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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2011

High Level Architecture Distributed Space System Simulation for Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization Simulation Smackdown

Modeling and Simulation plays a very important role in mission design. It not only reduces design cost, but also prepares astronauts for their mission tasks. The SISO Smackdown is a simulation event that facilitates modeling and simulation in academia. The scenario of this year s Smackdown was to simulate a lunar base supply mission. The mission objective was to transfer Earth supply cargo to a lunar base supply depot and retrieve He-3 to take back to Earth. Federates for this scenario include the environment federate, Earth-Moon transfer vehicle, lunar shuttle, lunar rover, supply depot, mobile ISRU plant, exploratory hopper, and communication satellite. These federates were built by teams from all around the world, including teams from MIT, JSC, University of Alabama in Huntsville, University of Bordeaux from France, and University of Genoa from Italy. This paper focuses on the lunar shuttle federate, which was programmed by the USRP intern team from NASA JSC. The shuttle was responsible for provide transportation between lunar orbit and the lunar surface. The lunar shuttle federate was built using the NASA standard simulation package called Trick, and it was extended with HLA functions using TrickHLA. HLA functions of the lunar shuttle federate include sending and receiving interaction, publishing and subscribing attributes, and packing and unpacking fixed record data. The dynamics model of the lunar shuttle was modeled with three degrees of freedom, and the state propagation was obeying the law of two body dynamics. The descending trajectory of the lunar shuttle was designed by first defining a unique descending orbit in 2D space, and then defining a unique orbit in 3D space with the assumption of a non-rotating moon. Finally this assumption was taken away to define the initial position of the lunar shuttle so that it will start descending a second after it joins the execution. VPN software from SonicWall was used to connect federates with RTI during testing and the Smackdown event. HLA software from Pitch Technology and MAK Technology were used to edit and extend FOM and provide HLA services for federation execution. The SISO Smackdown event for 2011 was held in Boston, Massachusetts. The federation execution lasted for one hour, and the event was very successful in catching the attention of university students and faculties.

Li, Zuqun↗
NASA NTRS1990

En route noise: NASA propfan test aircraft (corrected data - simplified procedure)

Surface noise measurements were made during a joint National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) program to study the high-altitude, low-frequency acoustic noise propagation characteristics of the Advanced Turboprop (propfan) Aircraft. The measurements were made on October 26-31, 1987 in Huntsville, Alabama and on April 3-13, 1989 at the White Sands Missile Range (WSMR), New Mexico. To effectively compare flight-to-flight data as received on the ground, the procedures and practices of Federal Air Regulation (FAR) Part 36 were used as a guide in adjusting the measured ground data at the time of LA(sub MAX) to a set of reference conditions. After the data for each event were processed using slow detector characteristics, the data record at LA(sub MAX) was then identified and the coordinates of the aircraft at the time of emission were calculated, taking into account atmospheric refraction effects. The effects of atmospheric absorption through the test day and reference day atmosphere were also taken into account and the 1/3-octave data were adjusted accordingly.

Rickley, E. J.↗
NASA NTRS2008

GOES-R Geostationary Lightning Mapper Performance Specifications and Algorithms

The Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) is a single channel, near-IR imager/optical transient event detector, used to detect, locate and measure total lightning activity over the full-disk. The next generation NOAA Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES-R) series will carry a GLM that will provide continuous day and night observations of lightning. The mission objectives for the GLM are to: (1) Provide continuous, full-disk lightning measurements for storm warning and nowcasting, (2) Provide early warning of tornadic activity, and (2) Accumulate a long-term database to track decadal changes of lightning. The GLM owes its heritage to the NASA Lightning Imaging Sensor (1997- present) and the Optical Transient Detector (1995-2000), which were developed for the Earth Observing System and have produced a combined 13 year data record of global lightning activity. GOES-R Risk Reduction Team and Algorithm Working Group Lightning Applications Team have begun to develop the Level 2 algorithms and applications. The science data will consist of lightning "events", "groups", and "flashes". The algorithm is being designed to be an efficient user of the computational resources. This may include parallelization of the code and the concept of sub-dividing the GLM FOV into regions to be processed in parallel. Proxy total lightning data from the NASA Lightning Imaging Sensor on the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite and regional test beds (e.g., Lightning Mapping Arrays in North Alabama, Oklahoma, Central Florida, and the Washington DC Metropolitan area) are being used to develop the prelaunch algorithms and applications, and also improve our knowledge of thunderstorm initiation and evolution.

Mach, Douglas M.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Divergent responses of historic rain-on-snow flood extremes to a warmer climate

Global warming is altering flood risks induced by rain-on-snow events. However, decision-makers lack guidance on how rain-on-snow induced extreme floods could be altered with warming. Here, storyline analyses using a kilometer-scale land surface model reveal diverse responses of four historically-impactful, decision-relevant rain-on-snow induced extreme flood events over the contiguous U.S. to warming, due to alterations in their water budgets. For the 2017-Feb California floods, runoff first increases and then decreases with warming, peaking under the +3 K scenario, while runoff of the 2017-Jan California floods increases monotonically by ~53%/K. Contrastingly, runoff of the 1996-Jan Mid-Atlantic floods decreases gradually with warming. Despite these differences, warming generally shifts flood-generating regimes along elevation profiles. High elevations could experience notably increased runoff, while low elevations encounter a shift from rain-on-snow-driven to rainfall-dominated runoff. These findings underscore the need for flood control planning to quantify region- and elevation-specific changes in rain-on-snow events in a warmer climate.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS1985

Preliminary planning for the Satellite Precipitation And Cloud Experiment (SPACE) Field Program

Preliminary planning has been performed to support NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) in the coordination of the field experiment to be conducted in Central Tennessee, Northern Alabama, and Mississippi during the Spring/Summer of 1986. The goal of Satellite Precipitation and Cloud Experiments (SPACE) is to investigate mesoscale cloud/precipitation systems and development of associated satellite remote sensing technology. The field program will incorporate remote sensing observations from aircraft, satellite imagery, radar observations, ground based lightning measurements, rawinsonde observations, and various surface meteorological observations. The coordination of existing and special observation networks will provide a data base for analysis of precipitation events and provide ground truth comparisons for remote sensing capabilities. Existing surface-based observational networks include National Weather Service Meso/Alpha Scale Rawinsonde, radar, and surface measurements; the Tennessee Valley Authority automated and manual precpitation recording stations; and NASA/MSFC lightning measurement stations. Special observational features to be implemented include a meso/beta scale rawinsonde network, a special surface observational network within the rawinsonde network, and the installation of a RADAP II/ICRAD data processing unit on the National Weather Service radar at Nashville, TN. Initial coordination of these observational requirements to accomplish the goals of SPACE have been performed.

Williams, S. F.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Gamma-ray bursts; Proceedings of the Workshop, Univ. of Alabama, Huntsville, Oct. 16-18, 1991

Recent developments in gamma-ray burst research are discussed with emphasis on new observations of gamma-ray bursts made by the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory, Granat, Ginga, Pioneer Venus Orbiter, Prognoz, and Phobos. The papers are grouped under the following headings: general, historical, recent spacecraft observations; spatial and intensity distributions; galactic and extragalactic models; spectral observations; time profiles; and search for counterparts. Specific topics discussed include an upper limit on the luminosity of cosmological gamma-ray bursts; low-mass X-ray binaries and gamma-ray bursts; spectral evolution of gamma-ray bursts; ionization of gamma-ray-burst environments; and BATSE observations of bremsstrahlung from electron precipitation events.

Paciesas, William S.↗
NASA NTRS2010

Systematic Anomalies in Rainfall Intensity Estimates Over the Continental U.S.

Rainfall intensities during extreme events over the continental U.S. are compared for several advanced radar products. These products include: 1) TRMM spaceborne radar (PR) near surface estimates; 2) NOAA Next-Generation Quantitative Precipitation Estimation (QPE) very high-resolution (1 km) radar-only national mosaics (Q2); 3) very high-resolution instantaneous gauge adjusted radar national mosaics, which we have developed by applying gauge correction on the Q2 instantaneous radar-only products; and 4) several independent C-band dual-polarimetric radar-estimated rainfall samples collected with the ARMOR radar in northern Alabama. Though accumulated rainfall amounts are often similar, we find the satellite and the ground radar rain rate pdfs to be quite different. PR pdfs are shifted towards lower rain rates, implying a much larger stratiform/convective rain ratio than do ground radar products. The shift becomes more evident during strong continental convective storms and much less during tropical storms. Resolving the continental/maritime regime behavior and other large discrepancies between the products presents an important challenge. A challenge to improve our understanding of the source of the discrepancies, to determine the uncertainties of the estimates, and to improve remote-sensing estimates of precipitation in general.

Amitai, Eyal↗
NASA NTRS2022

NASAs Succeeds in Testing of Advanced Rotating Detonation Rocket Engine for New US Space Flight Capability

June-August 2022, NASA engineers at Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville Alabama have successfully fired two regeneratively cooled advanced rotating detonation rocket engines (RDRE’s). The engines have accumulated 17 starts at over 600 seconds of total duration. Multiple firings were achieved of greater than 110 seconds each with detonation modes. A single full throttle test produced over 4000 lbf for 15 seconds with detonation modes. The mean pressure at a single point on the injector face was 620 psia. These tests completed the project’s main objective: demonstrating that additive GRCop-alloy hardware could survive long durations while subjected to the detonative events. 4-5 co-rotating detonations were observed during most tests with a single test showing 2-3 waves. Several other milestones were also achieved including successful demonstration of active throttling with detonation modes, successful ignition without a predetonator, and the use of novel additive manufacturing techniques. The primary collaborator was IN Space, LLC (West Lafayette, IN) through an STMD announcement for collaborative opportunity (ACO). Hot fire testing was conducted at Marshall Space Flight Centers heritage east test area at Test Stand 115 in collaboration with Marshall ET10.

Thomas Teasley↗
DOE OSTI2025

Radar Studies of Convective Dynamics (CONVECT) Field Campaign Report

The U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) User Facility’s third ARM Mobile Facility (AMF3)-Bankhead National Forest (BNF) field deployment site and surrounding region offer a significant advantage for convective cloud studies. The higher mid-tropospheric humidity promotes frequent clouds, and when coupled with seasonal variability in convective environments, promotes isolated convection and severe thunderstorms, organized convection in the summertime, and strongly sheared convection during transitional seasons. The CONVECT field experiment was designed to provide unique, high-spatiotemporal-resolution microphysical and dynamical observations of severe weather events. The CONVECT scientific objectives align well with the AMF3-BNF site science plan.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

Chasing Gamma-Ray Signals from Binary Neutron Star Coalescences with the Cherenkov Telescope Array: Prospects and Observing Strategies

The detection of gravitational waves (GWs) from a binary neutron star (BNS) merger by Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo (GW170817), together with its electromagnetic counterpart, the short gamma-ray burst GRB 170817A, heralded the birth of multimessenger astronomy. The detection of TeV emission from GRBs motivates follow-up observations with the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO), which is ideal for detecting such signals due to its unprecedented sensitivity, rapid response, and wide-field survey capabilities. The aim of this work is to evaluate GeV–TeV GW follow-up strategies for CTAO using a multistep simulation pipeline and to estimate the expected rate of joint GW–GRB detections during observing run O5. Using a simulated sample of BNS systems with corresponding GW detections, gamma-ray emission is simulated through phenomenological prescriptions based on the observed population of short GRBs, including off-axis jet scenarios. CTAO observations are simulated to account for instrument response, sky tiling strategies, integration times, and varying observing conditions. Strategies with variable and constant integration times are investigated. We find that, via an optimized follow-up strategy, about 5% of simulated GW-associated short GRBs produce GeV–TeV radiation detectable by CTAO. Detectability is strongly influenced by the jet opening angle and viewing angle, suggesting that even rough estimates of the viewing angle in GW alerts could enhance targeting. This framework motivates future follow-ups of GW-detectable events, including neutron star–black hole mergers, and further supports the development of advanced strategies incorporating galaxy distributions and synergies with future detectors such as the Einstein Telescope.

Abe, S. [University of Tokyo] (ORCID:0000000172503↗
NASA NTRS2016

Applications of Earth Remote Sensing for Identifying Tornado and Severe Weather Damage

NASA SPoRT (Short-term Prediction Research and Transition Center) provided MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer) and ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) imagery to WFOs (Weather Forecast Offices) in Alabama to support April 27th, 2011 damage assessments across the state. SPoRT was awarded a NASA Applied Science: Disasters Feasibility award to investigate the applicability of including remote sensing imagery and derived products into the NOAA/NWS (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Weather System) Damage Assessment Toolkit (DAT). Proposal team was awarded the 3-year proposal to implement a web mapping service and associate data feeds from the USGS (U.S. Geological Survey) to provide satellite imagery and derived products directly to the NWS thru the DAT. In the United States, NOAA/NWS is charged with performing damage assessments when storm or tornado damage is suspected after a severe weather event. This has led to the development of the Damage Assessment Toolkit (DAT), an application for smartphones, tablets and web browsers that allows for the collection, geo-location, and aggregation of various damage indicators collected during storm surveys.

Satellite Remote Sensing↗
NASA NTRS2004

Challenges in Modeling the Sun-Earth System

The transfer of mass, energy and momentum through the coupled Sun-Earth system spans a wide range of scales in time and space. While profound advances have been made in modeling isolated regions of the Sun-Earth system, minimal progress has been achieved in modeling the end-to-end system. Currently, end-to-end modeling of the Sun-Earth system is a major goal of the National Space Weather and NASA Living With a Star (LWS) programs. The uncertainty in the underlying physics responsible for coupling contiguous regions of the Sun-Earth system is recognized as a significant barrier to progress. Our limited understanding of the underlying coupling physics is illustrated by the following example questions: how does the propagation of a typical CME/solar flare influence the measured properties of the solar wind at 1 AU? How does the solar wind compel the dynamic response of the Earth's magnetosphere? How is variability in the ionosphere-thermosphere system coupled to magnetospheric variations? Why do these and related important questions remain unanswered? What are the primary problems that need to be resolved to enable significant progress in comprehensive modeling of the Sun-Earth system? Which model/technique improvements are required and what new data coverage is required to enable full model advances? This poster opens the discussion for how these and other important questions can be addressed. A workshop scheduled for October 8-22, 2004 in Huntsville, Alabama, will be a forum for identifying ana exploring promising new directions and approaches for characterizing and understanding the system. To focus the discussion, the workshop will emphasize the genesis, evolution, propagation and interaction of high-speed solar wind streamers or CME/flares with geospace and the subsequent response of geospace from its outer reaches in the magnetosphere to the lower edge of the ionosphere-mesosphere-thermosphere. Particular emphasis will be placed on modeling the coupling aspects of these phenomena across boundaries between regions and on data analysis that guides and constrains model results. Specific topics to be addressed are: Corotating interaction regions, Coronal mass ejections, Energetic particles, System preconditioning, Extreme events and super storms, End-to-End modeling efforts.

Spann, James↗
DOE OSTI2026

HDSense: An efficient method for ranking observable sensitivity

Identifying which observables most effectively constrain model parameters can be computationally prohibitive when considering full likelihoods of many correlated observables. This is especially important for, e.g., hadronization models, where high precision is required to interpret the results of collider experiments. We introduce the High-Dimensional Sensitivity (HDSense) score, a computationally efficient metric for ranking observable sets using only one-dimensional histograms. Derived by profiling over unknown correlations in the Fisher information framework, the score balances total information content against redundancy between observables. We apply HDSense to rank a set observables in terms of their constraining power with respect to five parameters of the Lund string model of hadronization implemented in Pythia using simulated leptonic collider events at the $Z$ pole. Validation against machine-learning--based full-likelihood approximations demonstrates that HDSense successfully identifies near-optimal observable subsets. The framework naturally handles data from multiple experiments with different acceptances and incorporates detector effects. While demonstrated on hadronization models, the methodology applies broadly to generic parameter estimation problems where correlations are unknown or difficult to model.

Assi, Benoît [Cincinnati U.] (ORCID:00000003092433↗
NASA NTRS2004

Lunar and Planetary Science XXXV: Impact-Related Deposits

The session "Impact-Related Deposits" included:Evidence for a Lightning-Strike Origin of the Edeowie Glass; 57Fe M ssbauer Spectroscopy of Fulgurites: Implications for Chemical Reduction; Ca-Metasomatism in Crystalline Target Rocks from the Charlevoix Structure, Quebec, Canada: Evidence for Impact-related Hydrothermal Activity; Magnetic Investigations of Breccia Veins and Basement Rocks from Roter Kamm Crater and Surrounding Region, Namibia; Petrologic Complexities of the Manicouagan Melt Sheet: Implications for 40Ar-39Ar Geochronology; Laser Argon Dating of Melt Breccias from the Siljan Impact Structure, Sweden: Implications for Possible Relationship to Late Devonian Extinction Events; Lunar Impact Crater, India: Occurrence of a Basaltic Suevite?; Age of the Lunar Impact Crater, India: First Results from Fission Track Dating; The Fluidized Chicxulub Ejecta Blanket, Mexico: Implications for Mars; Low Velocity Ejection of Boulders from Small Lunar Craters: Ground Truth for Asteroid Surfaces; Ejecta and Secondary Crater Distributions of Tycho Crater: Effects of an Oblique Impact; Potassium Isotope Systematics of Crystalline Lunar Spherules from Apollo 16; Late Paleocene Spherules from the North Sea: Probable Sea Floor Precipitates: A Silverpit Provenance Unproven; A Lithological Investigation of Marine Strata from the Triassic-Jurassic Boundary Interval, Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia, Including a Search for Shocked Quartz; Triassic Cratered Cobbles: Shock Effects or Tectonic Pressure?; Regional Variations of Trace Element Composition Within the Australasian Tektite Strewn Field; Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary Microtektite-bearing Sands and Tsunami Beds, Alabama Gulf Coastal Plain; Sand Lobes on Stewart Island as Probable Impact-Tsunami Deposits; Distal Impact Ejecta, Uppermost Eocene, Texas Coastal Plain; and Continental Impact Debris in the Eltanin Impact Layer.

Source record↗
NASA NTRS2009

An Operational Perspective of Total Lightning Information

The close and productive collaborations between the NWS Warning and Forecast Office, the Short Term Prediction and Research Transition Center at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center and the University of Alabama in Huntsville have provided a unique opportunity for science sharing and technology transfer. One significant technology transfer that has provided immediate benefits to NWS forecast and warning operations is the use of data from the North Alabama Lightning Mapping Array. This network consists of ten VHF receivers deployed across northern Alabama and a base station located at the National Space Science and Technology Center. Preliminary investigations done at WFO Huntsville, along with other similar total lightning networks across the country, have shown distinct correlations between the time rate-of-change of total lightning and trends in intensity/severity of the parent convective cell. Since May 2003 when WFO HUN began receiving these data - in conjunction with other more traditional remotely sensed data (radar, satellite, and surface observations) -- have improved the situational awareness of the WFO staff. The use of total lightning information, either from current ground based systems or future space borne instrumentation, may substantially contribute to the NWS mission, by enhancing severe weather warning and decision-making processes. Operational use of the data has been maximized at WFO Huntsville through a process that includes forecaster training, product implementation, and post event analysis and assessments. Since receiving these data, over 50 surveys have been completed highlighting the use of total lightning information during significant events across the Tennessee Valley. In addition, around 150 specific cases of interest have been archived for collaborative post storm analysis. From these datasets, detailed trending information from radar and total lightning can be compared to corresponding damage reports. This presentation will emphasize the effective use of total lightning information in warning decision making along with best practices for implementation of new technologies into operations.

Nadler, David J.↗
DOE OSTI2026

Extending Symmetry-Preserving Attention Networks (SPANet) for Jet Assignment in Fully Hadronic \(t\bar{t}\) Events

Fully hadronic \(t\bar{t}\) reconstruction requires assigning reconstructed jets to the two top-quark decay branches, \(t\bar{t}\to(Wb)(Wb)\to(qqb)(qqb)\). This is a combinatorially large, symmetry-rich, and frequently underconstrained set-assignment problem due to detector effects and partial reconstructability. SPANet provides a strong symmetry-preserving baseline for this task, but its standard inference eagerly commits to a single hypothesis and does not explicitly treat branch-level reconstructability decisions. We present a two-stage extension of the SPANet pipeline for fully hadronic \(t\bar{t}\) events: (i) SPANet is modified into a proposal model that generates a shortlist of candidate jet assignments; (ii) a custom dual-head set transformer is trained to re-rank these candidates and identify reconstructible branches. Our extension gives modest improvements in candidate-selection efficiency, with SPANet achieving \(69.9\%\) and our extension achieving \(71.1\%\). Finally, an oracle study of the generated shortlist shows a substantial upper bound of \(88.5\%\) on the evaluated fully reconstructable subset, suggesting that the shortlist contains significant residual information that is not fully exploited.

Lisondodi Tada, Mateo [Puerto Rico U., Mayaguez] (↗
DOE OSTI2026

Developing Scenario‐Based Strategies for Health, Climate, and Environmental Preparedness: The One Health, One Earth Approach

Climate change amplifies many threats to human health. Despite advances in understanding climate change dynamics and impacts, there remains a critical gap in translating scientific knowledge into equitable, and community-driven health interventions. The inaugural One Earth, One Health workshop sought to explore this gap through human-centered design exercises involving interdisciplinary researchers from climate and Earth sciences, engineering, epidemiology, microbiology, and environmental health. Although participants did not co-develop solutions with affected communities, they used stakeholder role-playing to guide ideation and lay groundwork for actionable plans. Through these methods, participants identified community needs and proposed prototype solutions to alleviate health threats exacerbated by global environmental change. Prototypes were organized around infectious diseases, extreme weather, and air quality, as illustrative themes rather than an exhaustive set of risks. Key solutions included strategies for anticipatory systems and early warning (e.g., integrating environmental signals with health data), inclusive communication and infrastructure needs for responding to extreme weather events, and integrated platforms visualizing air quality trends to support tailored, context-aware guidance beyond one-size-fits-all alerts. The workshop highlighted opportunities such as leveraging machine learning, Earth observation, and real-time surveillance to protect communities, but also noted barriers including data quality, technological redundancy, privacy, and governance challenges. Additionally, participants emphasized the need for interdisciplinary teams capable of collaborating across sectors, breaking down silos and addressing gaps in training and education. Overall, the workshop illustrates how process-driven, human-centered approaches can help surface user needs and generate testable prototype concepts, while underscoring the importance of direct community partnership for implementation.

Abadi, Azar M. [University of Alabama, Birmingham,↗
DOE OSTI2025

Dynamics and activation of membrane-bound B cell receptor assembly

B-cell receptor (BCR) complexes are expressed on the surface of a B-cell and are critical in antigen recognition and modulating the adaptive immune response. Even though the relevance of antibodies has been known for almost a hundred years, the antigen-dependent activation mechanism of B-cells has remained elusive. Several models have been proposed for BCR activation, including cross-linking, conformation-induced oligomerization, and dissociation activation models. Recently, the first cryo-EM structures of the human B-cell antigen receptor of the IgM and IgG isotypes have been published that validates the asymmetric organization of the BCR complex. Here, we carry out extensive molecular dynamics simulations to probe the conformational changes upon antigen binding and the influence of the membrane lipids. We identify two critical dynamical events that could be associated with antigen-dependent activation of BCR. First, antigen binding causes increased flexibility in regions distal to the antigen binding site. Second, antigen binding alters the rearrangement of IgM transmembrane helices, including the relative interaction of Igα/Igβ that mediates intracellular signaling. Furthermore, these transmembrane rearrangements lead to changes in localized lipid composition. Our work indirectly supports the conformational-change induced models of BCR activation and contributes to the understanding of the antigen-dependent activation mechanism of BCRs.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗