Role of Surface Oxides in the Formation of Solid–Electrolyte Interphases at Silicon Electrodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries
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solar (photovoltaic), phonons, energy storage (inc↗
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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.
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MAPPING THE INHOMOGENEOUS ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTION THROUGH POROUS LIFEPO4 ELECTRODES IN A STANDARD COIN CELL BATTERY
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energy storage (including batteries and capacitors↗
Li/Ag 2 VO 2 PO 4 batteries: the roles of composite electrode constituents on electrochemistry
In this study, we utilize silver vanadium phosphorous oxide, Ag 2 VO 2 PO 4 , as a model system to systematically study the impact of the constituents of a composite electrode, including polymeric and conductive additives, on electrochemistry. Notably, although highly resistive, this bimetallic cathode can be discharged as a pure electroactive material in the absence of a conductive additive as it generates an in situ conductive matrix via a reduction displacement reaction resulting in the formation of silver metal nanoparticles. Also, three different electrode compositions were investigated: Ag 2 VO 2 PO 4 only, Ag 2 VO 2 PO 4 4 with binder, and Ag 2 VO 2 PO 4 with binder and carbon. Constant current discharge, pulse testing and impedance spectroscopy measurements were used to characterize the electrochemical properties of the electrodes as a function of depth of discharge. In situ EDXRD was used to spatially resolve the discharge progression within the cathode by following the formation of Ag 0 . Ex situ XRD and EXAFS modeling were used to quantify the amount of Ag 0 formed. Results indicate that the metal center reduced (V 5+ or Ag + ) was highly dependent on composite composition (presence of PTFE, carbon), depth of discharge (Ag 0 nanoparticle formation), and spatial location within the cathode. The addition of a binder was found to increase cell polarization, and the percolation network provided by the carbon in the presence of PTFE was further increased with reduction and formation of Ag 0 . Lastly, this study provides insight into the factors controlling the electrochemistry of resistive active materials in composite electrodes.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
A high-voltage rechargeable magnesium-sodium hybrid battery
Growing global demand of safe and low-cost energy storage technology triggers strong interests in novel battery concepts beyond state-of-art Li-ion batteries. Here we report a high-voltage rechargeable Mg–Na hybrid battery featuring dendrite-free deposition of Mg anode and Na-intercalation cathode as a low-cost and safe alternative to Li-ion batteries for large-scale energy storage. A prototype device using a Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode, a Mg anode, and a Mg–Na dual salt electrolyte exhibits the highest voltage (2.60 V vs. Mg) and best rate performance (86% capacity retention at 10C rate) among reported hybrid batteries. Synchrotron radiation-based X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), atomic-pair distribution function (PDF), and high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) studies reveal the chemical environment and structural change of Na3V2(PO4)3 cathode during the Na ion insertion/deinsertion process. XANES study shows a clear reversible shift of vanadium K-edge and HRXRD and PDF studies reveal a reversible two-phase transformation and V–O bond length change during cycling. The energy density of the hybrid cell could be further improved by developing electrolytes with a higher salt concentration and wider electrochemical window. This work represents a significant step forward for practical safe and low-cost hybrid batteries.
Li, Yifei↗
Multiscale modeling and characterization for performance and safety of lithium-ion batteries
Lithium-ion batteries are highly complex electrochemical systems whose performance and safety are governed by coupled nonlinear electrochemical-electrical-thermal-mechanical processes over a range of spatiotemporal scales. Gaining an understanding of the role of these processes as well as development of predictive capabilities for design of better performing batteries requires synergy between theory, modeling, and simulation, and fundamental experimental work to support the models. This paper presents the overview of the work performed by the authors aligned with both experimental and computational efforts. In this paper, we describe a new, open source computational environment for battery simulations with an initial focus on lithium-ion systems but designed to support a variety of model types and formulations. This system has been used to create a three-dimensional cell and battery pack models that explicitly simulate all the battery components (current collectors, electrodes, and separator). The models are used to predict battery performance under normal operations and to study thermal and mechanical safety aspects under adverse conditions. This paper also provides an overview of the experimental techniques to obtain crucial validation data to benchmark the simulations at various scales for performance as well as abuse. We detail some initial validation using characterization experiments such as infrared and neutron imaging and micro-Raman mapping. In addition, we identify opportunities for future integration of theory, modeling, and experiments.
71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
Advanced Characterization Techniques in Promoting Mechanism Understanding for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
Due to the numerous advantages, such as high specific capacity, etc., lithium-sulfur batteries (Li-S batteries) have attracted much attention as next-generation energy storage systems. To meet future needs for commercial application, Li-S batteries will require both improved cycle life and high energy density. It is of critical importance to understand the fundamental mechanisms in Li-S system to further improve the whole battery performance. Various advanced characterization techniques, over the past few years, have proven their important role in promoting the mechanism understanding for Li-S batteries. Here, we review the recent progress of mechanism understanding, including redox reactions, Li polysulfides dissolution, and etc., in Li-S systems based on the advanced characterization techniques. Special focus is placed on how these advanced characterization techniques are being employed and what characteristic or capability they possess. The necessity of combination of multiple characterization, difference between ex situ and in situ experimental methods, as well as importance of characterization conditions in Li-S batteries are also discussed.
Zhao, Enyue↗
Ion-Sieving Carbon Nanoshells for Deeply Rechargeable Zn-Based Aqueous Batteries
As an alternative to lithium-ion batteries, Zn-based aqueous batteries feature nonflammable electrolytes, high theoretical energy density, and abundant materials. However, a deeply rechargeable Zn anode in lean electrolyte configuration is still lacking. Different from the solid-to-solid reaction mechanism in lithium-ion batteries, Zn anodes in alkaline electrolytes go through a solid-solute-solid mechanism (Zn-Zn(OH) 4 2- -ZnO), which introduces two problems. First, discharge product ZnO on the surface prevents further reaction of Zn underneath, which leads to low utilization of active material and poor rechargeability. Second, soluble intermediates change Zn anode morphology over cycling. In this work, an ion-sieving carbon nanoshell coated ZnO nanoparticle anode is reported, synthesized in a scalable way with controllable shell thickness, to solve the problems of passivation and dissolution simultaneously. The nanosized ZnO prevents passivation, while microporous carbon shell slows down Zn species dissolution. Under extremely harsh testing conditions (closed cell, lean electrolyte, no ZnO saturation), this Zn anode shows significantly improved performance compared to Zn foil and bare ZnO nanoparticles. The deeply rechargeable Zn anode reported is an important step toward practical high-energy rechargeable aqueous batteries (e.g., Zn-air batteries). And the ion-sieving nanoshell concept demonstrated is potentially beneficial to other electrodes such as sulfur cathode for Li-S batteries.
catalysis (heterogeneous), defects, membrane, carb↗
A lithium–oxygen battery based on lithium superoxide
Batteries based on sodium superoxide and on potassium superoxide have recently been reported(1-3). But, there have been no reports of a battery based on lithium superoxide (LiO 2 ), despite much research(4-8) into the lithium-oxygen (Li-O 2 ) battery because of its potential high energy density. Several studies(9-16) of Li-O 2 batteries have found evidence of LiO 2 being formed as one component of the discharge product along with lithium peroxide (Li 2 O 2 ). In addition, theoretical calculations have indicated that some forms of LiO 2 may have a long lifetime(17). Our studies also suggest that it might be possible to form LiO 2 alone for use in a battery. However, solid LiO 2 has been difficult to synthesize in pure form(18) because it is thermodynamically unstable with respect to disproportionation, giving Li 2 O 2 (refs 19, 20). We show that crystalline LiO 2 can be stabilized in a Li-O 2 battery by using a suitable graphene-based cathode. Various characterization techniques reveal no evidence for the presence of Li 2 O 2 . A novel templating growth mechanism involving the use of iridium nanoparticles on the cathode surface may be responsible for the growth of crystalline LiO 2 . Our results demonstrate that the LiO 2 formed in the Li-O 2 battery is stable enough for the battery to be repeatedly charged and discharged with a very low charge potential (about 3.2 volts). We also anticipate that this discovery will lead to methods of synthesizing and stabilizing LiO 2 , which could open the way to high-energy-density batteries based on LiO 2 as well as to other possible uses of this compound, such as oxygen storage.
25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
An advanced Na-NiCl 2 battery using bi-layer (dense/micro-porous) β"-alumina solid-state electrolytes
We describe an advanced Na-metal halide (Na-MH) battery operating at 190°C using a bi-layer (dense/porous layers) β"-alumina solid-state electrolyte (BASE). The novel design of the bi-layer BASE promotes high Na-ion transportation by reducing the Na + ion path length. The excellent battery performances are achieved with a stable capacity retention of 350 Wh/kg up to >350 cycles (~ 6 months). Moreover, owing to the thin dense layer of BASE, the round trip energy efficiency (or discharging energy density) of the tested battery shows an ~8% increase compared to that of state of the art Na-MH battery reported in the literature.
Jung, Keeyoung (ORCID:0000000233322335)↗
Heuristic Dispatch Based on Price Signals for Behind-the-Meter PV-Battery Systems in the System Advisor Model
The economic potential of a behind-the-meter (BTM) PV-battery system depends greatly on how the battery is dispatched. Different utility rates, system sizes, generation and load profiles can all require different dispatch strategies. This paper presents price signals dispatch, a new algorithm for automated economic dispatch of BTM PV-battery systems, which utilizes 24-hour PV and load forecasts, degradation data, and utility rates. The algorithm is integrated with the System Advisor Model (SAM) tool and is tested with a nonlinear generic electrochemical battery model. Price signals dispatch outperforms SAM's existing algorithms in cases requiring a balance between demand charge management and energy arbitrage, and in cases where battery degradation imposes a significant cost.
batteries↗
Parallel Battery: The Framework and Process for an Intelligent and Ecological Battery System and Related Services
The concept, framework, process methodology and applications of parallel battery were proposed from both virtual and real aspects.The parallel battery was an application of ACP-based parallel intelligence in battery and related energy system areas.The real battery system was running with its equivalent, and the artificial battery system was in a virtual space, in a parallel and interactive manner.The artificial battery system contained the descriptive, predictive, and prescriptive functions on the real battery and related energy systems.There was a closed-loop workflow between the real battery system and the artificial battery system, which iteratively optimizes the battery and related energy systems, leading to a new paradigm of intelligent and ecological parallel battery system management.
ACP approach↗
Synchrotron X-ray Analytical Techniques for Studying Materials Electrochemistry in Rechargeable Batteries
Abstract not provided
Lin, Feng↗
Projecting Recent Advancements in Battery Technology to Next–Generation Electric Vehicles
Electric vehicles (EVs) have seen rapid growth in adoption over the last several years. Advancements to increase battery life and performance, policy shifts, and high charging rate are expected to further accelerate the development of next generation of EVs. Battery improvements continue to emerge, enabling increased driving range, total distance driven over the life of vehicles, and ability to charge at high rates. Herein, an analysis framework to provide insights into inclusive design metrics, such as specific energy of batteries, energy consumption of vehicles, and charging power infrastructure development, is developed. Various cell-level fast charge protocols to realistic battery designs to understand the infrastructure needs associated with achieving range replacement of 32.25 km min -1 (20 mi min -1 ) are also scaled. Additionally, by calculating scaled power and peak to average power ratio, it is found that there needs to be more distinct alignment between the research efforts focused at the cell level and what is being developed for EV charging infrastructure needs. Finally, impact of high direct current voltage architecture in next-generation EVs is discussed. The findings in this work provide an insight into recent advancements in battery technology to next-generation EVs.
20 mi/min↗
A Long-Cycle-Life Lithium-CO{sub 2} Battery with Carbon Neutrality.
Lithium-CO2 batteries are attractive energy-storage systems for fulfilling the demand of future large-scale applications such as electric vehicles due to their high specific energy density. However, a major challenge with Li-CO2 batteries is to attain reversible formation and decomposition of the Li2CO3 and carbon discharge products. A fully reversible Li-CO2 battery is developed with overall carbon neutrality using MoS2 nanoflakes as a cathode catalyst combined with an ionic liquid/dimethyl sulfoxide electrolyte. This combination of materials produces a multicomponent composite (Li2CO3/C) product. The battery shows a superior long cycle life of 500 for a fixed 500 mAh g(-1) capacity per cycle, far exceeding the best cycling stability reported in Li-CO2 batteries. The long cycle life demonstrates that chemical transformations, making and breaking covalent C-O bonds can be used in energy-storage systems. Theoretical calculations are used to deduce a mechanism for the reversible discharge/charge processes and explain how the carbon interface with Li2CO3 provides the electronic conduction needed for the oxidation of Li2CO3 and carbon to generate the CO2 on charge. This achievement paves the way for the use of CO2 in advanced energy-storage systems.
carbon neutrality↗
“Ni-Less” Cathodes for High Energy Density, Intermediate Temperature Na-NiCl 2 Batteries
Among various battery technologies being considered for stationary energy storage applications, sodium-metal halide (Na-MH) batteries have become one of the most attractive candidates because of the abundance of raw materials, long cycle life, high energy density, and superior safety. However, one of issues limiting its practical application is the relatively expensive nickel (Ni) used in the cathode. In the present work, we focus on of efforts to develop new Ni-based cathodes, and demonstrate that a much higher specific energy density of 405 Wh/kg (23% higher than state-of-the-art Na-MH batteries) can be achieved at an operating temperature of 190oC. Furthermore, 15% less Ni is used in the new cathode than that in conventional Na-NiCl2 batteries. Long-term cycling tests also show stable electrochemical performance for over 300 cycles with excellent capacity retention (~100%). The results in this work indicate that these advances can significantly reduce the raw material cost associated with Ni (a 31% reduction) and promote practical applications of Na-MH battery technologies in stationary energy storage systems.
Chang, Hee-Jung↗
Comparative Assessment of Battery Carbon Footprint Calculation Frameworks to Support U.S. Battery Manufacturing
A “battery passport” is a digital record that provides comprehensive information about an individual battery across its life cycle. This concept has been introduced by Battery Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 [1], which applies to batteries for electric vehicles (EVs), industrial batteries with a capacities greater than 2 kWh, and batteries for light means of transport (LMT) greater than 2kWh sold in the European Union (EU) market – impacting manufacturers and exporters across multiple jurisdictions globally. Among its reporting mandates, a key feature of battery passports is the requirement for a carbon footprint (CF) calculation methodology supported by enhanced data granularity to enable traceable and verifiable CF results. While no other jurisdictions have yet adopted formal battery passport requirements like the EU’s, some are developing CF calculation methods to comply with the EU Battery Regulation or are creating CF-related regulations that could evolve in a similar direction, reflecting the growing importance of battery CF guidelines for manufacturers seeking to remain competitive in global markets.
Zhang, Jingyi [Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), ↗