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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 703 records · Page 39
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS2007

Super-long Anabiosis of Ancient Microorganisms in Ice and Terrestrial Models for Development of Methods to Search for Life on Mars, Europa and other Planetary Bodies

Successful missions to Mars, Europe and other bodies of the Solar system have created a prerequisite to search for extraterrestrial life. The first attempts of microbial life detection on the Martian surface by the Viking landed missions gave no biological results. Microbiological investigations of the Martian subsurface ground ice layers seem to be more promising. It is well substantiated to consider the Antarctic ice sheet and the Antarctic and Arctic permafrost as terrestrial analogues of Martian habitats. The results of our long-standing microbiological studies of the Antarctic ice would provide the basis for detection of viable microbial cells on Mars. Our microbiological investigations of the deepest and thus most ancient strata of the Antarctic ice sheet for the first time gave evidence for the natural phenomenon of long-term anabiosis (preservation of viability and vitality for millennia years). A combination of classical microbiological methods, epifluorescence microscopy, SEM, TEM, molecular diagnostics, radioisotope labeling and other techniques made it possible for us to obtain convincing proof of the presence of pro- and eukaryotes in the Antarctic ice sheet. In this communication, we will review and discuss some critical issues related to the detection of viable microorganisms in cold terrestrial environments with regard to future searches for microbial life and/or its biological signatures on extraterrestrial objects.

Abyzov, S. S.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Ecosystems and Networks Integrated with Genes and Molecular Assemblies (ENIGMA). Final report

The goal of the Stahl lab is to use a combination of isotopic, genomic, and activity-based analyses in the field, of selected field isolates, and defined synthetic communities to identify sources and sinks of different nitrogen species in the field, focusing on the FRC at the ORNL. The most general research objective is to characterize variants in the pathway for denitrification among field isolates and synthetic microbial assemblies as a foundation for predicting the biotic and abiotic controls of nitrogen and carbon transformations in the field. Specifically, we have focused on characterizing environmental controls of nitrous oxide emissions, an important greenhouse gas and ozone depleting molecule. Studies have mapped the flux of nitrous oxide and controlling genetic elements within the FRC subsurface, indicating the importance of different enzyme variants in nitrous oxide production and consumption in controlling surface emissions. We have developed methods to quantify and catalog the isotopic signatures imparted on nitrous oxide by different nitrous oxide reductase variants in isolated organisms and model synthetic communities. We have developed methods to quantify and catalog the nitrous oxide affinity of field relevant isolates and their biomass yield when respiring nitrous oxide on different carbon substrates. We continue to expand the collection of field-relevant microbial isolates within ENIGMA by focused enrichment and isolation from field material. These objectives have been facilitated by the development of new technologies, including: 1) the development of a multiplexed automated optical density measurement system for quantifying growth kinetics of microorganisms dependent on gaseous substrates in monoculture or gas exchange in synthetic communities and 2) the development of a microcalorimetric analysis format to quantify the impact of environmental stress on microbial maintenance energy. Since field relevant processes are mediated by assemblies of organisms interacting with each other and their local environment, we have also collaborated with other ENIGMA investigators on the assembly and characterization of synthetic communities. These studies have evaluated the role of organisms lacking a complete pathway for denitrification in the control of field processes, measuring process rates of assemblies of organisms that individually lack the full denitrification pathway but mediate the complete denitrification when growing together. These efforts have so far resulted in the publication of 18 peer reviewed papers ranging from ecological and physiological drivers of pathway optimization to field-scale process characterization.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Ecohydrological controls on root and microbial respiration in the East River watershed of Colorado

The main objective of this project was to conduct exploratory work to quantify how snow and rain water inputs influence the CO2 coming from the soil surface (soil CO2 flux), and its plant and microbial sources, in the East River watershed, near Crested Butte, Colorado. Knowledge gained from this effort laid the groundwork for a more comprehensive (ongoing) follow-on grant that is using a combination of experiments, field observations, machine learning and simulation modeling to fully disentangle these relationships. New field measurements were made at four locations along an elevational transect on Snodgrass Mountain at Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory. These sites were chosen to differ in total snowpack and water table depth, and included both deciduous (aspen) and evergreen (spruce/fir) forest types. We used automated measurements of soil CO2 concentrations to quantify the total soil CO2 flux, and the vertical CO2 production within the soil profile at each site. Isotope (radiocarbon, 14C) measurements determined how much of the CO2 emitted from the soil surface came from plant respiration (root metabolism) versus microbial respiration (decomposition of soil organic matter) sources. Supporting data on plant phenology and microbial dynamics provided context for the observed variation in respiration sources. This work was motivated by our overarching hypothesis that quantifying belowground plant and microbial processes separately, and how they are influenced by snow and rain inputs, is necessary for understanding and predicting how the East River watershed ecosystems will respond to future environmental change.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Efficient production of oxidized terpenoids via engineering fusion proteins of terpene synthase and cytochrome P450

The functionalization of terpenes using cytochrome P450 enzymes is a versatile route to the production of useful derivatives that can be further converted to value-added products. Many terpenes are hydrophobic and volatile making their availability as a substrate for P450 enzymes significantly limited during microbial production. In this study, we developed a strategy to improve the accessibility of terpene molecules for the P450 reaction by linking terpene synthase and P450 together. As a model system, fusion proteins of 1,8-cineole synthase (CS) and P450 cin were investigated and it showed an improved hydroxylation of the monoterpenoid 1,8-cineole up to 5.4-fold. Structural analysis of the CS-P450 cin fusion proteins by SEC-SAXS indicated a dimer formation with preferred orientations of the active sites of the two domains. We also applied the enzyme fusion strategy to the oxidation of a sesquiterpene epi-isozizaene and the fusion enzymes significantly improved albaflavenol production in engineered E. coli. From the analysis of positive and negative examples of the fusion strategy, we proposed key factors in structure-based prediction and evaluation of fusion enzymes. Developing fusion enzymes for terpene synthase and P450 presents an efficient strategy toward oxidation of hydrophobic terpene compounds. This strategy could be widely applicable to improve the biosynthetic titer of the functionalized products from hydrophobic terpene intermediates.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

metagRoot: a comprehensive database of protein families associated with plant root microbiomes

The plant root microbiome is vital in plant health, nutrient uptake, and environmental resilience. To explore and harness this diversity, we present metagRoot, a specialized and enriched database focused on the protein families of the plant root microbiome. MetagRoot integrates metagenomic, metatranscriptomic, and reference genome-derived protein data to characterize 71 091 enriched protein families, each containing at least 100 sequences. These families are annotated with multiple sequence alignments, CRISPR elements, hidden Markov models, taxonomic and functional classifications, ecosystem and geolocation metadata, and predicted 3D structures using AlphaFold2. MetagRoot is a powerful tool for decoding the molecular landscape of root-associated microbial communities and advancing microbiome-informed agricultural practices by enriching protein family information with ecological and structural context. The database is available at https://pavlopoulos-lab.org/metagroot/ or https://www.metagroot.org.

Chasapi, Maria N↗
DOE OSTI2021

Illuminating gut microbiome signaling pathways that regulate host circadian rhythms

The gut microbiome affects host physiology by modulating nutrient acquisition and creating chemical signals that are received by host receptors. The molecular details of the orchestration of these microbial signaling processes remain largely unclear. We used a function-centric approach to interrogate the mechanistic links between gut microbiome metabolism and host circadian rhythms. We used rodent models, including germ-free mice, to determine how the gut microbiome influences host chronobiology by assaying metabolites in the gut and in circulation, and we used activity-based protein profiling to provide direct functional links to individual taxa. We specifically investigated how externally imposed behavioral schedules, such as feeding schedules, can desynchronize biological rhythms in metabolic organs (e.g., the gut, pancreas, and liver) from the central circadian rhythms regulated by the brain. We hypothesize that the gut microbiome creates chemical signals that can be entrained by feeding/fasting schedule to induce internal metabolic misalignment. Elaborating on the findings of this project will elucidate the chemical signals from the microbiome that modulate biological rhythms in the host’s metabolic organs.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2025

SPRUCE Surface N2O fluxes measured with LI-7820, 2024

This dataset contains N2O (nitrous oxide) efflux rates measurements from the Spruce and Peatland Responses Under Changing Environments (SPRUCE) experimental site within the Marcell Experimental Forest in northern Minnesota, USA. Measurements were made manually with a LiCor N2O/H2O analyzer (LI-7820) and paired SmartChamber (LI-8200-01S) in June, August, and October (2024-06-24 to 2024-10-22). During each measurement, the SmartChamber was placed on 8” PVC collars that were installed in May 2024. N2O flux was derived from 10-minute flux measurements processed using SoilFluxPro software (v5.3.1) and fit to a linear model. Model slope and R2 are reported along with soil water, soil temperature, and air temperature observations made with SmartChamber sensors. N2O is a gaseous N species formed during the microbial processes of denitrification and ammonia oxidation, and is a powerful greenhouse gas. This dataset contains one data file in comma-separate values (*.csv) format. Additional metadata are provided: one data dictionary and a file-level metadata file in comma-separate values (.csv) format and a user guide in PDF (*.pdf) format.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2021

Coupled Biotic-Abiotic Processes Control Biogeochemical Cycling of Dissolved Organic Matter in the Columbia River Hyporheic Zone

A critical component of assessing the impacts of climate change on watershed ecosystems involves understanding the role that dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays in driving whole ecosystem metabolism. The hyporheic zone—a biogeochemical control point where ground water and river water mix—is characterized by high DOM turnover and microbial activity and is responsible for a large fraction of lotic respiration. Yet, the dynamic nature of this ecotone provides a challenging but important environment to parse out different DOM influences on watershed function and net carbon and nutrient fluxes. We used high-resolution Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry to provide a detailed molecular characterization of DOM and its transformation pathways in the Columbia river watershed. Samples were collected from ground water (adjacent unconfined aquifer underlying the Hanford 300 Area), Columbia river water, and its hyporheic zone. The hyporheic zone was sampled at five locations to capture spatial heterogeneity within the hyporheic zone. Our results revealed that abiotic transformation pathways (e.g., carboxylation), potentially driven by abiotic factors such as sunlight, in both the ground water and river water are likely influencing DOM availability to the hyporheic zone, which could then be coupled with biotic processes for enhanced microbial activity. The ground water profile revealed high rates of N and S transformations via abiotic reactions. The river profile showed enhanced abiotic photodegradation of lignin-like molecules that subsequently entered the hyporheic zone as low molecular weight, more degraded compounds. While the compounds in river water were in part bio-unavailable, some were further shown to increase rates of microbial respiration. Together, river water and ground water enhance microbial activity within the hyporheic zone, regardless of river stage, as shown by elevated putative amino-acid transformations and the abundance of amino-sugar and protein-like compounds. This enhanced microbial activity is further dependent on the composition of ground water and river water inputs. Our results further suggest that abiotic controls on DOM should be incorporated into predictive modeling for understanding watershed dynamics, especially as climate variability and land use could affect light exposure and changes to ground water essential elements, both shown to impact the Columbia river hyporheic zone.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

The Sugar Metabolic Model of Aspergillus niger Can Only Be Reliably Transferred to Fungi of Its Phylum

Fungi play a critical role in the global carbon cycle by degrading plant polysaccharides to small sugars and metabolizing them as carbon and energy sources. We mapped the well-established sugar metabolic network of Aspergillus niger to five taxonomically distant species (Aspergillus nidulans, Penicillium subrubescens, Trichoderma reesei, Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Dichomitus squalens) using an orthology-based approach. The diversity of sugar metabolism correlates well with the taxonomic distance of the fungi. The pathways are highly conserved between the three studied Eurotiomycetes (A. niger, A. nidulans, P. subrubescens). A higher level of diversity was observed between the T. reesei and A. niger, and even more so for the two Basidiomycetes. These results were confirmed by integrative analysis of transcriptome, proteome and metabolome, as well as growth profiles of the fungi growing on the corresponding sugars. In conclusion, the establishment of sugar pathway models in different fungi revealed the diversity of fungal sugar conversion and provided a valuable resource for the community, which would facilitate rational metabolic engineering of these fungi as microbial cell factories.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS2021

Space Biology Research and Biosensor Technologies: Past, Present, and Future

In light of future missions beyond low Earth orbit (LEO) and the potential establishment of bases on the Moon and Mars, the effects of the deep space environment on biology need to be examined in order to develop protective countermeasures. Although many biological experiments have been performed in space since the 1960s, most have occurred in LEO and for only short periods of time. These LEO missions have studied many biological phenomena in a variety of model organisms, and have utilized a broad range of technologies. However, given the constraints of the deep space environment, upcoming deep space biological missions will be largely limited to microbial organisms and plant seeds using miniaturized technologies. Small satellites such as CubeSats are capable of querying relevant space environments using novel, miniaturized instruments and biosensors. CubeSats also provide a low-cost alternative to larger, more complex missions, and require minimal crew support, if any. Several have been deployed in LEO, but the next iterations of biological CubeSats will travel beyond LEO. They will utilize biosensors that can better elucidate the effects of the space environment on biology, allowing humanity to return safely to deep space, venturing farther than ever before.

space biology↗
DOE OSTI2024

The Effect of the Prior and the Experimental Design on the Inference of the Precision Matrix in Gaussian Chain Graph Models

Here, we investigate whether (and how) experimental design could aid in the estimation of the precision matrix in a Gaussian chain graph model, especially the interplay between the design, the effect of the experiment and prior knowledge about the effect. Estimation of the precision matrix is a fundamental task to infer biological graphical structures like microbial networks. We compare the marginal posterior precision of the precision matrix under four priors: flat, conjugate Normal-Wishart, Normal-MGIG and a general independent. Under the flat and conjugate priors, the Laplace-approximated posterior precision is not a function of the design matrix rendering useless any efforts to find an optimal experimental design to infer the precision matrix. In contrast, the Normal-MGIG and general independent priors do allow for the search of optimal experimental designs, yet there is a sharp upper bound on the information that can be extracted from a given experiment. We confirm our theoretical findings via a simulation study comparing (i) the KL divergence between prior and posterior and (ii) the Stein’s loss difference of MAPs between random and no experiment. Our findings provide practical advice for domain scientists conducting experiments to better infer the precision matrix as a representation of a biological network.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Aligning theoretical and empirical representations of soil carbon-to-nitrogen stoichiometry with process-based terrestrial biogeochemistry models

Soil carbon-nitrogen (C:N) stoichiometry acts as a control over decomposition and soil organic matter formation and loss, making it a key soil property for understanding ecosystem dynamics and projected ecosystems responses to global environmental change. However, the controls of soil C:N and how they respond to increasing pressures from global change agents are not fully understood. The “foundational” controls on soil C:N, namely plant and microbial C:N, have been used to predict soil C:N, but fail to accurately simulate all ecosystems and may be insufficient for predictions under global environmental change. Here we present an “emerging” representation of controls of soil C:N that includes plant-microbe-mineral feedbacks that have been shown to regulate soil C:N. We argue that including representation of these emerging drivers in process-based terrestrial biogeochemistry models, which include biological N fixation, mycorrhizae, priming, root exudation of organic acids, and mineralogy (including soil texture, mineral composition, and aggregation), will improve mechanistic representation of soil C:N and associated processes. Such improvements will produce models that will better simulate a variety of ecological states and predict soil C:N when global changes modify plant-microbe-mineral interactions. Here, we align our empirical understanding of controls of soil C:N with those controls represented in models, identifying contexts where emerging drivers might be particularly important to represent (e.g., priming and root exudation in nutrient-limited conditions) and areas of future work. Additionally, we show that implementing emerging drivers of soil C:N results in different simulated outcomes at steady state and in response to elevated atmospheric CO2. Our review and preliminary simulations support the need to incorporate emerging drivers of soil C:N into process-based terrestrial biogeochemistry models, allowing for both theoretical exploration of mechanisms and potentially more accurate predictions of land biogeochemical responses to global change.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Novel Microbial Based Enzymatic CO 2 Fixation Mechanisms

The broad, long term goal of the research is to provide insight into the mechanism of novel carboxylation reactions catalyzed by enzymes involved in bacterial alkene, ketone, and epoxide metabolism. Novel convergent pathways in the model microorganism Xanthobacter autotrophicus have been described in which epoxides produced by alkene oxidation and ketones produced by the oxidation of alcohols are further carboxylated and utilized in energy yielding pathways. Both alkene/epoxide and alcohol/ketone pathways involve distinct carboxylases with unique molecular properties and cofactor requirements that represent alternative mechanisms of CO 2 fixation. The main focus and aims of this project is to provide structural basis for the mechanistic understanding of the reactions catalyzed by 2-ketopropyl coenzyme M oxidoreductase / carboxylase and acetone carboxylase, the terminal steps in the convergent pathways of alkene/epoxide and alcohol ketone metabolism in X. autotrophicus strain Py2. Interestingly, coenzyme M (CoM), the simplest known organic coenzyme, has been shown to have a central role in the pathway of alkene/epoxide carboxylation. Prior to this discovery CoM was thought only to be involved in methanogenesis in archaea. In addition to the carboxylation mechanisms, we are examining the enzymology of the biosynthesis of CoM in bacteria and we have already determined that it is biochemically distinct from that of CoM synthesized by methanogens. The proposed studies will reveal new and unique insights into CO 2 fixation pathways and carboxylation chemistry. We are utilizing a multidisciplinary approach involving kinetic studies, site-specific amino acid substitution studies, and the determination of high-resolution structures of enzymes in the presence of substrate analogs and mechanism base inhibitors to ascertain information concerning the biochemical mechanisms of enzyme catalyzed reactions. Within the context of the mission of the Department of Energy and the core activities of the Energy Biosciences, the results obtained in the study will reveal new insights into these novel carboxylation reactions and will provide the basis for the comparison of the mechanism of these interesting enzymes to other well-characterized biological mechanisms for CO 2 fixation and carboxylation. Knowledge concerning the mechanism of these enzymes provides the basis for an increased fundamental understanding of carboxylation chemistry that could contribute to future mechanisms for CO 2 capture and fixation and, in turn, to mitigating the effects of increasing concentrations of CO 2 on global climate change.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS1974

Mathematical estimation of the level of microbial contamination on spacecraft surfaces by volumetric air sampling

Microbiological sampling methods presently used for enumeration of microorganisms on spacecraft surfaces require contact with easily damaged components. Estimation of viable particles on surfaces using air sampling methods in conjunction with a mathematical model would be desirable. Parameters necessary for the mathematical model are the effect of angled surfaces on viable particle collection and the number of viable cells per viable particle. Deposition of viable particles on angled surfaces closely followed a cosine function, and the number of viable cells per viable particle was consistent with a Poisson distribution. Other parameters considered by the mathematical model included deposition rate and fractional removal per unit time. A close nonlinear correlation between volumetric air sampling and airborne fallout on surfaces was established with all fallout data points falling within the 95% confidence limits as determined by the mathematical model.

Oxborrow, G. S.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Effect of bacterial cell addition on Fe(III) reduction and soil organic matter transformation in a farmland soil

The coupled biogeochemical processes of Fe(III) reduction and organic matter transformation profoundly impact terrestrial carbon cycling. However, little is known about the microbial role in soil organic matter (SOM) transformation during Fe(III) bio-reduction. Here we investigated the bio-reduction behavior of a black farmland soil and corresponding SOM transformation under circumneutral and anoxic conditions. A model dissimilatory Fe reducing bacterium, Geobacter sulfurreducens, was added in either live or dead form in order to enhance Fe(III) reduction in soil and to evaluate the accompanying transformation of SOM. The progress of Fe reduction was monitored and SOM transformation was characterized by various spectroscopy methods. Results showed that addition of either dead or live G. sulfurreducens cells increased the Fe(III) reduction rate and extent. Without cell addition, SOM transformation was insignificant within 13 days of incubation, only with some consumption of aliphatic/protein compounds, apparently due to their higher bio-degradability. Addition of dead or live cells resulted in more drastic SOM transformation, but through different mechanisms. With dead cell amendment, cell necromass and debris stimulated the activity of indigenous soil microbes by serving as extra carbon/energy sources. During Fe(III) reduction, the aliphatic/protein compounds were preferentially consumed by indigenous microbial communities, similar to the treatment without cell addition but with a greater extent of consumption. In comparison, addition of live G. sulfurreducens cells stimulated degradation of less bioavailable compounds, including more saturated and higher molecular weight SOM. It is possible that fast depletion of labile SOM by live G. sulfurreducens cells favored utilization of less bioavailable molecules (such as those with more aromatic structures) by the originally dormant species in native microbial community, suggesting an active role of live Fe(III)-reducing bacteria in affecting SOM transformation. In addition, fast assimilation of microbial related carbon, such as aromatic proteins and microbial byproducts, into SOM pools was also observed. Overall, our results suggest that addition of Fe(III)-reducing bacteria to a native soil can enhance Fe(III) reduction and accelerate the turnover of SOM through various mechanisms. The study provides new insights into coupled Fe(III) reduction and SOM transformation, as well as the “priming effect” of SOM using microbial cells as substrate.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2020

Coastal Wetland Carbon Processes in a Warmer Climate (Final Report)

Coastal wetlands are global hotspots of carbon storage. Marshes, mangroves, and seagrass meadows account for about half of the total marine soil carbon budget and bury carbon at rates roughly equivalent to terrestrial forests despite occupying just 2.5% of Earth’s land area. Coastal wetlands have recently been recognized as important for storing carbon, but the future sink strength and carbon stock stability of these systems is uncertain because global change drivers such as temperature and elevated CO 2 disturb the complex ecology that drives high rates of soil carbon sequestration. The dynamics of coastal wetland carbon pools are not presently represented in earth system models. Our goals are to understand the influence of warming and elevated CO 2 on C cycling and to forecast the stability of tidal wetland soil carbon pools at the terrestrial-aquatic interface. We designed and implemented a novel field manipulation of elevated CO 2 and temperature and operated it from 2016 to 2020. We learned that plant communities and microbial communities respond differently to rising temperature, and that the net effects of these responses means that a modest amount of warming will increase tidal marsh carbon sequestration, while warming above that level will diminish the potential for additional carbon sequestration. In mathematical terms the system showed non-linear responses which are important for building forecast models.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2026

Innovations in underground hydrogen storage with multiphysics simulations, optimization, and monitoring: A review

Underground Hydrogen Storage (UHS) is a promising solution for large-scale energy storage and a critical component in advancing low-carbon energy system. Ensuring the safety and efficiency of UHS necessitates a comprehensive understanding of multiphysical interactions driven by cyclic pore fluid pressure fluctuations and coupled physicochemical processes. Here, this review examines the key geomechanical responses in UHS, including rock property variations under cyclic loading, fracture evolution and propagation, reservoir stress sensitivity, and fault stability. It also explores the impact of geochemical and microbial reactions on geomechanical characteristics. We provide an in-depth analysis of Thermal-Hydraulic-Mechanical-Chemical (THMC) coupled numerical simulations, highlighting their potential for future multi-scale modeling. Limitations of current machine learning (ML) approaches in addressing UHS challenges are highlighted, emphasizing the need for innovative ML-based methodologies. Operational strategies for hydrogen injection and production are reviewed, focusing on safety, efficiency, and economic viability. The necessity for multi-objective optimization (MOO) to balance storage efficiency, risk mitigation, and cost-effectiveness is also discussed. Current monitoring technologies are evaluated to ensure safe and efficient UHS operations. Finally, this review identifies critical knowledge gaps and underscores the importance of advancing geomechanical understanding under multiphysics-coupling. We highlight the need for ML-driven multiphysics theories, enhanced modeling techniques, and robust optimization strategies to improve UHS performance. This study serves as a comprehensive reference for future research and the large-scale implementation of UHS systems.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗