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At least 703 records · Page 39

Flutter tests (IS4) of the 0.0125-scale shuttle reflection plane model 30-OTS in the Langley Research Center 26-inch transonic blowdown tunnel test no. 547

A series of slab wing flutter models with rigid orbiter fuselage, external tank, and SRB models of the space shuttle were tested, in a reflection plane arrangement, in the NASA Langley Research Center's 26-inch Transonic Blowdown Tunnel. Model flutter boundaries were obtained for both a wing-alone configuration and a wing-with-orbiter, tank and SRB configuration. Additional test points were taken of the wing-with-orbiter configuration, as a correlation with the wing-alone condition. A description of the wind tunnel models and test procedures utilized in the experiment are provided.

Kotch, M. A.↗

Inflight simulation experiments on turbulent jet mixing noise

The effects of aircraft forward motion on pure turbulent mixing noise from unheated jets are examined experimentally in the inflight simulation mode. Both acoustic and flow characteristics are determined by testing model-scale nozzles in an anechoic free-jet facility and a wind tunnel, respectively. Scaling laws are derived from each set of experiments and are found to be complementary. The implications are discussed in detail. In particular, it is shown that the measured reduction in noise at 90 deg to the jet axis is a pure source alteration effect.

Tanna, H. K.↗

Large-scale V/STOL testing

Several facets of large-scale testing of V/STOL aircraft configurations are discussed with particular emphasis on test experience in the Ames 40- by 80-Foot Wind Tunnel. Examples of powered-lift test programs are presented in order to illustrate tradeoffs confronting the planner of V/STOL test programs. Large-scale V/STOL wind-tunnel testing can sometimes compete with small-scale testing in the effort required (overall test time) and program costs because of the possibility of conducting a number of different tests with a single large-scale model where several small-scale models would be required. The benefits of both high- or full-scale Reynolds numbers, more detailed configuration simulation, and number and type of onboard measurements are studied.

Koenig, D. G.↗

Large-scale V/STOL testing

Several facets of large-scale testing of V/STOL aircraft configurations are discussed with particular emphasis on test experience in the Ames 40- by 80-foot wind tunnel. Examples of powered-lift test programs are presented in order to illustrate tradeoffs confronting the planner of V/STOL test programs. It is indicated that large-scale V/STOL wind-tunnel testing can sometimes compete with small-scale testing in the effort required (overall test time) and program costs because of the possibility of conducting a number of different tests with a single large-scale model where several small-scale models would be required. The benefits of both high- and full-scale Reynolds numbers, more detailed configuration simulation, and number and type of onboard measurements increase rapidly with scale. Planning must be more detailed at large scale in order to balance the trade-offs between the increased costs, as number of measurements and model configuration variables increase and the benefits of larger amounts of information coming out of one test.

Koenig, D. G.↗

Reattaching turbulent shear layers with perturbed structure

The reattachment of a fully turbulent, two-dimensional shear layer downstream of a backward-facing step has been studied experimentally. The work examines the effect of modifications in shear layer structure upstream of reattachment. A series of experiments were conducted in a low-speed wind tunnel using specialized instrumentation suited to the highly turbulent, reversing flow near reattachment. Accurate characterization of the time-mean features of the reattaching flows was possible. Assuming linear scaling normalized on distance from reattachment, distributions of the normalized pressure coefficients, the time-averaged skin friction coefficient, and the forward flow fraction appear universal for two-dimensional reattachment, independent of initial conditions and steep height, for given duct geometry (area ratio) and for high step height Reynolds numbers. The results suggest universal flow structure in the reattachment zone.

Westphal, R. V.↗

Effect of initial conditions on turbulent reattachment downstream of a backward-facing step

The reattachment of a fully turbulent, two-dimentional shear layer downstream of a backward-facing step has been studied experimentally. The work examines the effect of variations in inlet conditions on the process of reattachment. A series of experiments was conducted in a low-speed wind tunnel using specialized instrumentation suited to the highly turbulent reversing flow near reattachment. Accurate characterization of the time-mean features of the reattaching flows was possible. Assuming linear scaling normalized on distance from reattachment, distributions of normalized pressure coefficient and forward flow fraction, and time-averaged skin friction coefficient appear universal for two-dimensional reattachment, independent of initial conditions and step height, for given duct geometry (area ratio) and for high step-height Reyolds numbers with thin separating boundary layers. The results suggest universal flow structure in the reattachment zone.

Westphal, R. V.↗

Host turbine heat transfer overview

Improved methods of predicting airfoil local metal temperatures require advances in the understanding of the physics and methods of analytically predicting the following four aerothermal loads: hot gas flow over airfoils, heat transfer rates on the gas-side of airfoils, cooling air flow inside airfoils, and heat transfer rates on the coolant-side of airfoils. A systematic building block research approach is being pursued to investigate these four areas of concern from both the experimental and analytical sides. Experimental approaches being pursued start with fundamental experiments using simple shapes and flat plates in wind tunnels, progress to more realistic cold and hot cascade tests using airfoils, continue to progress in large low-speed rigs and turbines and warm turbines, and finally, combine all the interactive effects in tests using real engines or real engine type turbine rigs. Analytical approaches being pursued also build from relatively simple steady two dimensional inviscid flow and boundary layer heat transfer codes to more advanced steady two and three dimensional viscous flow and heat transfer codes. These advanced codes provide more physics to model better the interactive effects and the true real-engine environment.

Rohde, J. E.↗

Measured and predicted aerodynamic coefficients and shock shapes for Aeroassist Flight Experiment (AFE) configuration

Two scaled models of the Aeroassist Flight Experiment (AFE) vehicle were tested in two air wind tunnels and one CF4 tunnel. The tests were to determine the static longitudinal aerodynamic characteristics, and shock shapes for the configuration in hypersonic continuum flow. The tests were conducted with a range of angle of attack to evaluate the effects of Mach number, Reynolds numbers, and normal shock density ratio.

Wells, William L.↗

Wake Management Strategies for Reduction of Turbomachinery Fan Noise

The primary objective of our work was to evaluate and test several wake management schemes for the reduction of turbomachinery fan noise. Throughout the course of this work we relied on several tools. These include 1) Two-dimensional steady boundary-layer and wake analyses using MISES (a thin-shear layer Navier-Stokes code), 2) Two-dimensional unsteady wake-stator interaction simulations using UNSFLO, 3) Three-dimensional, steady Navier-Stokes rotor simulations using NEWT, 4) Internal blade passage design using quasi-one-dimensional passage flow models developed at MIT, 5) Acoustic modeling using LINSUB, 6) Acoustic modeling using VO72, 7) Experiments in a low-speed cascade wind-tunnel, and 8) ADP fan rig tests in the MIT Blowdown Compressor.

Waitz, Ian A.↗

Studies in Martian Aeolian Geology

This report gives the results from the investigation through March 15, 1999 for the first two years of the three year investigation (year 3 runs from March 1, 1999 to February 27, 2000). The investigation included three tasks, all involving windblown dust (particles a few micrometers in diameter) to simulate the aeolian regime on Mars. Experiments were conducted primarily in the Mars Surface Wind Tunnel (MARSWIT) at NASA-Ames Research Center.

Greeley, Ronald↗

Performance Enhancement of a Vertical Tail Model with Sweeping Jet Actuators

Active Flow Control (AFC) experiments performed at the Caltech Lucas Adaptive Wall Wind Tunnel on a 12%-thick, generic vertical tail model indicated that sweeping jets emanating from the trailing edge (TE) of the vertical stabilizer significantly increased the side force coefficient for a wide range of rudder deflection angles and yaw angles at free-stream velocities approaching takeoff rotation speed. The results indicated that 2% blowing momentum coefficient (C(sub mu) increased the side force in excess of 50% at the maximum conventional rudder deflection angle in the absence of yaw. Even C(sub mu) = 0.5% increased the side force in excess of 20% under these conditions. This effort was sponsored by the NASA Environmentally Responsible Aviation (ERA) project and the successful demonstration of this flow-control application could have far reaching implications. It could lead to effective applications of AFC technologies on key aircraft control surfaces and lift enhancing devices (flaps) that would aid in reduction of fuel consumption through a decrease in size and weight of wings and control surfaces or a reduction of the noise footprint due to steeper climb and descent.

Seele, Roman↗

Simulation and Modeling of Flow Generated by Gust Generator in a Wind Tunnel

A computational study of a gust field generated by a gust generator in a low-speed wind tunnel. The gust generator is designed for the University of Washington Aeronautical Laboratory (UWAL) Kirsten wind tunnel for a gust load alleviation (GLA) control experiment of a Common Research Model (CRM) flexible wing utilizing the Variable Camber Continuous Trailing Edge Flap (VCCTEF). The gust generator comprises four horizontal NACA 0015 gust generator vanes placed upstream of the test section. Computational fluid dynamics simulations using a two-dimensional (2D) Unsteady-Reynolds-Averaged-Navier-Stokes (URANS) with k-ω Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulence model provide detailed time-resolved information about the generated flow by the gust generator under prescribed sinusoidal motion. The characteristics of the induced flow by the gust generator are analyzed. A gust propagation model of the gust field is investigated. An unsteady lift model is developed using a varying-fidelity approach which includes a 2D interference aerodynamic model of the combined gust generator-wing system. The computed integrated unsteady lift is compared to experimental data for validation of the unsteady lift model. Both the amplitude and transport delay are found to be accurately captured by the unsteady lift model.

Nhan, Nguyen↗

Aeroacoustic Testing of UAS-Scale Rotors for a Quadcopter in Hover and Forward Flight

A series of experiments was conducted in an anechoic chamber and wind tunnel to investigatethe noise and performance of an optimum hovering rotor design. The optimum hovering rotorexperimental data set presented in this paper provides the community with a rotor that istheoretically easier to model. Isolated rotors were tested in an anechoic hover chamber as wellas on a representative quadcopter vehicle. In the anechoic chamber, performance and acousticmeasurements were taken at various rotor speeds to compare to those of a commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) rotor. In the wind tunnel, free-stream velocity, vehicle pitch, and rotor rotationrates were varied to achieve various hover and forward flight operating conditions. Previousinvestigation of a small quadcopter in the Low Speed Aeroacoustic Wind Tunnel (LSAWT) hadidentified possible broadband and interactional noise sources due to rotor airframe interactionand rotor-rotor interaction. These publications identified separation, turbulent boundary layertrailing edge, and bluntness vortex shedding as the main sources of self-generated airfoil noise.By replacing the COTS rotor with an optimum hovering rotor design, self-generated broadbandnoise was reduced for both hover and forward flight conditions for isolated rotor runs. However,the optimum rotors only reduced noise levels for full-vehicle hover conditions, and had little tono reduction in full-vehicle forward flight conditions.

Nicole A Pettingill↗

Exhaust Nozzle Plume Effects on Sonic Boom Test Results for Vectored Nozzles

Reducing or eliminating the operational restrictions of supersonic aircraft over populated areas has led to extensive research at NASA. Restrictions were due to the disturbance of the sonic boom, caused by the coalescence of shock waves formed off the aircraft. Recent work has been performed to reduce the magnitude of the sonic boom N-wave generated by airplane components with a focus on shock waves caused by the exhaust nozzle plume. Previous Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis showed how the shock wave formed at the nozzle lip interacts with the nozzle boat-tail expansion wave. An experiment was conducted in the 1- by 1-foot Supersonic Wind Tunnel (SWT) at the NASA Glenn Research Center. Results show how the shock generated at the nozzle lip affects the near field pressure signature, and thereby the potential sonic boom contribution for a nozzle at vector angles from 3 to 8 . The experiment was based on the NASA F-15 nozzle used in the Lift and Nozzle Change Effects on Tail Shock experiment, which possessed a large external boat-tail angle. In this case, the large boat-tail angle caused a dramatic expansion, which dominated the near field pressure signature. The impact of nozzle vector angle and nozzle pressure ratio are summarized.

Castner, Raymond↗

Assessment of Integrated Nozzle Performance

This presentation highlights the activities that researchers at the NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) have been and will be involved in to assess integrated nozzle performance. Three different test activities are discussed. First, the results of the Propulsion Airframe Integration for High Speed Research 1 (PAIHSR1) study are presented. The PAIHSR1 experiment was conducted in the LeRC 9 ft x l5 ft wind tunnel from December 1991 to January 1992. Second, an overview of the proposed Mixer/ejector Inlet Distortion Study (MIDIS-E) is presented. The objective of MIDIS-E is to assess the effects of applying discrete disturbances to the ejector inlet flow on the acoustic and aero-performance of a mixer/ejector nozzle. Finally, an overview of the High-Lift Engine Aero-acoustic Technology (HEAT) test is presented. The HEAT test is a cooperative effort between the propulsion system and high-lift device research communities to assess wing/nozzle integration effects. The experiment is scheduled for FY94 in the NASA Ames Research Center (ARC) 40 ft x 80 ft Low Speed Wind Tunnel (LSWT).

Lambert, H. H.↗

Transition measurements of upper and lower rotor blade surfaces in forward flight with thermography

Thermography allows for imaging the location of laminar-to-turbulent boundary layer transition on surfaces in air flows. The determination of BL transition of rotor blades was done in 2017 on the lower surface of a rotor blade in forward flight in the NASA Langley 14- by 22-Foot Subsonic Tunnel Subsonic Wind Tunnel. This article reports on the follow-on experiment in the same facility and the same blades where thermography was performed on both upper and lower surface synchronously, with the upper surface mapped throughout the full azimuthal range. Blade-tracking rotating mirrors were used for each thermal camera and were synchronized for simultaneous image acquisition. Furthermore, the Differential Infrared Thermography (DIT) technique depicts the unsteady nature of the BL transition in forward flight. Results are presented and discussed. These data are the first ever recorded of both surfaces of a rotor in forward flight.

Boundary layer transition↗

System Analyses of Pneumatic Technology for High Speed Civil Transport Aircraft

The primary aspiration of this study was to objectively assess the feasibility of the application of a low speed pneumatic technology, in particular Circulation Control (CC) to an HSCT concept. Circulation Control has been chosen as an enabling technology to be applied on a generic High Speed Civil Transport (HSCT). This technology has been proven for various subsonic vehicles including flight tests on a Navy A-6 and computational application on a Boeing 737. Yet, CC has not been widely accepted for general commercial fixed-wing use but its potential has been extensively investigated for decades in wind tunnels across the globe for application to rotorcraft. More recently, an experimental investigation was performed at Georgia Tech Research Institute (GTRI) with application to an HSCT-type configuration. The data from those experiments was to be applied to a full-scale vehicle to assess the impact from a system level point of view. Hence, this study attempted to quantitatively assess the impact of this technology to an HSCT. The study objective was achieved in three primary steps: 1) Defining the need for CC technology; 2) Wind tunnel data reduction; 3) Detailed takeoff/landing performance assessment. Defining the need for the CC technology application to an HSCT encompassed a preliminary system level analysis. This was accomplished through the utilization of recent developments in modern aircraft design theory at Aerospace Systems Design Laboratory (ASDL). These developments include the creation of techniques and methods needed for the identification of technical feasibility show stoppers. These techniques and methods allow the designer to rapidly assess a design space and disciplinary metric enhancements to enlarge or improve the design space. The takeoff and landing field lengths were identified as the concept "show-stoppers". Once the need for CC was established, the actual application of data and trends was assessed. This assessment entailed a reduction of the wind tunnel data from the experiments performed by Mr. Bob Englar at the GTRI. Relevant data was identified and manipulated based on the required format of the analysis tools utilized. Propulsive, aerodynamic, duct sizing, and vehicle sizing investigations were performed and information supplied to a detailed takeoff and landing tool, From the assessments, CC was shown to improve the low speed performance metrics, which were previously not satisfied. An HSCT with CC augmentation does show potential for full-scale application. Yet, an economic assessment of an HSCT with and without CC showed that a moderate penalty was incurred from the increased RDT&E costs associated with developing the CC technology and slight increases in empty weight.

Mavris, Dimitri N.↗