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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 703 records · Page 39
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1984

A search for interstellar H2O(+) in diffuse clouds

Searches for H2O(+) toward HD 187982, Zeta Oph, O micron Per, and Zeta Per have yielded significant upper limits for H2O(+) when compared with existing models for similar lines of sight. Using available oscillator strength data, the column density for HD 187982, for example, cannot exceed 3 x 10 to the 12th per sq cm H2O(+) molecules. The most sensitive measurement for H2O(+) toward Zeta Oph is apparently limited by a blend with upper atmospheric H2O(+), which is also present in the HD 187982 spectrum.

Federman, S. R.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Improved silicon carbide for advanced heat engines

The development of high strength, high reliability silicon carbide parts with complex shapes suitable for use in advanced heat engines is studied. Injection molding was the forming method selected for the program because it is capable of forming complex parts adaptable for mass production on an economically sound basis. The goals were to reach a Weibull characteristic strength of 550 MPa (80 ksi) and a Weibull modulus of 16 for bars tested in four-point loading. Statistically designed experiments were performed throughout the program and a fluid mixing process employing an attritor mixer was developed. Compositional improvements in the amounts and sources of boron and carbon used and a pressureless sintering cycle were developed which provided samples of about 99 percent of theoretical density. Strengths were found to improve significantly by annealing in air. Strengths in excess of 550 MPa (80 ksi) with Weibull modulus of about 9 were obtained. Further improvements in Weibull modulus to about 16 were realized by proof testing. This is an increase of 86 percent in strength and 100 percent in Weibull modulus over the baseline data generated at the beginning of the program. Molding yields were improved and flaw distributions were observed to follow a Poisson process. Magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectra were found to be useful in characterizing the SiC powder and the sintered samples. Turbocharger rotors were molded and examined as an indication of the moldability of the mixes which were developed in this program.

Whalen, Thomas J.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Viscous effects on a vortex wake in ground effect

Wake vortex trajectories and strengths are altered radically by interactions with the ground plane. Prediction of vortex strength and location is especially important in the vicinity of airports. Simple potential flow methods have been found to yield reasonable estimates of vortex descent rates in an otherwise quiescent ambient background, but those techniques cannot be adjusted for more realistic ambient conditions and they fail to provide satisfactory estimates of ground-coupled behavior. The authors have been involved in a systematic study concerned with including viscous effects in a wake-vortex system which is near the ground plane. The study has employed numerical solutions to the Navier-Stokes equations, as well as perturbation techniques to study ground coupling with a descending vortex pair. Results of a two-dimensional, unsteady numerical-theoretical study are presented in this paper. A time-based perturbation procedure has been developed which permits the use of analytical solutions to an inner and outer flow domain for the initial flow field. Predictions have been compared with previously reported laminar experimental results. In addition, the influence of stratification and turbulence on vortex behavior near the ground plane has been studied.

Zheng, Z.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Improving the low temperature ductility of NiAl

As part of a study aimed at developing a ductile NiAl-based alloy, ingots of Ni-Fe-Al alloys were cast and hot extruded to rods. The purpose of the iron additions was two-fold viz; to produce a change in the slip vector from 001 to 111 line and, in one alloy, to add a L1(2)-structured ductile second phase. Extruded Ni-20Al-30Fe was two-phase, containing a pro-eutectic B2 phase in a fine lamellar structure of B2+L1(2) phases. Room temperature tensile testing of both single extruded and double extruded alloys resulted in 8-percent and 22-percent plastic elongation and yield stresses of 850 and 760 MPa, respectively. Fracture in both cases occurred by ductile tearing of the eutectic and transgranular cleavage of the proeutectic phase at 1350 MPa. The ductility in double extruded condition is higher than that reported earlier in rapidly solidified wires by Inoue et al. (1984). By comparison, extruded single-phase B2-structured Ni-30Al-20Fe exhibited a fracture strength of 780 MPa, no plasticity, and a mixture of intergranular fracture and transgranular cleavage. This is contrast to earlier work by Inoue et al. where a yield stress of 400 MPa, 5 percent plastic strain, and a mixture of dimple and intergranular fracture was reported.

Guha, Sumit↗
NASA NTRS1988

The V3, V4 and V6 bands of formaldehyde: A spectral catalog from 900 cm(-1) to 1580 cm(-1)

The results of a complete high resolution study of the three vibration-rotation bands v sub 3, v sub 4, and V sub 6 using both TDLs and FT-IR spectroscopy are presented. The reults are given in terms of a table of over 8000 predicted transition frequencies and strengths. A plot of the predicted and calculated spectra is shown. Over 3000 transitions were assigned and used in the simultaneous analysis of the three bands. The simultaneous fit permitted a rigorous study of Coriolis and other type iterations among bands yielding improved molecular constants. Line intensities of 28 transitions measured by a TDL and 20 transitions from FTS data were used, along with the eigenvectors from the frequency fitting, in a least squares analysis to evaluate the band strengths.

Nadler, Shachar↗
NASA NTRS1987

Effective collision strengths for electron impact excitations in S II

Electron impact collision strengths for forbidden, semiforbidden, and allowed transitions in S II calculated using the R-matrix method are presented. Configuration interaction wave functions are used to represent the six target states included in the calculation. At low impact energies the collision strengths are dominated by resonances for several transitions. The contribution from higher partial waves is obtained in the close-coupling approximation with exchange terms omitted. Results are presented for the effective collision strengths over a wide temperature range (5000-150,000 K) of astrophysical interest. The present results for the 4S(0) yields 2P(0) transition are 20-30 percent lower than previous calculations, while for the 4S(0) yields 2D(0) transition they are in good agreement. The results are approximately 30 percent higher than those of Ho and Henry (1983) for the 4S(0) yields 2P(0) transition at 80,000 K, and the difference between the two results increases with decreasing temperatures (under 80,000 K).

Tayal, S. S.↗
NASA NTRS1993

Pressure versus drag effects on crater size

The topic of atmospheric effects on crater formation is very complex because it includes not only pressure effects on excavation, but also drag effects on ejecta placement. Experiments have to be designed very carefully to allow isolation of the two phenomena. Historically, numerous investigators have shown an influence of atmospheric pressure. However, none have identified the scaling that correctly isolates pressure from drag effects. On-going work in explosive cratering has produced scaling paradigms for deeply buried explosive charges where drag effects are negligible. Here it was found that increased pressure caused significant induced strength effects that impeded crater excavation. The effect is more pronounced with increasing burial depth and less pronounced with increased yield.

Schmidt, R. M.↗
NASA NTRS2001

Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, Hot-Die Forming, and Joining of 47XD Gamma TiAl Rolled Sheets

The microstructure and mechanical properties, along with the hot-die forming and joining of Ti-47Al-2Nb-2Mn-0.8 vol% TiB, sheets (known as 47XD), produced by a low-cost rolling process, were evaluated. A near-gamma microstructure was obtained in the as-rolled condition. The microstructures of heat-treated sheets ranged from a recrystallized equiaxed near-gamma microstructure at 1,200 to 1,310 C, to a duplex microstructure at 1,350 C, to a fully lamellar microstructure at 1,376 C. Tensile behavior was determined for unidirectionally rolled and cross-rolled sheets for room temperature (RT) to 816 C. Yield stress decreased gradually with increasing deformation temperature up to 704 C; above 704 C, it declined rapidly. Ultimate tensile strength exhibited a gradual decrease up to 537 C before peaking at 704 C, followed by a rapid decline at 816 C. The modulus showed a gradual decrease with temperature, reaching approximately 72% of the RT value at 816 C. Strain to failure increased slowly from RT to 537 C; between 537 C and 704 C it exhibited a phenomenal increase, suggesting that the ductile-brittle transition temperature was below 704 C. Fracture mode changed from transgranular fracture at low temperature, to a mixture of transgranular and intergranular fracture at intermediate temperature, to ductile fracture at 816 C, coupled with dynamic recrystallization at large strains. Creep rupture response was evaluated between 649 and 816 C over the stress range of 69 to 276 MPa. Deformation parameters for steady-state creep rate and time-to-rupture were similar: activation energies of approximately 350 kJ/mol and stress exponents of approximately 4.5. Hot-die forming of sheets into corrugations was done at elevated temperatures in vacuum. The process parameters to join sheets by diffusion bonding and brazing with TiCuNi 70 filler alloy were optimized for test coupons and successfully used to fabricate large truss-core and honeycomb structures. Nondestructive evaluation methods, e.g., ultrasonic C-scans and thermography along with metallography, were used to characterize bond quality. Microstructural evaluation during heat treatment, identification of phases at the braze/matrix interface, determination of shear strengths of brazed joints, and deformation mechanisms during tensile and creep processes will be discussed.

Das, G.↗
NASA NTRS2015

Non-Contact Thermal Characterization of NASA's HERMeS Hall Thruster

The thermal characterization test of NASA's 12.5-kW Hall Effect Rocket with Magnetic Shielding has been completed. This thruster was developed to support a number of potential Solar Electric Propulsion Technology Demonstration Mission concepts, including the Asteroid Redirect Robotic Mission concept. As a part of the preparation for this characterization test, an infrared-based, non-contact thermal imaging system was developed to measure the temperature of various thruster surfaces that are exposed to high voltage or plasma. An in-situ calibration array was incorporated into the setup to improve the accuracy of the temperature measurement. The key design parameters for the calibration array were determined in a separate pilot test. The raw data from the characterization test was analyzed though further work is needed to obtain accurate anode temperatures. Examination of the front pole and discharge channel temperatures showed that the thruster temperature was driven more by discharge voltage than by discharge power. Operation at lower discharge voltages also yielded more uniform temperature distributions than at higher discharge voltages. When operating at high discharge voltage, increasing the magnetic field strength appeared to have made the thermal loading azimuthally more uniform.

Hall Thrusters↗
NASA NTRS2015

Structural CNT Composites: Developing a Carbon Nanotube Filament Winder - Part I

Carbon nanotube (CNT) based materials promise advances in the production of high strength and multifunctional components for aerospace and other applications. Specifically, in tension dominated applications, the latest CNT based filaments are yielding composite properties comparable to or exceeding composites from more established fibers such as Kevlar and carbon fiber. However, for the properties of these materials to be fully realized at the component level, suitable manufacturing processes have to be developed. These materials handle differently from conventional fibers, with different wetting characteristics and behavior under load. The limited availability of bulk forms also requires that the equipment be scaled down accordingly to tailor the process development approach to material availability. Here, the development of hardware and software for filament winding of carbon nanotube based tapes and yarns is described. This hardware features precision guidance of the CNT material and control of the winding tension over a wide range in an open architecture that allows for effective process control and troubleshooting during winding. Use of the filament winder to develop CNT based Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessels (COPVs) shall also be discussed.

Sauti, Godfrey↗
NASA NTRS1989

Prediction of fatigue-crack growth in a high-strength aluminum alloy under variable-amplitude loading

The present paper is concerned with the application of an analytical crack-closure model to study crack growth under various load histories. The model was based on a concept like the Dugdale model, but modified to leave plastically deformed material in the wake of the advancing crack tip. The thickness effect was accounted for by using a 'constraint' factor on tensile yielding at the crack tip. The model was used to correlate crack-growth rates under constant-amplitude loading, and to predict crack growth under variable-amplitude loading on a high-strength aluminum alloy (7475-T7351) sheet material. The experimental data was obtained from Zhang et al. Predicted crack-growth lives agreed well with experimental data. For ten crack-growth tests subjected to various variable-amplitude load histories, the ratio of predicted-to-experimental lives ranged from 0.54 to 1.19. The mean value of predicted-to-experimental lives was 0.95 with a standard error of 0.2 for a constraint factor of 1.9.

Newman, J. C., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Collision strengths for the intercombination lines of S III

The collision strengths of intercombination lines of S III ions observed in the Io torus are calculated on the basis of data gathered by Voyager instruments, the IUE and the Faint Object Telescope. The doubly ionized ions are excited by electron impacts and move from the 3P2P(3) ground state to excited 3s3P3(1)PO, (1)DO, 3p3d(1)PO, and 3p4s(1)PO states. Excitational cross sections are calculated with a two-state close-coupling approximation for the energy range up to 1,000,000 K, with target states being represented by multiconfiguration interaction wave functions. The close-coupling approximation regarded as an accurate technique because of the dominance of the Coulomb factor in the ionized state. The wave function calculations are estimated to yield values accurate to within 30 percent. Further work is need to quantify the magnitude of error introduced by resonance contributions to the collision strengths.

Ho, Y. K.↗
NASA NTRS1989

Prediction of fatigue-crack growth in a high-strength aluminum alloy under variable-amplitude loading

The present paper is concerned with the application of an analytical crack-closure model to study crack growth under various load histories. The model was based on a crack-tip plasticity concept like the Dugdale model, but modified to leave plastically deformed material in the wake of the advancing crack tip. The effect of material thickness on plasticity was accounted for by using a constraint factor on tensile yielding at the crack tip. The model was used to correlate crack-growth rates under constant-amplitude loading, and to predict crack growth under variable-amplitude loading on a high-strength aluminum alloy (7475-T7351) sheet material. The experimental data were obtained from Zhang et al. Predicted crack-growth lives agreed well with experimental data. For ten crack-growth tests subjected to various variable-amplitude load histories, the ratio of predicted-to-experimental lives ranged from 0.54 to 1.19. The mean value of the ratio of predicted-to-experimental lives was 0.95 and the standard error was 0.2 using a constraint factor of 1.9 in the model. Crack-opening stresses calculated from the model were significantly different from those determined by Zhang et al. using a striation-based experimental method.

Newman, J. C., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1974

A stack algorithm for source coding with a fidelity criterion

Although coding of sources with respect to a fidelity criterion was first proposed by Shannon in 1959, only recently have effective schemes been developed. Another such algorithm based on a stack is described. Like the author's other algorithms (Jelinek and Anderson, 1971, 1973), this algorithm is conceived with tree codes in mind. It has various strengths and weaknesses relative to the earlier two, which are explored. By itself, the algorithm has an interesting mathematical analysis that yields insight into the faster-than-exponential behavior of tree variables and provides a new characterization of the rate-distortion function.

Anderson, J. B.↗
NASA NTRS1982

Impact resistance of fiber composites

Stress-strain curves are obtained for a variety of glass fiber and carbon fiber reinforced plastics in dynamic tension, over the stress-strain range of 0.00087-2070/sec. The test method is of the one-bar block-to-bar type, using a rotating disk or a pendulum as the loading apparatus and yielding accurate stress-strain curves up to the breaking strain. In the case of glass fiber reinforced plastic, the tensile strength, strain to peak impact stress, total strain and total absorbed energy all increase significantly as the strain rate increases. By contrast, carbon fiber reinforced plastics show lower rates of increase with strain rate. It is recommended that hybrid composites incorporating the high strength and rigidity of carbon fiber reinforced plastic with the high impact absorption of glass fiber reinforced plastics be developed for use in structures subjected to impact loading.

Chamis, C. C.↗
NASA NTRS1984

An analytical model for the vorticity associated with a transverse jet

A two dimensional model is developed for a turbulent jet injected normally into a uniform crossflow, in which particular emphasis is placed on the contra-rotating vortex pair associated with the jet. By approximating the forces acting on each of the viscous vortices, equations governing the vortex spacing and downstream jet velocity are evolved. No empirical information is incorporated into this model. A description of the variation in total vortex strength is utilized in which vorticity generated by the jet's impulse dominates the farfield. Numerical solution of the governing equations yields results for the vortex trajectory, half spacing, varying circulation, and viscous core size that correlate quite well with experimental data and asymptotic relations. Based on these findings, we conclude that vortex separation and other important characteristics of the jet cross-section are two dimensional and viscous in nature. Hence it becomes possible to predict, on purely theoretical grounds, the behavior of the vortex pair and of the jet itself.

Karagozian, A. R.↗
NASA NTRS1992

Coupled elastic response of open section laminated composite beams subject to generalized beam loading

A generalized beam theory for arbitrary open section laminated composite beams subjected to generalized beam loading is developed using a strength of materials approach. At present, the theory is limited to statistically determinate beams. Solution of the general system of equations yields strain and curvature distributions as functions of the axial coordinate x and the contour coordinate s. Average stresses on a given cross section or ply stresses in a local coordinate system are determined using these distributions. Data obtained for thin-walled open section composite beams reveal that elastic coupling occurs among curvatures, shearing strains, and axial strain, depending on the laminate stiffness parameters. Laminate ply layup does not affect the location of the shear center in the thin-wall approximation, but may have a significant impact for thicker walled open sections. The average axial stress distribution is found to be distinctly different from the isotropic distribution, but the average shear stress distribution is the same as that in the isotropic case.

Zvarick, Albert G.↗
NASA NTRS1999

Design Tool Developed for Probabilistic Modeling of Ceramic Matrix Composite Strength

Ceramic matrix composites are being evaluated as candidate materials for many high temperature applications such as engine combustor liners for the High-Speed Civil Transport (HSCT). They are required to have an assured life of several thousand hours. Estimating the reliability of these components is quite a complex process and requires knowledge of the uncertainties that occur at various scales. The properties of ceramic matrix composites (CMC) are known to display a considerable amount of scatter due to variations in fiber/matrix properties, interphase/coating properties, bonding, amount of matrix voids, and many geometry- and fabrication-related parameters such as ply thickness and ply orientations. The objective of this research effort is to account for these uncertainties in a formal way by probabilistically analyzing both the stiffness- and strength related properties of CMC's. In current deterministic approaches, uncertainties are usually accounted for by safety factors. This approach often yields overly conservative designs, thereby reducing the potential of many advanced composite materials.

Murthy, Pappu L. N.↗