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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 703 records · Page 39
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1972

The solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell for the Space Shuttle Orbiter.

Recent developments in the General Electric solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell have demonstrated the capability of 2000 hours of maintenance-free life and the potential for 5000 to 10,000 hours of useful life with invariant performance. Hardware developments for a 5 kW fuel cell module directed toward NASA's Space Shuttle Orbiter application have demonstrated the capability of operation on propulsion-grade reactants, operation with simple stop/start procedures, and with a specific weight of 25 lb/kW for a complete module.

Chapman, L. E.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Indium sealing techniques.

Gold films are used as an alloying flux to form 5-micron-thick indium film seals at temperatures below 300 C. Pyrex was sealed to quartz, ULE, CER-VIT, Irtran 2, Ge, GaAs, Invar, Kovar, Al, and Cu. The seals can also be used as current feedthroughs and graded seals.

Hochuli, U.↗
NASA NTRS1973

The mammalian response to lunar particulates.

The response of germfree mice to subcutaneous and intraperitoneal injection of aqueous suspensions of lunar fine material (LFM) was evaluated. Both uninjected mice and mice injected with dry heat sterilized LFM were included as controls. After injection, the majority of mice were subjected to serial sacrifice to assess the time course of the tissue response. A smaller group of animals were held for lifespan studies. The observations suggest that LFM is relatively insoluble in tissue and that, while acting as a low grade irritant, it has little tendency to evoke reactive fibrosis.

Holland, J. M.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Advanced spacecraft fuel cell systems.

An evolutionary advanced technology program is described which is aimed at meeting the requirements of the next generation of fuel cell systems as well as providing technology fallout to ongoing mission oriented programs. The specific goals of the system selected for development are for 10,000 hr of operation with refurbishment, 20 lb/kW at a sustained power of 7 kW, and 21 kW peaking capability for durations of two hours. The system is designed to operate on low pressure propulsion grade hydrogen and oxygen.

Thaller, L. H.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Sampling nitric oxide from combustion gases.

Experimental study of several sampling tube and probe material compositions and designs aimed at preventing nitric oxide reduction when sampling nitric oxide from combustion gases. A 250,000 Btu/h furnace fired with technical grade methane was used for testing the sampling probes over a wide range of air-fuel mixtures. The results obtained include the finding that the use of stainless steel in probes creates inaccuracies in near-stoichiometric and fuel-rich sampling in hydrocarbon flames. For very fuel-rich flames, water cooling is needed even in quartz probes to prevent significant reduction of nitric oxide.-

England, C.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Efficiency increased in new solar cell: A Concept

Graded band-gap cell should be able to convert solar radiation into electrical energy more efficiently than any solar cell currently available. Thickness of band-gap region should be chosen to maximize both quantity of light absorbed in region and fraction of photogenerated charge carriers collect at junction.

Hutchby, J. A.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Transmitting and reflecting diffuser

A near-Lambertian diffuser is described which transmits and reflects ultraviolet light. An ultraviolet grade fused silica substrate is coated with vaporized fuse silica. The coating thickness is controlled, one thickness causing ultraviolet light to diffuse and another thickness causing ultraviolet light to reflect a near Lambertian pattern.

Keafer, L. S., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Interactive analysis and evaluation of ERTS data for regional planning and urban development: A Los Angeles Basin case study

The progression endemic to the ERTS Data Use Experiment SR 124 in data quality, analysis sophistication and applications responsiveness is reviewed. The roles of the variety of ERTS products, including the supporting underflight aircraft imagery at various scales, are discussed in the context of this investigation. The versatility of interpretation techniques and outputs developed and implemented via the General Electric Multispectral Information Extraction Systems is described and exemplified by both system-expository and applications-explanatory products. The wide-ranging and in-depth applications studied in the course of this experiment can be characterized as community-oriented and agency-directed. In the former, generic category, which is primarily data-contextual, problems analyzed dealt with agricultural systems, surface water bodies, snow cover, brush fire burns, forestry, grass growth, parks - golf courses - cemeteries, dust storms, grading sites, geological features and coastal water structure. The ERTS MSS band selectivity and measurements thresholds were of primary interest here. The agency-directed application areas have been user-evaluational in nature. Beginning with overall urbanized regional analysis of land cover density-development intensity, residential areas were analyzed for ascertaining if housing types could be aggregated with any degree of reliability.

Raje, S.↗
NASA NTRS1974

The use of ERTS-1 images in the search for large sulfide deposits in the Chagai District, Pakistan

The author has identified the following significant results. Visual examination of color composites was tested under relatively ideal conditions for direct detection of large hydrothermal sulfide deposits at the low-grade porphyry copper deposit at Saindak, western Chagai District, Pakistan. The Saindak deposit is characterized by an elongate zone of easily eroded sulfide-rich rock surrounded by a resistant rim of hornfels and propylitically altered rock. The geomorphic features related to the Saindak deposit are easily distinguished on ERTS-1 images. Attempts to detect a color anomaly using false-color composites were not successful. About 36,000 square km of the western Chagai District were examined on false-color composites for direct evidence of large sulfide deposits. New geologic information acquired from the images was used in conjunction with the known geology to evaluate two previously known proposed areas and to suggest seven additional targets for field checking, one of which is proposed on the basis of tonal anomaly alone. The study also showed that Saindak-type deposits are not likely to be present in some extensive areas of the Chagai District; and also that a rim like that at Saindak does not form if regional metamorphism has increased the resistance of the country rock to erosion.

Schmidt, R. G.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Study of monopropellants for electrothermal thrusters. Evaluation test program task summary report

An electrothermal thruster designed for operation with MIL-grade hydrazine is suitable for operation with propellants having lower freezing points. These propellants are 76% hydrazine - 24% hydrazine azide, Aerozine-50, 50% hydrazine - 50% monomethylydrazine, and a TRW-formulated mixture of 35% hydrazine - 50% monomethylhydrane - 15% ammonia. A steady-state specific impulse of 200 sec was exceeded by all propellants. A pulse-mode value of 175 sec specific impulse was exceeded by the azide blend for pulse widths greater than 50 ms and was met by the carbonaceous propellants for pulse widths greater than 100 ms. Longer residence times were required for the carbonaceous propellants; the original thruster design was modified by increasing the characteristic chamber length and density of screen packing. A substantial amount of thermal energy must be supplied to initiate decomposition of propellants containing unsymmetrical-dimethylhydrazine and monomethylhydrazine. The rate controlling factor appeared to be the endothermic removal of methyl radicals.

Kuenzly, J. D.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Hydrogen adsorption and diffusion, and subcritical-crack growth in high-strength steels and nickel base alloys

Coordinated studies of the kinetics of crack growth and of hydrogen adsorption and diffusion were initiated to develop information that is needed for a clearer determination of the rate controlling process and possible mechanism for hydrogen enhanced crack growth, and for estimating behavior over a range of temperatures and pressures. Inconel 718 alloy and 18Ni(200) maraging steel were selected for these studies. 18Ni(250) maraging steel, 316 stainless steel, and iron single crystal of (111) orientation were also included in the chemistry studies. Crack growth data on 18Ni(250) maraging steel from another program are included for comparison. No sustained-load crack growth was observed for the Inconel 718 alloy in gaseous hydrogen. Gaseous hydrogen assisted crack growth in the 18Ni maraging steels were characterized by K-independent (Stage 2) extension over a wide range of hydrogen pressures (86 to 2000 torr or 12 kN/m2 to 266 kN/m2) and test temperatures (-60 C to +100 C). The higher strength 18Ni(250) maraging steel was more susceptible than the lower strength 200 grade. A transition temperature was observed, above which crack growth rates became diminishingly small.

Wei, R. P.↗
NASA NTRS1973

The time dependent magnetization of fine-grained iron in lunar breccias

Lunar breccias of low metamorphic grade offer a unique opportunity to investigate the magnetic properties of dispersed fine-grained iron. These rocks exhibit a pronounced time-dependent magnetization whose acquisition and decay are well explained by Neel's single-domain theory. The effect is due to iron grains in the range from 120 to 150 A in diameter, which covers the transition from superparamagnetic to stable single-domain behavior.

Gose, W. A.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Carbon and sulfur distributions and abundances in lunar fines

Total sulfur abundances have been determined for 20 Apollo 14, 15, and 16 soil samples and one Apollo 14 breccia. Sulfur concentrations range from 474 to 844 microg S/g. Volatilization experiments on selected samples have been carried out using step-wise heating. Sample residues have been analyzed for their total carbon and sulfur abundances to establish the material balance in lunar fines for these two elements. Volatilization experiments have established that between 31 to 54 microg C/g remains in soils which have been heated at 1100 C for 24 hours under vacuum. The residual carbon is believed to be indigenous lunar carbon whereas all forms of carbon lost from samples below 1100 C is extralunar carbon. Total carbon and sulfur abundances taken from the literature have been used to show the depletion of volatile elements with increasing grade for the Apollo 14 breccias.

Gibson, E. K., Jr.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Four years of meteor spectra patrol

The development of the NASA-Langley Research Center meteor spectra patrol is described in general terms. The recording of very faint meteors was made possible by three great strides in optical and photographic technology in the 1960's: (1) the availability of optical-grade fused silica at modest cost, (2) the development of large transmission gratings with high blaze efficiency, and (3) the development of a method for avoiding plate fogging due to background skylight, which consisted of using a photoelectric meteor detector which actuates the spectrograph shutter when a meteor occurs in the field. The classification scheme for meteor spectra developed by Peter M. Millman is described.

Harvey, G. A.↗
NASA NTRS1974

On the age of the Onverwacht Group, Swaziland sequence, South Africa

Some rocks of the Onverwacht Group, South Africa, have been analyzed for Rb and Sr concentrations and Sr isotopic composition. These rocks include volcanic rocks, layered ultramafic differentiates and cherty sediments. Whole rock data indicate that the Rb-Sr isotopic systems in many samples were open and yield no reasonable isochron relationships. However, the data of mineral separates from a basaltic komatiite define a good isochron of 3.50 (plus or minus .2) b.y. with an initial Sr-87/Sr-86 ratio of 0.70048 plus or minus 5. The orthodox interpretation of this age is the time of the low grade metamorphism. It is reasonable to assume that the age of 3.50 b.y. might also represent the time of initial Onverwacht volcanism and deposition. The initial Sr-87/Sr-86 ratio obtained above is important to an understanding of the Sr isotopic composition of the Archean upper mantle.

Jahn, B.-M.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Low-Cost thin-layer silicon solar cells

Two methods have been found to lower cost of polycrystalline silicon solar cells. Successive layers of polycrystalline silicon are deposited over supporting substrates of relatively inexpensive metallurgical-grade polycrystalline silicon, graphite, or steel.

Chu, T. L.↗
NASA NTRS1974

The effect of microstructure on the fracture toughness of titanium alloys

The microstructure of the alpha titanium alloy Ti-5Al-2.5Sn and the metastable beta titanium alloy Beta 3 was examined. The material was from normal and extra low interstitial grade plates which were either air-cooled or furnace-cooled from an annealing treatment. Beta 3 was studied in alpha-aged and omega-aged plates which were heat treated to similar strength levels. Tensile and plane strain fracture toughness tests were conducted at room temperature on the alpha-aged material. The microstructure and fracture mechanisms of alloys were studied using optical metallography, electron microscopy, microprobe analyses, and texture pole figures. Future experiments are described.

Vanstone, R. H.↗