in Wind Turbine Systems

Gearbox and wind turbine design and application standards have contributed significantly to improvements in reliability over the past two decades. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61400-4 standard of wind turbine gearbox design is currently being revised by a joint working group (JWG) of experts in IEC TC 88 (wind energy) and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) TC60 (gears) to further that effort. Experts from ISO TC4 (rolling bearings) and ISO TC28 (lubricants) have actively participated. This revision has implemented lessons learned from industry use of edition 1 since its publication in 2012. The main document, IEC 61400-4, was pared down to essential design requirements and application-specific recommendations along with a design verification framework. The JWG leveraged concurrent development of other standards, such as IEC 61400-8 on wind turbine structures, to replace edition 1 content. These are described along with how this works with the IEC Renewable Energy certification scheme for wind turbines (IECRE-WE). The JWG recognized the interest in maintaining informative parts of edition 1 including annexes on wind turbine architecture and loads, bearing and gear arrangements, bearing selection, lubrication system descriptions and lubricant performance recommendations. This information was retained in two technical reports: IEC/TR 61400-4-2 Lubrication and IEC/TR 61400-4-3 Explanatory Notes. Additionally, a technical specification, IEC/TS 61400-4-1, was drafted to provide a reliability calculation method for comparing different design options or conditions. Salient elements of these documents are described. All four documents were recently distributed for IEC/ISO review, ballot, and comment. Publication is expected in 2023.

gearbox↗

DOE OSTI2023

A Revised International Standard for Gearboxes in Wind Turbine Systems: Preprint

ENGINEERING,WIND ENERGY↗

DOE OSTI2025

FY25 status report on the addition of candidate materials in Class B Code Case

This report provides the time-dependent allowable stress calculation strategy leveraging the limited creep rupture tests data generated to support the allowable stress for 100,000 hours in American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC), Section II, Part D. A variable confidence index procedure to extrapolate material properties to support 500,000 hours design life is discussed. Time-dependent allowable stresses for Class B component design and analysis are presented for Grade 1 and Grade 2 of Alloy 625. The presented data extrapolation and allowable stress calculation method will support new material addition using limited creep rupture data in the new ASME Boiler and BPVC, Section III, Division 5, Class B rules.

Part D↗