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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 73 records · Page 4
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1975

Alkali oxide-tantalum, niobium and antimony oxide ionic conductors

The phase equilibrium relations of four systems were investigated in detail. These consisted of sodium and potassium antimonates with antimony oxide and tantalum and niobium oxide with rubidium oxide as far as the ratio 4Rb2O:llB2O5 (B=Nb, Ta). The ternary system NaSbO3-Sb2O4-NaF was investigated extensively to determine the actual composition of the body centered cubic sodium antimonate. Various other binary and ternary oxide systems involving alkali oxides were examined in lesser detail. The phases synthesized were screened by ion exchange methods to determine mobility of the mobility of the alkali ion within the niobium, tantalum or antimony oxide (fluoride) structural framework. Five structure types warranted further investigation; these structure types are (1) hexagonal tungsten bronze (HTB), (2) pyrochlore, (3) the hybrid HTB-pyrochlore hexagonal ordered phases, (4) body centered cubic antimonates and (5) 2K2O:3Nb2O5. Although all of these phases exhibit good ion exchange properties only the pyrochlore was prepared with Na(+) ions as an equilibrium phase and as a low porosity ceramic. Sb(+3) in the channel interferes with ionic conductivity in this case, although relatively good ionic conductivity was found for the metastable Na(+) ion exchanged analogs of RbTa2O5F and KTaWO6 pyrochlore phases.

Roth, R. S.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Composite thin-foil bandpass filter for EUV astronomy Titanium-antimony-titanium

Thin metallic foils of antimony and titanium have been investigated in an attempt to develop an EUV filter with a bandpass from 350 to 550 A. A composite filter has been developed composed of antimony sandwiched between two titanium foils. The transmissions of sample composite foils and of pure titanium foils from 130 to 1216 A are presented. The absorption coefficients of anatimony and titanium and the effect of titanium oxide on the transmission are derived. The composite filter has been found to be quite stable and mechanically rugged. Among other uses, the filter shows substantial promise for EUV astronomy.

Jelinsky, P.↗
DOE OSTI2016

Growth of antimony doped P-type zinc oxide nanowires for optoelectronics

In a method of growing p-type nanowires, a nanowire growth solution of zinc nitrate (Zn(NO.sub.3).sub.2), hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) and polyethylenemine (800 M.sub.w PEI) is prepared. A dopant solution to the growth solution, the dopant solution including an equal molar ration of sodium hydroxide (NaOH), glycolic acid (C.sub.2H.sub.4O.sub.3) and antimony acetate (Sb(CH.sub.3COO).sub.3) in water is prepared. The dopant solution and the growth solution combine to generate a resulting solution that includes antimony to zinc in a ratio of between 0.2% molar to 2.0% molar, the resulting solution having a top surface. An ammonia solution is added to the resulting solution. A ZnO seed layer is applied to a substrate and the substrate is placed into the top surface of the resulting solution with the ZnO seed layer facing downwardly for a predetermined time until Sb-doped ZnO nanowires having a length of at least 5 .mu.m have grown from the ZnO seed layer.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2017

Antimony-based anode on aluminum current collector

An electrochemical battery is provided with an aluminum anode current collector and an antimony (Sb)-based electrochemically active material overlying the aluminum current collector. The Sb-based electrochemically active material may be pure antimony, Sb with other metal elements, or Sb with non-metal elements. For example, the Sb-based electrochemically active material may be one of the following: Sb binary or ternary alloys of sodium, silicon, tin, germanium, bismuth, selenium, tellurium, thallium, aluminum, gold, cadmium, mercury, cesium, gallium, titanium, lead, carbon, and combinations thereof. The aluminum current collector may additionally include a material such as magnesium, iron, nickel, titanium, and combinations thereof. In one aspect, the anode further composed of a coating interposed between the aluminum current collector and the Sb-based electrochemically active material. This coating may be a non-corrodible metal or a carbonaceous material. The cathode is may be composed of a number of different active materials including sodium-based Prussian Blue analogs.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2013

A novel composite material based on antimony(III) oxide and amorphous silica

The composite material nSb₂O₃·mSiO₂·xH₂O was prepared by hydrolysis of SbCl₃ and Na₂SiO₃ in an aqueous medium. It has been shown that the composition of the material is influenced by the ratio of the initial components and the acidity of the reaction medium. The morphology of the material particles and its specific surface area have been determined. The thermal and optic properties were also investigated. - Graphical abstract: Novel composite material containing amorphous silica and crystal antimony(III) oxide has been synthesized by hydrolysis of SbCl₃ and Na₂SiO₃ in an aqueous medium. Highlights: • The composite material nSb₂O₃·mSiO₂·xH₂O was prepared in an aqueous medium. • The composition of the material is controllable by a synthesis conditions. • The morphology of the material and its optic properties have been determined.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2015

Effect of antimony concentration on structural and transport properties of (Bi{sub 1-x}Sb{sub x}){sub 2}Te{sub 3} mixed crystal

Polycrystalline (Bi{sub 1-x}Sb{sub x}){sub 2}Te{sub 3} (0.60≤x≤0.68) alloys have been synthesized by solid state reaction method. Structural characterizations have been done using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Lattice parameter decreases with antimony (Sb) concentration. Sb doping leads to the modification in band structure and Fermi surface geometry. Band gap calculated from thermal variation of resistivity (ρ-T) data, decreases with Sb concentration. Sb concentration dependent power factor near room temperature have been calculated from obtained resistivity and thermopower data. Highest power factor obtained for (Bi{sub 0.40}Sb{sub 0.60}){sub 2}Te{sub 3} alloy.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2016

Electronic band structure and optical properties of antimony selenide under pressure

In this work we present the optical properties of Antimony Selenide (Sb{sub 2}Se{sub 3}) under ambient conditions and under pressure of 9.2 GPa obtained using first principles calculations. We investigated the electronic band structure using the FP-LAPW method within the sphere of the density functional theory. Optical properties like refractive index, absorption coefficient and optical conductivity are calculated using the WIEN2k code.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2021

Templated Growth and Passivation of Vertically Oriented Antimony Selenide Thin Films for High-Efficiency Solar Cells in Substrate Configuration

Antimony selenide (Sb 2 Se 3 ) is a promising low-cost photovoltaic material with a 1D crystal structure. The grain orientation and defect passivation play a critical role in determining the performance of polycrystalline Sb 2 Se 3 thin-film solar cells. In this work, a seed layer is introduced on a molybdenum (Mo) substrate to template the growth of a vertically oriented, columnar Sb 2 Se 3 absorber layer by closed space sublimation. By controlling the grain orientation and compactness of the Sb 2 Se 3 seeds, obtain high-quality Sb 2 Se 3 absorber layers with passive Sb 2 Se 3 /Mo interfaces is obtained, which in turn improve the transport of photoexcited charge carriers through the absorber layer and its interfaces. Post-deposition annealing of absorber layers in ambient air is further utilized to passivate the defects in Sb 2 Se 3 and enhance the quality of the front heterojunction. As a result of systematic processing optimization, Sb 2 Se 3 planar heterojunction solar cells are fabricated in substrate configuration with a champion power conversion efficiency of 8.5%.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2017

Antimony Complexes for Electrocatalysis: Activity of a Main-Group Element in Proton Reduction

Main-group complexes are shown to be viable electrocatalysts for the H 2 -evolution reaction (HER) from acid. A series of antimony porphyrins with varying axial ligands were synthesized for electrocatalysis applications. The proton-reduction catalytic properties of TPSb(OH) 2 (TP=5,10,15,20-tetra(p-tolyl)porphyrin) with two axial hydroxy ligands were studied in detail, demonstrating catalytic H 2 production. Experiments, in conjunction with quantum chemistry calculations, demonstrate that the catalytic cycle is driven via the redox activity of both the porphyrin ligand and the Sb center. This study brings insight into main group catalysis and the role of redox-active ligands during catalysis.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Facile Access to Organostibines via Selective Organic Superbase Catalyzed Antimony‐Carbon Protonolysis

The selective formation of antimony-carbon bonds via organic superbase catalysis under metal- and salt-free conditions is reported. Here, this novel approach utilizes electron-deficient stibine, Sb(C 6 F 5 ) 3 , to give upon base-catalyzed reactions with weakly acidic aromatic and heteroaromatic hydrocarbons access to a range of new aromatic and heteroaromatic stibines, respectively, with loss of C 6 HF 5 . Also, the significantly less electron-deficient stibines, Ph 2 SbC 6 F 5 and PhSb(C 6 F 5 ) 2 smoothly underwent base-catalyzed exchange reactions with a range of terminal alkynes to generate the stibines of formulae PhSb(C≡CPh) 2 , and Ph 2 SbC≡CR [R=C 6 H 5 , C 6 H 4 -NO 2 , COOEt, CH 2 Cl, CH 2 NEt 2 , CH 2 OSiMe 3 , Sb(C 6 H 5 ) 2 ], respectively. These formal substitution reactions proceed with high selectivity as only the C 6 F 5 groups serve as a leaving group to be liberated as C 6 HF 5 upon formal proton transfer from the alkyne. Kinetic studies of the base-catalyzed reaction of Ph 2 SbC 6 F 5 with phenyl acetylene to form Ph 2 SbC≡CPh and C 6 HF 5 suggested the empirical rate law to exhibit a first-order dependence with respect to the base catalyst, alkyne and stibine. DFT calculations support a pathway proceeding via a concerted σ-bond metathesis transition state, where the base catalyst activates the Sb-C 6 F 5 bond sequence through secondary bond interactions.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Post‐Annealing Treatment on Hydrothermally Grown Antimony Sulfoselenide Thin Films for Efficient Solar Cells

Herein, antimony sulfoselenide (Sb 2 (S, Se) 3 ) thin‐film solar cells are fabricated by a hydrothermal method followed by a post‐deposition annealing process at different temperatures and the impact of the annealing temperature on the morphological, structural, optoelectronic, and defect properties of the hydrothermally grown Sb 2 (S, Se) 3 films is investigated. It is found that a proper annealing temperature leads to high‐quality Sb 2 (S, Se) 3 films with large crystal grains, high crystallinity, preferred crystal orientation, smooth and uniform morphology, and reduced defect density. These results show that suppressing deep‐level defects is crucial to enhance solar cell performance. After optimizing the annealing process, Sb 2 (S, Se) 3 solar cells with an improved power conversion efficiency 2.04 to 8.48% are obtained.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2013

Discovery of palladium, antimony, tellurium, iodine, and xenon isotopes

Currently, thirty-eight palladium, thirty-eight antimony, thirty-nine tellurium, thirty-eight iodine, and forty xenon isotopes have been observed and the discovery of these isotopes is described here. For each isotope a brief synopsis of the first refereed publication, including the production and identification method, is presented.

07 ISOTOPE AND RADIATION SOURCES↗
DOE OSTI2012

Role of structural Fe in nontronite NAu-1 and dissolved Fe(II) in redox transformations of arsenic and antimony

Oxidation state is a major factor affecting the mobility of arsenic (As) and antimony (Sb) in soil and aquatic systems. Metal (hydr)oxides and clay minerals are effective sorbents, and may also promote redox reactions on their surfaces via direct or indirect facilitation of electron transfer. Iron substituted for Al in the octahedral sites of aluminosilicate clay minerals has the potential to be in variable oxidation states and is a key constituent of electron transfer reactions in clay minerals. This experimental work was conducted to determine whether structural Fe in clays can affect the oxidation state of As and Sb adsorbed at the clay surface. Another goal of our study was to compare the reactivity of clay structural Fe(II) with systems containing Fe(II) present in dissolved/adsorbed forms. The experimental systems included batch reactors with various concentrations of As(III), Sb(III), As(V), or Sb(V) equilibrated with oxidized (NAu-1) or partially reduced (NAu-1-Red) nontronite, hydrous aluminum oxide (HAO) and kaolinite (KGa-1b) suspensions under oxic and anoxic conditions. The reaction times ranged from 0.5 to 720 h, and pH was constrained at 5.5 (for As) and at 5.5 or 8.0 (for Sb). The oxidation state of As and Sb in the liquid phase was determined by liquid chromatography in line with an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer, and in the solid phase by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Our findings show that structural Fe(II) in NAu-1-Red was not able to reduce As(V)/Sb(V) under the conditions examined, but reduction was seen when aqueous Fe(II) was present in the systems with kaolinite (KGa-1b) and nontronite (NAu-1). The ability of the structural Fe in nontronite clay NAu-1 to promote oxidation of As(III)/Sb(III) was greatly affected by its oxidation state: if all structural Fe was in the oxidized Fe(III) form, no oxidation was observed; however, when the clay was partially reduced ({approx}20% of structural Fe was reduced to Fe(II)), NAu-1-Red promoted the most extensive oxidation under both oxic and anoxic conditions. Electron balance considerations suggest that structural Fe(III) in the NAu-1-Red was the sole oxidant in the anoxic setup, while dissolved O{sub 2} also contributes in oxic conditions. Long-term batch experiments revealed the complex dynamics of As aqueous speciation in anoxic and oxic systems when reduced arsenic was initially added: rapid disappearance of As(III) was observed due to oxidation to As(V) followed by a slow increase of aqueous As(III). This behavior is explained by two reactions: fast initial oxidation of As(III) by structural Fe(III) (anoxic) or Fe(III) and dissolved O2 (oxic) followed by the slow reduction of As(V) by dissolved Fe(II). The resulting re-mobilization of As due to As(V) reduction by aqueous Fe(II) occurs on time scales on the order of days. These reactions are likely significant in a natural soil or aquifer environment with seasonal cycling or slightly reducing conditions with an abundance of clay minerals and dissolved Fe(II).

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Antimony stable isotope fractionation during adsorption onto birnessite: A molecular perspective from X-ray absorption spectroscopy and density functional theory

Sorption of antimony (Sb) onto birnessite significantly influences the fate of Sb in oceanic and terrestrial environments and fractionates Sb isotopes. Nevertheless, little is known about Sb isotopic fractionation during its adsorption on birnessite. Here, in this study, we show the value of Δ 123 Sb adsorbed-aqueous increases from −0.398 to −0.332 ‰ in 1 h and then decreases and stabilizes at −0.384 ‰ in 72 h. The enrichment of the light Sb isotope is predominantly due to the distortion of the octahedral symmetry. X-ray absorption spectroscopy results indicate Sb first forms a double-corner-sharing complex on birnessite and then transforms to a double-edge-sharing complex during adsorption. The optimized bond distances for double-corner-sharing (3.37 Å) and double-edge-sharing (2.90 Å) complexes calculated using density functional theory (DFT) fits well with the structure (3.41 and 3.00 Å) revealed by X-ray absorption spectroscopy, respectively. The fractionation derived from reduced partition function ratios calculated using DFT aligns well with the experimental results. Therefore, the variation in Sb isotopic fractionation during adsorption is attributed to the evolving structure of Sb complexes on birnessite. Our results demonstrate the isotopic fractionation of Sb during adsorption on birnessite and provide a molecular-scale understanding of Sb behavior, contributing to the correct reconstruction of the Sb isotope composition of ancient seawater using ferromanganese crusts and nodules, and efforts to trace Sb migration in epigenetic mining environments.

Adsorption↗
DOE OSTI2022

Antimony redox processes in the environment: A critical review of associated oxidants and reductants

The environmental behavior of antimony (Sb) has recently received greater attention due to the increasing global use of Sb in a range of industrial applications. Although present at trace levels in most natural systems, elevated Sb concentrations in aquatic and terrestrial environments may result from anthropogenic activities. The mobility and toxicity of Sb largely depend on its speciation, which is dependent to a large extent on its oxidation state. To a certain extent, our understanding of the environmental behavior of Sb has been informed by studies of the environmental behavior of arsenic (As), as Sb and As have somewhat similar chemical properties. However, recently it has become evident that the speciation of Sb and As, especially in the context of redox reactions, may be fundamentally different. Therefore, it is crucial to study the biogeochemical processes impacting Sb redox transformations to understand the behavior of Sb in natural and engineered environments. Currently, there is a growing body of literature involving the speciation, mobility, toxicity, and remediation of Sb, and several reviews on these general topics are available; however, a comprehensive review focused on Sb environmental redox chemistry is lacking. Herein, we provide a review of research conducted within the past two decades examining the redox chemistry of Sb in aquatic and terrestrial environments and identifies knowledge gaps that need to be addressed to develop a better understanding of Sb biogeochemistry for improved management of Sb in natural and engineered systems.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Experimental assessment of antimony (Sb) in pure uranium for immobilizing fission product lanthanides

The use of fuel additives is one of the concepts to mitigate fuel cladding chemical interaction (FCCI) for metallic fuel because fission product lanthanides are expected to be immobilized by the additive. Antimony (Sb) has been discovered to be a good candidate in UZr fuel. The present study focuses on its mechanism for immobilization in pure uranium, U–4Sb alloy was fabricated to understand the Sb behavior, while U–4Sb–4Ce was fabricated to simulate the case when lanthanides are generated. Both of the as-cast and annealed samples were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). U–Sb precipitates are formed in U–4Sb alloy, while U–Sb and Ce–Sb were found in U–4Sb–4Ce alloy, thermal exposure does not change the Sb-precipitation morphologies or chemical composition. Furthermore, diffusion couple tests between those alloys and cladding materials (Fe or HT9) under 650 °C for 500 h were performed and analyzed using SEM/EDS. Diffusion couple tests demonstrate the reaction between cladding and uranium, while no reaction between Sb-precipitations and cladding materials was found.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Annealing induced microstructure engineering of antimony tri-selenide thin films

Highlights: • Deposition of Sb{sub 2}Se{sub 3} thin films using thermal vapour deposition. • Films are deposited on substrates with concurrent heating and without heating. • Effect of post deposition annealing on the two types of films are investigated. • Influence of temperature and processing conditions on optical band gap are probed. • This Sb{sub 2}Se{sub 3} films can find application in solar cells and optoelectronic devices. - Abstract: The presented work demonstrates the effect of annealing on the structural, surface morphology and optical properties of Antimony Triselenide (Sb{sub 2}Se{sub 3}) thin films deposited by thermal evaporation. Two sets of thin films of Sb{sub 2}Se{sub 3} were grown on soda lime glass (SLG) substrates by thermal evaporation with and without substrate heating. Both sets of films were then annealed at three distinct temperatures (100 °C, 200 °C and 300 °C) to study the effects of annealing on the microstructure. Analysis using XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) characterization revealed that the as-deposited films without substrate heating exhibit an amorphous nature, whereas the films grown with concurrent substrate heating are polycrystalline with orthorhombic structure. The films annealed at high temperature with concurrent substrate heating possess smooth and continuous grain morphologies. The effect of annealing was also found to have significant impact on the band gap and optical properties of the Sb{sub 2}Se{sub 3} thin films.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2011

Suppression of grain growth by additive in nanostructured p-type bismuth antimony tellurides

Grain growth is a major issue in the preparation of nanostructured bismuth-antimony-tellurides during hot pressing the nanopowders into dense bulk samples. To prevent grain agglomeration during ball milling and growth during hot pressing, organic agent (Oleic Acid, OA) as additive was added here into the materials at the beginning of the ball milling process. With different concentrations of OA (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 wt%), grains with different sizes are obtained. Structural analysis clearly shows that it is the particle size of the nanopowders that determines the final grain size in the densely compacted bulk samples. A combination of small grains ~200–500 nm and nanopores leads to effective phonon scattering, which results in the decrease of lattice thermal conductivity, and ZT of ~1.3 at 373 K for the sample with 2.0 wt% OA.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗