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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 703 records · Page 39
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2012

Beam Energy Scan program at RHIC-experimental approach to the QCD Phase Diagram

The Beam Energy Scan (BES) program at RHIC was launched with the specific aim to explore the QCD (Quantum Chromodynamics) Phase Diagram. Particular emphasis was given to the search for phase boundaries and the location of the Critical Point (CP). The first run with AuAu collisions at 7.7, 11.5, and 39 GeV took place in 2010, and the next one, with energies of 18 and 27 GeV, will start in a few months. The results of the first stage of the BES program obtained by the STAR (Solenoidal Tracker at RHIC) experiment are presented and discussed, as well as plans for the future of the program.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Microrheology close to an equilibrium phase transition

We investigate the microstructural and microrheological response to a tracer particle of a two-dimensional colloidal suspension under thermodynamic conditions close to a liquid-gas phase boundary. On the liquid side of the binodal, increasing the velocity of the (repulsive) tracer leads to the development of a pronounced cavitation bubble, within which the concentration of colloidal particles is strongly depleted. The tendency of the liquid to cavitate is characterized by a dimensionless “colloidal cavitation” number. On the gas side of the binodal, a pulled (attractive) tracer leaves behind it an extended trail of colloidal liquid, arising from downstream advection of a wetting layer on its surface. For both situations the velocity dependent friction is calculated.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Effects of Aluminum and Molybdenum on the Phase Stability of Iron-Chromium Alloys: A First-Principles Study

The interaction between solute atoms is critical to the thermodynamic behavior of Fe-Cr alloys, but the effects of non-dilute Al and Mo on the Fe-Cr phase stability and vacancy formation energy are not clearly understood. In this study, density functional theory, cluster expansion, and Monte Carlo simulation are used to predict the effects of ternary solute elements on the thermodynamic properties in multicomponent Fe-Cr alloys. The machine learning regression approach is applied to train and construct energy models that accurately describe the complex chemical interactions. The computational outcomes include the prediction of the partial ternary phase diagram, mixing enthalpy, and vacancy formation energy for different compositions. The phase boundary calculation predicts a pronounced change of Cr solubility in bcc Fe by the addition of Al and the rejection of Al atoms from a’ precipitates. The mixing enthalpy calculation shows that Mo may also reduce the Cr solubility in bcc Fe. Additionally, the simulations show that non-dilute Cr decreases the vacancy formation energy in bcc Fe, while adding Al results in a less significant effect. Finally, the results demonstrate important applications of using machine learning energy models to study model or commercial alloys with multicomponent solute species and point defects.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

In-situ EBSD study of deformation behavior of retained austenite in a low-carbon quenching and partitioning steel via uniaxial tensile tests

Through using in-situ electron back-scattered diffraction and uniaxial tensile tests, this work mainly focuses on the deformation behavior of retained austenite (RA) in a low-carbon quenching and partitioning (Q&P) steel. In this paper, three different types of RA can be distinguished from different locations, respectively, RA grains at the triple edges, twinned austenite and RA grains positioned between martensite. The results have shown that grains at the triple edges and twinned austenite could transform easily with increasing strain, i.e. are less stable when compared with RA grains distributed between martensite that could resist a larger plastic deformation. Meanwhile, the strain leads to rotations of RA grains distributed at the triple edges and between martensite. Moreover, RA grains with a similar orientation undergone similar rotations with the same true strain. These RA grains rotated along a specific slip plane and slip direction and the grain rotation is taken as a significant factor to improve the ductility of steel. In addition, grain sizes of RA decreased gradually with an increase of true strain and smaller (0–0.2 μm) grains were more capable of resisting the deformation. According to kernel average misorientation (KAM) analysis, it can be found that strain distribution is preferentially localized near martensite–austenite phase boundaries and in the interior of martensite. The average KAM values increased continuously with increasing true strain. - Highlights: •The in-situ and ex-situ tensile specimens differ to some extent in mechanical properties. •Retained austenite grains at the triple edges and twinned austenite transformed easily at the early stage of true strain. •Film-like retained austenite grains only rotated prior to the transformation during straining. •Retained austenite grains having with a similar orientation experienced similar rotations during the same true strain.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1993

Viewpoint 9--molecular structure of aqueous interfaces

In this review we summarize recent progress in our understanding of the structure of aqueous interfaces emerging from molecular level computer simulations. It is emphasized that the presence of the interface induces specific structural effects which, in turn, influence a wide variety of phenomena occurring near the phase boundaries. At the liquid-vapor interface, the most probable orientations of a water molecule is such that its dipole moment lies parallel to the interface, one O-H bond points toward the vapor and the other O-H bond is directed toward the liquid. The orientational distributions are broad and slightly asymmetric, resulting in an excess dipole moment pointing toward the liquid. These structural preferences persist at interfaces between water and nonpolar liquids, indicating that the interactions between the two liquids in contact are weak. It was found that liquid-liquid interfaces are locally sharp but broadened by capillary waves. One consequence of anisotropic orientations of interfacial water molecules is asymmetric interactions, with respect to the sign of the charge, of ions with the water surface. It was found that even very close to the surface ions retain their hydration shells. New features of aqueous interfaces have been revealed in studies of water-membrane and water-monolayer systems. In particular, water molecules are strongly oriented by the polar head groups of the amphiphilic phase, and they penetrate the hydrophilic head-group region, but not the hydrophobic core. At infinite dilution near interfaces, amphiphilic molecules exhibit behavior different from that in the gas phase or in bulk water. This result sheds new light on the nature of hydrophobic effect in the interfacial regions. The presence of interfaces was also shown to affect both equilibrium and dynamic components of rates of chemical reactions. Applications of continuum models to interfacial problems have been, so far, unsuccessful. This, again, underscores the importance of molecular-level information about interfaces.

Review, Tutorial↗
DOE OSTI2020

Structure and good piezoelectric performance in the complex system of Pb[(Zn,Ni)Nb]O 3 –Pb[(In,Yb)Nb]O 3 –Pb(Zr,Hf,Ti)O 3

High-performance piezoelectrics are always demanded for the high-end application. In this study, a complex piezoelectric system of 0.49Pb(Zn 1/2 Ni 1/2 ) 1/3 Nb 2/3 O 3 – x Pb(In 1/2 Yb 1/2 ) 1/2 Nb 1/2 O 3 –(0.51 – x )Pb(Zr 1/2 Hf 1/2 ) 0.1 Ti 0.9 O 3 (0.16 ≤ x ≤ 0.23) was fabricated through the solid-state method. The structure, ferroelectric, piezoelectric, and dielectric properties were investigated. The optimum piezoelectric coefficient d 33 of 761 pC/N, high Curie temperature of 169 °C, dielectric permittivity ( ε r ) of 4557, and electromechanical coupling coefficient ( k p ) of 63% were found at the morphotropic phase boundary composition of x = 0.19, which are superior to other complex piezoelectric materials. In particular, a significant large-signal d 33 * of 913 pm/V and low strain hysteresis (6%) was obtained in the temperature range of 20–170 °C. Temperature-dependent x-ray diffraction (XRD) has demonstrated that good temperature stability is put down to the structure stability. The agreement between the calculated lattice strain from in situ high-energy synchrotron XRD data and the macroscopic measurements suggests that the large lattice strain has a dominant contribution to the high piezoelectric response. The high piezoelectric performance and good temperature stability makes it potential for application.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

IMPROVING INTERMEDIATE TEMPERATURE PERFORMANCE OF NI-YSZ CERMET ANODES FOR SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS BY INFILTRATION OF NICKEL NANOPARTICLES AND MIXED IONIC ELECTRONIC CONDUCTOR

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are one of the most efficient and environment-friendly devices for electricity generation. One critical challenge of SOFC commercialization is high cell operating temperatures (800°C-1000°C), which lead to high material costs, high performance degradation rates, long start-up and shutdown times, and limited portable applications. Intermediate temperature (600°C-800°C) operation of SOFCs is limited by sluggish electrode reaction kinetics. The objective of this research is to improve intermediate temperature performance of commercially available Ni-YSZ cermet anode supported SOFCs by liquid infiltration of the anode. One effective method to improve kinetics of electrochemical reactions at the anode is to increase the density of reaction sites, which are known as the triple phase boundaries (TPBs). The porous Ni-YSZ cermet anodes were liquid infiltrated with Ni nanoparticles, leading to a four-fold increase in TPB density in the anode. The improved electrochemical performance of the infiltrated cells compared to the uninfiltrated cells highlights the effectiveness of anode infiltration in facilitating improved anode electrochemical reaction kinetics. However, the post-electrochemical testing characterization revealed that Ni nanoparticles were not stable due to Ni coarsening and were mostly isolated indicating that not all of the additional TPBs were fully utilized in electrochemical reactions due to the lack of an electronic pathway between the Ni nanoparticles. In order to improve microstructural stability of the infiltrated Ni nanoparticles, and to fully utilize the added TPBs, co-infiltration of Ni with a mixed ionic and electronic conductor (MIEC) was carried out. Two MIEC materials are chosen based on their chemical stability and conductivity in the anode operating environments; Gd 0.1 Ce 0.9 O 2-δ (GDC), a predominantly an ionic conductor, and La 0.6 Sr 0.3 Ni 0.15 Cr 0.85 O 3-δ (LSNC), a predominantly electronic conductor, and cells were successfully co-infiltrated to form Ni-GDC and Ni-LSNC nanostructures with the MIEC phases connecting the Ni nanoparticles. Stability tests demonstrated that both MIECs inhibited Ni nanoparticle coarsening. Electrochemical studies showed that Ni-GDC is the most effective for improved anode kinetics. A long-term (120 hours) electrochemical test indicated that infiltration of Ni-GDC into Ni-YSZ cermet anode effectively improves overall cell performance at intermediate temperatures and maintains the performance gain for a long period of time.

Lu, Yanchen↗
DOE OSTI2024

Self-Assembly of a Triblock Copolymer in the Presence of a Rigid Conjugated Polyelectrolyte

The properties of conducting polymers are strongly influenced by structural changes induced by long-range order, which can be achieved by using block copolymers that self-assemble into crystalline structures. These blends result in unique mesophases distinct from the pure components with self-assembly behavior modulated by solution conditions and polymer architectures. High-throughput small-angle X-ray scattering data of aqueous Pluronic P123 (PEO 20 –PPO 70 –PEO 20 ) and conjugated polyelectrolyte poly[3-(potassium-4-butanoate) thiophene-2,5-diyl] (PPBT) blends at various concentrations and temperatures were automatically classified into phase maps by autophasemap, an unsupervised statistical analysis algorithm. The outlined phase boundaries revealed that adding PPBT to high P123 concentrations induced a transition from cubicly ordered spherical micelles to hexagonally packed cylindrical micelles. Shear alignment via rheological small-angle neutron scattering of the blends produced monolithic oriented cubic and hexagonal crystal gels. Furthermore, these insights into the self-assembly of conductive polymer blends will aid in the design of soft materials with tunable structural and electronic properties.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2014

Electronic transitions and dielectric functions of relaxor ferroelectric Pb(In{sub 1∕2}Nb{sub 1∕2})O{sub 3}-Pb(Mg{sub 1∕3}Nb{sub 2∕3})O{sub 3}-PbTiO{sub 3} single crystals: Temperature dependent spectroscopic study

Optical properties and phase transitions of Pb(In{sub 1∕2}Nb{sub 1∕2})O{sub 3}-Pb(Mg{sub 1∕3}Nb{sub 2∕3})O{sub 3}-PbTiO{sub 3} (PIN-PMN-PT) crystals near morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) have been investigated by temperature dependent transmittance and reflectance spectra. Three critical point energies E{sub g} = 3.17–3.18 eV, E{sub a} = 3.41–3.61 eV, and E{sub b} = 4.74–4.81 eV can be assigned to the transitions from oxygen 2p to titanium d, niobium d, and lead 6p states, respectively. They show narrowing trends with increasing temperature, which can be caused by thermal expansion of the lattice and electron-phonon interaction. Deviation from the linear behaviors can be observed from E{sub a} and E{sub b} versus PT concentration, indicating a complex multiphase structure near MPB region.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Sensitivity of magnetohydrodynamic simulations of Joule-heated conductors to the vaporization curve in equations of state

Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of electrically exploded aluminum and copper rods demonstrate a technique to validate equations of state (EOS) for rapidly Joule-heated conductors. The balance of internal and magnetic forces at the conductor-insulator interface drives the metal there along the vaporization phase boundary. Variations between critical points and vaporization curves in existing models predict differing densities and temperatures in MHD simulations for these models. Here, the inclusion of Maxwell constructs in the liquid-vapor biphase region of the EOS caused the rod surface to vaporize earlier in time than unmodified tables with van der Waals loops. Velocimetry of recent experiments is used to validate the location of the vaporization curve in existing EOS models and differentiate between the vapor dome treatments. Dielectric coatings applied to the metal surface restricted the conductor’s expansion and diverted the metal into the warm dense matter regime.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2012

Room-temperature MBE deposition, thermoelectric properties, and advanced structural characterization of binary Bi[subscript 2]Te[subscript 3] and Sb[subscript 2]Te[subscript 3] thin films

Sb{sub 2}Te{sub 3} and Bi{sub 2}Te{sub 3} thin films were grown at room temperature on SiO{sub 2} and BaF{sub 2} substrates using molecular beam epitaxy. A layer-by-layer growth was achieved such that metallic layers of the elements with 0.2 nm thickness were deposited. The layer structure in the as-deposited films was confirmed by X-ray diffraction and was seen more clearly in Sb{sub 2}Te{sub 3} thin films. Subsequent annealing was done at 250 C for 2 h and produced the Sb{sub 2}Te{sub 3} and Bi{sub 2}Te{sub 3} crystal structure as confirmed by high-energy X-ray diffraction. This preparation process is referred to as nano-alloying and it was demonstrated to yield single-phase thin films of these compounds. In the thin films a significant texture could be identified with the crystal c axis being almost parallel to the growth direction for Sb{sub 2}Te{sub 3} and tilted by about 30{sup o} for Bi{sub 2}Te{sub 3} thin films. In-plane transport properties were measured for the annealed films at room temperature. Both films yielded a charge carrier density of about 2.6 x 10{sup 19} cm{sup -3}. The Sb{sub 2}Te{sub 3} films were p-type, had a thermopower of +130 {micro}V K{sup -1}, and surprisingly high mobilities of 402 cm{sup 2} V{sup -1} s{sup -1}. The Bi{sub 2}Te{sub 3} films were n-type, showed a thermopower of -153 {micro}V K{sup -1}, and yielded significantly smaller mobilities of 80 cm2 V{sup -1} s{sup -1}. The chemical composition and microstructure of the films were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on cross sections of the thin films. The grain sizes were about 500 nm for the Sb{sub 2}Te{sub 3} and 250 nm for the Bi{sub 2}Te{sub 3} films. In the Bi{sub 2}Te{sub 3} thin film, energy-filtered TEM allowed to image a Bi-rich grain boundary phase, several nanometers thick. This secondary phase explains the poor mobilities of the Bi{sub 2}Te{sub 3} thin film. With these results the high potential of the nano-alloying deposition technique for growing films with a more complex layer architecture is demonstrated.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2016

Temperature-dependent dielectric and energy-storage properties of Pb(Zr,Sn,Ti)O{sub 3} antiferroelectric bulk ceramics

The dielectric and energy-storage properties of Pb{sub 0.99}Nb{sub 0.02}[(Zr{sub 0.60}Sn{sub 0.40}){sub 0.95}Ti{sub 0.05}]{sub 0.98}O{sub 3} (PNZST) bulk ceramics near the antiferroelectric (AFE)-ferroelectric (FE) phase boundary are investigated as a function of temperature. Three characteristic temperatures T{sub 0}, T{sub C}, T{sub 2} are obtained from the dielectric temperature spectrum. At different temperature regions (below T{sub 0}, between T{sub 0} and T{sub C}, and above T{sub C}), three types of hysteresis loops are observed as square double loop, slim loop and linear loop, respectively. The switching fields and recoverable energy density all first increase and then decrease with increasing temperature, and reach their peak values at ∼T{sub 0}. These results provide a convenient method to optimize the working temperature of antiferroelectric electronic devices through testing the temperature dependent dielectric properties of antiferroelectric ceramics.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2018

Regimes of the Pomeron and its intrinsic entropy

We suggest that the perturbative and non-perturbative descriptions of the Pomeron can be viewed as complementary descriptions of different phases in the Pomeron phase diagram, with a phase boundary where the proper description of the produced systems is “string balls”. Their intrinsic entropy is calculated and turned out to be the same, as the recently reported perturbative entanglement entropy. The distribution of large multiplicities stemming from the string balls is also wide, with its moments close to those reported for hadrons in pp collisions at the LHC. At low-x, the quantum string is so entangled that sufficiently weak string self-attraction can cause it to turn to a string ball dual to a black hole. We suggest that low-x saturation occurs when the density of wee-strings reaches the Bekenstein bound, with a proton size that freezes with increasing rapidity. Some of these observations maybe checked at the future eIC.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Ferroelectric domain structure of anisotropically strained NaNbO{sub 3} epitaxial thin films

NaNbO{sub 3} thin films have been grown under anisotropic biaxial strain on several oxide substrates by liquid-delivery spin metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Compressive lattice strain of different magnitude, induced by the deposition of NaNbO{sub 3} films with varying film thickness on NdGaO{sub 3} single crystalline substrates, leads to modifications of film orientation and phase symmetry, which are similar to the phase transitions in Pb-containing oxides near the morphotropic phase boundary. Piezoresponse force microscopy measurements exhibit large out-of-plane polarization components, but no distinctive domain structure, while C-V measurements indicate relaxor properties in these films. When tensile strain is provoked by the epitaxial growth on DyScO{sub 3}, TbScO{sub 3}, and GdScO{sub 3} single crystalline substrates, NaNbO{sub 3} films behave rather like a normal ferroelectric. The application of these rare-earth scandate substrates yields well-ordered ferroelectric stripe domains of the type a{sub 1}/a{sub 2} with coherent domain walls aligned along the [001] substrate direction as long as the films are fully strained. With increasing plastic lattice relaxation, initially, a 2D domain pattern with still exclusively in-plane electric polarization, and finally, domains with in-plane and out-of-plane polar components evolve.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2022

Imaging Phase Segregation in Nanoscale Li x CoO 2 Single Particles

Li x CoO 2 (LCO) is a common battery cathode material that has recently emerged as a promising material for other applications including electrocatalysis and as electrochemical random access memory (ECRAM). During charge– discharge cycling LCO exhibits phase transformations that are significantly complicated by electron correlation. While the bulk phase diagram for an ensemble of battery particles has been studied extensively, it remains unclear how these phases scale to nanometer dimensions and the effects of strain and diffusional anisotropy at the single-particle scale. Understanding these effects is critical to modeling battery performance and for predicting the scalability and performance of electrocatalysts and ECRAM. Here we investigate isolated, epitaxial LiCoO 2 islands grown by pulsed laser deposition. After electrochemical cycling of the islands, conductive atomic force microscopy (c-AFM) is used to image the spatial distribution of conductive and insulating phases. Above 20 nm island thicknesses, we observe a kinetically arrested state in which the phase boundary is perpendicular to the Li-planes; we propose a model and present image analysis results that show smaller LCO islands have a higher conductive fraction than larger area islands, and the overall conductive fraction is consistent with the lithiation state. Thinner islands (14 nm), with a larger surface to volume ratio, are found to exhibit a striping pattern, which suggests surface energy can dominate below a critical dimension. When increasing force is applied through the AFM tip to strain the LCO islands, significant shifts in current flow are observed, and underlying mechanisms for this behavior are discussed. The c-AFM images are compared with photoemission electron microscopy images, which are used to acquire statistics across hundreds of particles. Finally, the results indicate that strain and morphology become more critical to electrochemical performance as particles approach nanometer dimensions.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Phase transitions in high-purity zirconium under dynamic compression

In this work, we present results from ramp compression experiments on high-purity Zr that show the α → ω, ω → β, as well as reverse β → ω phase transitions. Simulations with a multi-phase equation of state and phenomenological kinetic model match the experimental wave profiles well. While the dynamic α ! ! transition occurs ~ 9 GPa above the equilibrium phase boundary, the ω → β transition occurs within 0.9 GPa of equilibrium. We estimate that the dynamic compression path intersects the equilibrium ω – β line at P = 29:2 GPa, and T = 490 K. The thermodynamic path in the interior of the sample lies ~ 100 K above the isentrope at the point of the ω → β transition. Approximately half of this dissipative temperature rise is due to plastic work, and half is due to the non-equilibrium α → ω transition. The inferred rate of the α → ω transition is several orders of magnitude higher than that measured in dynamic diamond anvil cell (DDAC) experiments in an overlapping pressure range. We discuss a model for the influence of shear stress on the nucleation rate. We find that the shear stress s ji has the same effect on the nucleation rate as a pressure increase δP = cϵ ij s ji /(ΔV/V); where c is a geometric constant ~ 1 and, ϵ ij are the transformation shear strains. The small fractional volume change ΔV/V ≈ 0:1 at the α → ω transition amplifies the effect of shear stress, and we estimate that for this case δP is in the range of several GPa. Correcting our transition rate to a hydrostatic rate brings it approximately into line with the DDAC results, suggesting that shear stress plays a significant role in the transformation rate.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2012

Nonstoichiometry, point defects and magnetic properties in Sr{sub 2}FeMoO{sub 6-{delta}} double perovskites

The phase stability, nonstoichiometry and point defect chemistry of polycrystalline Sr{sub 2}FeMoO{sub 6-{delta}} (SFMO) was studied by thermogravimety at 1000, 1100, and 1200 Degree-Sign C. Single-phase SFMO exists between -10.2{<=}log pO{sub 2}{<=}-13.7 at 1200 Degree-Sign C. At lower oxygen partial pressure a mass loss signals reductive decomposition. At higher pO{sub 2} a mass gain indicates oxidative decomposition into SrMoO{sub 4} and SrFeO{sub 3-x}. The nonstoichiometry {delta} at 1000, 1100, and 1200 Degree-Sign C was determined as function of pO{sub 2}. SFMO is almost stoichiometric at the upper phase boundary (e.g. {delta}=0.006 at 1200 Degree-Sign C and log pO{sub 2}=-10.2) and becomes more defective with decreasing oxygen partial pressure (e.g. {delta}=0.085 at 1200 Degree-Sign C and log pO{sub 2}=-13.5). Oxygen vacancies are shown to represent majority defects. From the temperature dependence of the oxygen vacancy concentration the defect formation enthalpy was estimated ({Delta}H{sub OV}=253{+-}8 kJ/mol). Samples of different nonstoichiometry {delta} were prepared by quenching from 1200 Degree-Sign C at various pO{sub 2}. An increase of the unit cell volume with increasing defect concentration {delta} was found. The saturation magnetization is reduced with increasing nonstoichiometry {delta}. This demonstrates that in addition to Fe/Mo site disorder, oxygen nonstoichiometry is another source of reduced magnetization values. - Graphical abstract: Nonstoichiometry {delta} of Sr{sub 2}FeMoO{sub 6-{delta}} as function of oxygen partial pressure at 1000, 1100, and 1200 Degree-Sign C. Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Sr{sub 2}FeMoO{sub 6-{delta}} is stable at T=1200 Degree-Sign C at low pO{sub 2} only. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Nonstoichiometry {delta} measured at 1200, 1100, and 1000 Degree-Sign C. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Increase of oxygen vacancy concentration with lower pO{sub 2}. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Reduction of magnetization with increasing nonstoichiometry {delta}.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗