Engineering Papers⌕ Search

SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “2021”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 73 records · Page 4
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Idaho National Laboratory’s FY 2021 Greenhouse Gas Report

A greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory is a systematic approach to account for the production and release of certain gases generated by an institution from various emission sources. The gases of interest are those that climate science has identified as related to anthropogenic global climate change. This document presents an inventory of GHGs generated during Fiscal Year (FY) 2021 by Idaho National Laboratory (INL)—a Department of Energy (DOE) sponsored entity located in southeastern Idaho. In recent years, concern has grown about the environmental impact of GHGs. This, together with a desire to decrease harmful environmental impacts, would be enough to encourage the calculation of an inventory of the total GHGs generated at INL. Additionally, INL has a desire to see how its emissions compare with similar institutions, including other DOE national laboratories. Executive Order 13834 requires that federal agencies and institutions track and report GHG emissions where required. INL’s GHG inventory was calculated according to methodologies identified in federal GHG guidance documents using operational control boundaries. It measures emissions generated in three scopes: (1) INL emissions produced directly by stationary or mobile combustion and by fugitive emissions, (2) the share of emissions generated by entities from which INL purchased electrical power, and (3) indirect or shared emissions generated by outsourced activities that benefit INL (occurring outside INL’s organizational boundaries but are a consequence of INL’s activities). This inventory found that INL generated 81,185.05 metric tons (MT) of CO 2 equivalent (CO 2 e) emissions during FY 2021. The following conclusions were made from looking at the results of the individual contributors to INL’s FY 2021 GHG inventory: Electricity (including the associated transmission and distribution losses) is the largest contributor to INL’s GHG inventory, with over 50% of the CO 2 e emissions; Other sources with high emissions were mobile combustion (fleet fuels), employee commuting, stationary combustion (facility fuels), and waste disposal (fugitive emissions from the onsite landfill); Sources with low emissions were waste disposal (contracted disposal), fugitive emissions from refrigerants, wastewater treatment (onsite and contracted), and business ground travel (in personal and rental vehicles). This report details the methods behind quantifying INL’s GHG inventory and discusses lessons learned on better practices by which information important to tracking GHGs can be tracked and recorded. It is important to note that because this report differentiates between those portions of INL that are managed and operated by Battelle Energy Alliance, LLC (BEA) and those managed by other contractors, it includes only INL’s activities overseen by BEA. It is assumed that other contractors will provide similar reporting for those activities they manage, where appropriate.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2022

Analysis Program 2021 Annual Progress Report

During fiscal year 2021 (FY 2021), the U.S. Department of Energy Vehicle Technologies Office (VTO) funded analysis projects supportive of VTO’s goals to pursue early-stage research in vehicle and mobility system technologies to reduce petroleum dependence, increase energy reliability and security, improve transportation affordability, and promote economic growth. VTO analysis projects result in a foundation of data, analytical models, and applied analyses that provide insights into critical transportation energy problems and assist in research investment prioritization and portfolio planning. This document presents a brief overview of VTO analysis efforts and progress for projects funded in FY 2021. Each of the progress reports includes project objectives, approach, and highlights of the technical results that were accomplished during the fiscal year (FY).

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Batteries (2021 Annual Progress Report)

This document summarizes the progress of VTO battery R&D projects supported during the fiscal year 2021 (FY 2021). In FY 2021, the DOE VTO battery R&D funding was approximately $\$$115 million. Its R&D focus was on the development of high-energy batteries for EVs as well as very high-power devices for hybrid vehicles. The electrochemical energy storage roadmap (which can be found at the EERE Roadmap web page2) describes ongoing and planned efforts to develop electrochemical storage technologies for EVs. To advance battery technology, which can in turn improve market penetration of PEVs, the program investigates various battery chemistries to overcome specific technical barriers, e.g., battery cost, performance, life (both the calendar life and the cycle life), its tolerance to abusive conditions, and its recyclability/sustainability. VTO R&D has had considerable success, lowering the cost of EV battery packs to $\$$185/kWh in 2019 (representing more than 80% reduction since 2008) yet even further cost reduction is necessary for EVs to achieve head-to-head cost competitiveness with ICEs (without Federal subsidies). In addition, today’s batteries also need improvements in such areas as their ability to accept charging at a high rate, referred to as extreme fast charging (XFC) (15 minute charge) – to provide a “refueling” convenience similar to ICEs, and the ability to operate adequately at low temperatures. Research into “next-gen lithium-ion” batteries which would provide such functionalities is one of the R&D focus areas. VTO is funding research on both “next gen” chemistries (which employ an alloy anode and/or a high voltage cathode) and beyond lithium-ion (BLI) chemistries (which can, for example, employ a lithium metal anode).

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Electrification 2021 Annual Progress Report

During fiscal year 2021 (FY 2021), the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Vehicle Technologies Office (VTO) funded early-stage research, development, demonstration, & deployment (RDD&D) projects that address Batteries and Electrification of the U.S. transportation sector. The VTO Electrification Sub-Program is composed of Electric Drive Technologies, and Grid Integration activities. The Electric Drive Technologies group conducts R&D projects that advance electric motors and power electronics technologies. The Grid and Charging Infrastructure group conducts R&D projects that advance grid modernization and electric vehicle charging technologies. This document presents a brief overview of the Electrification Sub-Program and progress reports for its R&D projects. Each of the progress reports provide a project overview and highlights of the technical results that were accomplished in fiscal year (FY) 2021.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Hanford Site Revegetation Monitoring Report for Fiscal Year 2021

This report describes the monitoring of areas revegetated by the River Corridor Closure Contractor (RCCC) and CH2M Hill Plateau Remediation Company (CHPRC) that were transitioned to Mission Support Alliance (MSA) in 2017. These sites, along with sites revegetated by MSA between 2017 and 2020, were transitioned to Hanford Mission Integration Solutions (HMIS) in 2021. Site monitoring is a continuance of efforts performed by the RCCC from fiscal year (FY) 2007 through FY 2020. This report contains data collected in 2021 documenting the recovery of revegetation areas associated with the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 cleanup of National Priorities List waste sites and restoration of lands disturbed by ongoing Site mission activities at the Hanford Site in Richland, Washington. It contains vegetation monitoring data for 52 sites selected to be representative sites for areas planted between the years of FY 2007 and FY 2021.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Feedstock-Conversion Interface Consortium Annual Review of Research – FY 2021

Led by the U.S. Department of Energy’s Bioenergy Technologies Office, the Feedstock-Conversion Interface Consortium (FCIC) is a multi-lab collaboration that develops first-principles-based knowledge and tools to understand, quantify, and mitigate the effects of feedstock and process variability across the bioenergy value chain, from the field and forest through downstream conversion. The FCIC recently published its Annual Review of Research Fiscal Year (FY) 2021 report, which presents an overview of the research accomplishments of FCIC members in FY 2021, covering both the low- and high-temperature conversion pathways and all three process areas: Feedstock harvest and storage Preprocessing Conversion. The key research achievements of each task are presented, along with planned FY 2022 work that will build on the FY 2021 accomplishments.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Precursor Analysis Report: Blackmatter Ransomware Attack on New Cooperative 2021

The BlackMatter Ransomware Attack on New Cooperative 2021 Precursor Analysis Report leverages publicly available information about the New Cooperative cyber attack and catalogs anomalous observables for each technique employed in the attack. This analysis is based upon the methodology of the Cybersecurity for the Operational Technology Environment (CyOTE) program. The BlackMatter ransomware was first identified in July 2021 and is reported to have infected more than 50 corporations around the world. , The Iowa-based grain cooperative, New Cooperative, was impacted by the BlackMatter ransomware on or before 18 September 2021. The adversary likely resided on New Cooperative’s networks for 15 days prior to encrypting its network and demanding New Cooperative pay $5.9 million in ransom by 25 September to unlock systems and prevent 1 terabyte (TB) of sensitive data from being publicly released. It is not clear if New Cooperative paid the ransom. The full impact of the ransomware attack is not known; however, according to New Cooperative’s general manager, the attack caused the company’s automated processes to revert back to processes used in the 1970s. , As of 6 October, only 50 percent of New Cooperative’s operations were utilizing automated processes. The company took eight weeks to rebuild the entire network and information technology (IT) systems from the ground up, which puts the date of fully recovery around 13 November. Researchers and analysts identified 20 unique techniques utilized during the attack with a total of 404 observables using MITRE ATT&CK® for Industrial Control Systems. The CyOTE program assesses observables accompanying techniques used prior to the triggering event to identify opportunities to detect malicious activity. If observables accompanying the attack techniques are perceived and investigated prior to the triggering event, earlier comprehension of malicious activity can take place. Seventeen of the identified techniques used during the New Cooperative cyber attack were precursors to the triggering event. Analysis identified 360 observables associated with these precursor techniques, 284 of which were assessed to have an increased likelihood of being perceived in the 15 days preceding the triggering event. The response and comprehension time could have been reduced if the observables had been identified earlier. The information gathered in this report contributes to a library of observables tied to a repository of artifacts, data sources, and technique detection references for practitioners and developers to support the comprehension of indicators of attack. Asset owners and operators can use these products if they experience similar observables or to prepare for comparable scenarios.

45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEF↗
DOE OSTI2022

SPRUCE Ground Observations of Phenology in Experimental Plots, 2021

This data set consists of one comma separated (*.csv) file containing phenological transition dates, as derived from direct observations of vegetative and reproductive phenology recorded by a human observer, from the SPRUCE experiment during 2021, the sixth full year of whole-ecosystem warming (Hanson et al. 2017). Both spring and autumn phenological events are included. Since April 2016, human observers have been directly tracking the phenology of both woody and herbaceous species on a weekly schedule within the SPRUCE experimental chambers, these data are reported in annual ground observations data sets (see Related Data Sets). The observed date reported here is the first survey date in 2021 on which an event/phenophase was definitively observed. This data set also contains a companion file in HTML (*.html) format containing figures showing the relationship between the day of year and temperature treatment for different phenological phases by species for 2021. User note: Ground observations of phenology from 2016-2020 are available. See the user guide for links to all other ground phenology datasets.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

SPRUCE Sphagnum Growth and Photosynthesis Responses to Shading Treatments, 2021

This dataset reports growth, water content, nitrogen concentration, and photosynthesis of Sphagnum grown under shade cloth of different density in replicated plots adjacent to the Spruce and Peatland Responses Under Changing Environments (SPRUCE) experimental study plots located in the S1-Bog. Data are reported for May to October 2021. Investigations were instigated from questions arising in the SPRUCE experiment where the Sphagnum-shrub-spruce/larch ecosystem is exposed to air and peat warming in combination with elevated atmospheric CO2. SPRUCE is located at the 8.1-ha S1 Bog forest site in northern Minnesota, 40 km north of Grand Rapids, in the USDA Forest Service Marcell Experimental Forest (MEF). Thirty plots (35 × 35 cm) were established in May, 2021, in three blocks on unused large plots on the S-1 bog. Data are reported for growth of Sphagnum angustifolium/fallax and S. divinum growing in plastic columns within the shade plots. Growth is reported as dry mass of new tissue measured when the columns were harvested in October 2021. Additional measurements in the final harvest datasetinclude Sphagnum water content, new stem length, mass per unit length, and nitrogen content. Stem extension was measured periodically during the summer and reported in a separate datasetas stem length. Photosynthesis of Sphagnum angustifolium/fallax samples from hollows under low and high shade was measured in the laboratory. Responses of sphagnum to shading are important for understanding the future of peatland systems under the encroachment of shrubs and other woody plant species. This dataset contains three data files in comma-separated values (.csv) format. Additional metadata are provided: three data dictionaries and a file-level metadata file in comma-separated values (.csv) format and a user guide in PDF (*.pdf) format.

carbon dioxide flux↗
DOE OSTI2024

Chloroform Fumigation Extraction for Microbial Biomass and Dissolved Organic Carbon from SPRUCE, Marcell Experimental Forest, Minnesota, 2021, 2022, and 2024

This data set provides the results for chloroform fumigation extraction (CFE) of peat samples collected from ambient and experimental plots in the Spruce and Peatland Responses Under Environmental Change (SPRUCE) Experiment site in June and August of 2021, June of 2022, and June, August, and October of 2024. The SPRUCE Experiment site is in the Marcell Experimental Forest in northern Minnesota, USA. The data set includes values for microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved nitrogen (DN), moisture content (MC, available for 2021 and 2022 only) and gravimetric water content (GWC) at 11 depth increments of two-meter peat cores taken from 12 sampling sites at SPRUCE (10 temperature treatment enclosures, 2 ambient temperature treatment enclosures). The sample analysis followed standard methods. The samples were analyzed using a Shimadzu Total Organic Carbon/Nitrogen (TOC/N) analyzer (TOC-V and TOC-L; 2021-2022) or an Elementar vario TOC Cube (2024), liquid catalytic oxidation combustion analyzers for total carbon and nitrogen analysis. This dataset contains two data files in comma separate (.csv) format. Additional metadata are provided: two data dictionaries and a file-level metadata file in comma separate (.csv) format and a user guide in PDF (*.pdf) format.

dissolved nitrogen↗
DOE OSTI2023

Pathogenicity in Chickens and Turkeys of a 2021 United States H5N1 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Clade 2.3.4.4b Wild Bird Virus Compared to Two Previous H5N8 Clade 2.3.4.4 Viruses

Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) of subtype H5 of the Gs/GD/96 lineage remain a major threat to poultry due to endemicity in wild birds. H5N1 HPAIVs from this lineage were detected in 2021 in the United States (U.S.) and since then have infected many wild and domestic birds. We evaluated the pathobiology of an early U.S. H5N1 HPAIV (clade 2.3.4.4b, 2021) and two H5N8 HPAIVs from previous outbreaks in the U.S. (clade 2.3.4.4c, 2014) and Europe (clade 2.3.4.4b, 2016) in chickens and turkeys. Differences in clinical signs, mean death times (MDTs), and virus transmissibility were found between chickens and turkeys. The mean bird infective dose (BID 50 ) of the 2021 H5N1 virus was approximately 2.6 log 10 50% embryo infective dose (EID 50 ) in chickens and 2.2 log 10 EID 50 in turkeys, and the virus transmitted to contact-exposed turkeys but not chickens. The BID 50 for the 2016 H5N8 virus was also slightly different in chickens and turkeys (4.2 and 4.7 log 10 EID 50 , respectively); however, the BID 50 for the 2014 H5N8 virus was higher for chickens than turkeys (3.9 and ~0.9 log 10 EID 50 , respectively). With all viruses, turkeys took longer to die (MDTs of 2.6–8.2 days for turkeys and 1–4 days for chickens), which increased the virus shedding period and facilitated transmission to contacts.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Evaluating China’s Passenger Vehicle Market under the Vehicle Policies of 2021–2023

China is well known for its determination on large-scale vehicle electrification, which currently is mainly driven by fuel economy and electric vehicle policies mixed with the extensive charging infrastructure support and monetary incentives from the government. This study adopted the New Energy and Oil Consumption Credits (NEOCC) model 2020 version, a vehicle policy analysis tool developed by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, in order to systematically quantify the potential impacts of the “Passenger Cars Corporate Average Fuel Consumption and New Energy Vehicle Credit Regulation”, which is a revised version released in June 2020 for the timeframe 2021–2023, the so-called dual credit policy (2021–2023). It was found that, under the dual credit policy (2021–2023), the sales of hybrid electric vehicles could reach 0.91 million by the end of 2023, which would increase much faster than they did in 2018–2020. The annual sales share of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) could reach 11.7%, and the PEV stocks could achieve 11.70 million by the end of 2023 if it keeps the expansion to the level of how it was in 2017. In addition, the BEVs with long electric range (such as 400 km) and the plug-in hybrid electric SUVs could be the most popular PEV types.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Observations of surface energy fluxes and meteorology in the seasonally snow-covered high-elevation East River watershed during SPLASH, 2021–2023

Abstract. From autumn 2021 through summer 2023, scientists from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and partners conducted the Study of Precipitation, the Lower Atmosphere, and Surface for Hydrometeorology (SPLASH) campaign in the East River watershed of Colorado. One objective of SPLASH was to observe the transfer of energy between the atmosphere and the surface, which was done at several locations. Two remote sites were chosen that did not have access to power utilities. These were along the valley floor near the East River in the vicinity of the unincorporated town of Gothic, Colorado. Energy balance measurements were made at these locations using autonomous, single-level flux towers referred to as atmospheric surface flux stations (ASFSs). The ASFSs were deployed on 28 September 2021 at the Kettle Ponds Annex site and on 12 October 2021 at the Avery Picnic site and operated until 19 July and 21 June 2023, respectively. Measurements included basic meteorology; upward and downward longwave and shortwave radiative fluxes and subsurface conductive flux, each at 1 min resolution; 3-D winds from a sonic anemometer and H2O/CO2 from an open-path gas analyzer, both at 20 Hz from which sensible, latent heat, and CO2 fluxes were derived; and profiles of soil properties in the upper 0.5 m (both sites) and temperature profiles through the snow (at Avery Picnic), each reported between 10 min and 6 h. The system uptime was 97 % (Kettle Ponds) and 90 % (Avery Picnic), and collectively 1184 d of data was obtained between the stations. The purpose of this article is to document the ASFS deployment at SPLASH, to document the data acquisition and post-processing of measurements, and to serve as a guide for interested users of the data sets, which are archived at Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10313363, Cox et al., 2023b; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10327409, Cox et al., 2023c; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10313894, Cox et al., 2023d; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10307825, Cox et al., 2023e; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10310520, Cox et al., 2023f) with the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license.

Cox, Christopher J. (ORCID:0000000322037173)↗
DOE OSTI2024

iButton and Tinytag snow temperature measurements at Teller 27 and Kougarok 64, Seward Peninsula, Alaska, 2021-2022

Snow temperature measurements were collected at the NGEE Arctic Teller Road Site at mile marker 27 (TL_MM27) and at the Kougarok Road Site at mile marker 64 (KG_MM64) on the Seward Peninsula. Data were collected from October 1, 2021 to August 16, 2022 using iButton Link DS1926-F5# Thermochron miniature temperature sensors (https://www.ibuttonlink.com/products/ds1921g) and Tinytag TGP-4017 internal sensors (https://www.micronmeters.com/product/tgp-4017-internal-sensor-40-to-85-c-40-f-to-185-f) deployed across the Kougarok and Teller sites. These sensors are a cost-efficient way to collect snowpack temperatures at a higher spatial resolution than what is normally achieved. iButton data were collected every 4 hours beginning on October 1, 2021. Tinytag data collection began between October 9 and October 12, 2021 depending on sensor installation date. Tinytag data were collected every 30 minutes. In total, data were collected from 236 iButtons and 30 Tinytags. This dataset contains four *.csv files of near-ground surface temperatures at various locations throughout each study site and four *.shp files of sensor locations. Data were collected throughout the snow cover season so that snowpack characteristics could be derived using the temperature data. Sensors were placed both inside and outside of vegetation to better capture the spatial variability of snow properties across each domain. The Next-Generation Ecosystem Experiments: Arctic (NGEE Arctic), a research effort to reduce uncertainty in Earth System Models by developing a predictive understanding of carbon-rich Arctic ecosystems and feedbacks to climate. NGEE Arctic was supported by the Department of Energy's Office of Biological and Environmental Research. The NGEE Arctic project had two field research sites: 1) located within the Arctic polygonal tundra coastal region on the Barrow Environmental Observatory (BEO) and the North Slope near Utqiagvik (Barrow), Alaska and 2) multiple areas on the discontinuous permafrost region of the Seward Peninsula north of Nome, Alaska. Through observations, experiments, and synthesis with existing datasets, NGEE Arctic provided an enhanced knowledge base for multi-scale modeling and contributed to improved process representation at global pan-Arctic scales within the Department of Energy's Earth system Model (the Energy Exascale Earth System Model, or E3SM), and specifically within the E3SM Land Model component (ELM).

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Long-run Marginal Emission Rates for Electricity - Workbooks for 2021 Cambium Data

These workbooks contain modeled estimates of long-run marginal emission rates (LRMER) for the contiguous United States. The LRMER is an estimate of the rate of emissions that would be either induced or avoided by a long-term (i.e., more than several years) change in electrical demand. It incorporates both the projected changes to the electric grid, as well as the potential for an incremental change in electrical demand to influence the structural evolution of the grid (i.e., the building and retiring of capital assets, such as generators and transmission lines). It is therefore distinct from the more-commonly-known short-run marginal, which treats grid assets as fixed. The Levelized LRMER worksheet within each workbook is set up to produce a levelized long-run marginal emission rate based on user-provided inputs. These levelized LRMER values are intended for analysts to use when estimating the emissions induced (or avoided) by a long-term change in end-use electricity demand. There are two workbooks that supply the data at two different geographic resolutions: states and GEA regions (20 regions that are similar to, but not exactly the same as, the US EPA's eGRID regions). For more data underlying these emissions factors, see the Cambium 2021 project at https://cambium.nrel.gov/. For more details on the inputs into the scenarios available in the workbooks, see the Standard Scenarios 2021 Report (https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy22osti/80641.pdf). This data was produced as part of the Cambium project. For more details about the methodology, see the Cambium Documentation: Version 2021 (https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy22osti/81611.pdf). This data is planned to be updated annually. Information on the latest versions can be found at https://www.nrel.gov/analysis/cambium.html.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
NASA NTRS2022

General Services Administration Reclamation Yard, SWMU 010, 2021 Groundwater Monitoring Report

This report presents a summary of the groundwater monitoring activities that occurred in November and December 2021 at General Services Administration Reclamation Yard, Solid Waste Management Unit 010, located at the John F. Kennedy Space Center (KSC), Florida. The site is monitored under KSC’s Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Corrective Action Program. This approach also meets the requirements of Chapter 62-780, Florida Administrative Code. For the purposes of this report, two separate plumes, known as the Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)/Volatile Organic Aromatic (VOA) Plume and the Chlorinated Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Plume, were identified for this site. The contaminants of concern (COCs) for the PCB/VOA Plume consists of PCBs, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, and breakdown products of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. The COCs for the Chlorinated VOC Plume are tetrachloroethene, trichloroethene, cis-1,2-dichloroethene, and vinyl chloride. The activities presented in this report include two field events: (1) November 2021 – PCB/VOA Plume groundwater sampling via Direct Push Technology – 70 groundwater samples were collected from 10 locations at varying intervals; and (2) December 2021 – Site-wide semi-annual water level measurements of 54 monitoring wells, redevelopment of 5 monitoring wells, and sampling of 35 monitoring wells. Results for the PCB/VOA plume demonstrated COCs have not rebounded since the 2018 source removal, with groundwater cleanup target levels (GCTLs) exceeded in the 10-30 ft. below ground surface interval only. In the Chlorinated VOC plume area, there were no detections of COCs above a GCTL for at least the second consecutive sampling event for the sampled wells. Cleanup objectives have been met, and it is recommended that VOC monitoring be discontinued. Underground injection control parameters will continue to be monitored in three wells until those analytes return to background concentrations.

GSA Reclamation Yard↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Particle and Trace Gas Emissions Indices Measured During the 2021 Boeing ecoDemonstrator Emissions Ground Test

We present particle and trace gas emissions indices sampled on the ground at 30 meters behind the CFM LEAP-1B engines of the 2021 Boeing ecoDemonstrator, an Alaska Airlines 737-9 aircraft. Testing was carried out at Boeing Field in Seattle, WA, USA in Fall of 2021. Four different fuels were investigated including a 100% sustainable aviation fuel (SAF), a petroleum-based Jet A fuel, and two SAF blends. Total and non-volatile particle number concentrations were measured with a pair of condensation particle counters with one operating behind a custom-built thermal denuder heated to 350 degrees Celsius. Similarly, total and non-volatile particle number size distributions were measured with a pair of Scanning Mobility Particle Sizers (SMPSs). Non-volatile particle mass was estimated from particle light absorption techniques using an assumed mass absorption coefficient, while particle chemical speciation was measured by an Soot Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (SP-AMS). A detailed list of instruments is given on the project website [1]. Overall, the results are consistent with expectations based on ICAO Emissions Databank certification data for the LEAP-1B with a stark reduction in non-volatile particle number and mass observed for the higher thrust conditions when the combustor was staged. The production of volatile particles under these conditions as well as experimental considerations related to background subtraction methods will be discussed. References: [1] Boeing ecoDemonstrator Science and Engineering Team (2022). 2021 Boeing ecoDemonstrator Emissions Ground Test Dataset

Richard H Moore↗
NASA NTRS2022

Out of the blue: volcanic SO e2 emissions during the 2021–2022 eruptions of Hunga Tonga – Hunga Ha'apai (Tonga)

Most volcanism on Earth is submarine, but volcanic gas emissions by submarine eruptions are rarely observed and hence largely unquantified. On January 15, 2022 a submarine eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai (HTHH) volcano (Tonga) generated an explosion of historic magnitude, and was preceded by ≈1 month of Surtseyan eruptive activity and two precursory explosive eruptions. We present an analysis of ultraviolet (UV) satellite measurements of volcanic sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) between December 2021 and the climactic January 15, 2022 eruption, comprising an unprecedented record of Surtseyan eruptive emissions. UV measurements from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on NASA’s Aura satellite, the Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite (OMPS) on Suomi-NPP, the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) on ESA’s Sentinel-5P, and the Earth Polychromatic Imaging Camera (EPIC) aboard the Deep Space Climate Observatory (DSCOVR) are combined to yield a consistent multi-sensor record of eruptive degassing. We estimate SO 2 emissions during the eruption’s key phases: the initial December 19, 2021 eruption (≈0.01 Tg SO 2 ); continuous SO 2 emissions from December 20, 2021 – early January 2022 (≈0.12 Tg SO 2 ); the January 13, 2022 stratospheric eruption (0.06 Tg SO 2 ); and the paroxysmal January 15, 2022 eruption (≈0.4-0.5 Tg SO 2 ); yielding a total SO 2 emission of ≈0.60.7 Tg SO 2 for the eruptive episode. We interpret the vigorous SO 2 emissions observed prior to the January 2022 eruptions, which were significantly higher than measured in the 2009 and 2014 HTHH eruptions, as strong evidence for a rejuvenated magmatic system. High cadence DSCOVR/EPIC SO 2 imagery permits the first UV-based analysis of umbrella cloud spreading and volume flux in the January 13, 2022 eruption, and also tracks early dispersion of the stratospheric SO 2 cloud injected on January 15. The ≈0.4-0.5 Tg SO 2 discharged by the paroxysmal January 15, 2022 HTHH eruption is low relative to other eruptions of similar magnitude, and a review of other submarine eruptions in the satellite era indicates that modest SO 2 yields may be characteristic of submarine volcanism, with the emissions and atmospheric impacts likely dominated by water vapor. The origin of the low SO 2 loading awaits further investigation but scrubbing of SO 2 in the water-rich eruption plumes and rapid conversion to sulfate aerosol are plausible, given the exceptional water emission by the January 15, 2022 HTHH eruption.

Volcanoes↗