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At least 703 records · Page 39

Systems report for payload G-652: Project origins

Experiments conducted to investigate possible hardware configurations and methodologies for a Get Away Special payload designated G-652 are discussed. Test data collected from the operation of a free electron laser wiggler using simulated ram glow phenomenon are described. Results of an experiment to synthesize organic compounds within a primordial atmosphere using a laser induced plasma are discussed. An experiment is described which utilized neutron bombardment to assess the risk of genetic alterations in embyros in space.

Bellina, J.↗

Concurrent Algorithm For Particle-In-Cell Simulations

Separate decompositions used for particle-motion and field calculations. General Concurrent Particle-in-Cell (GCPIC) algorithm used to implement motions of individual plasma particles (ions and electrons) under influence of particle-in-cell (PIC) computer codes on concurrent processors. Simulates motions of individual plasma particles under influence of electromagnetic fields generated by particles themselves. Performed to study variety of nonlinear problems in plasma physics, including magnetic and inertial fusion, plasmas in outer space, propagation of electron and ion beams, free-electron lasers, and particle accelerators.

Liewer, Paulett C.↗

X-ray/EUV optics for astronomy and microscopy; Proceedings of the Meeting, San Diego, CA, Aug. 7-11, 1989

Topics included in these proceedings are on X-ray/EUV zone plates, filters, and windows; X-ray/EUV microscopes, telescopes, and monochromators; the design, characterization, and test of multilayer optics; the fabrication of X-ray/EUV multilayer optics; and the design, characterization, and test of grazing incidence X-ray optics. Other topics are on the fabrication of grazing incidence X-ray optics, X-ray/EUV space observatories and missions, the test and calibration of X-ray/EUV instruments, X-ray polarimetry, and X-ray/EUV spectroscopy and instruments. Papers are presented on 8-keV X-ray zone plates, a cylindrical X-ray multilayer monochromator, multilayer mirrors for 182 A, advanced flow polishing of exotic optical materials, and optical analysis of grazing incidence ring resonators for free-electron lasers. Attention is also given to X-ray mirrors for the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, the XUV wide-field camera for Rosat, an optical test and alignment method for the XMM mirror module, Bragg crystal polarimeters, and a liftoff process for multilayer phase gratings.

Hoover, Richard B.↗

Using Diffuse Scattering to Observe X-Ray-Driven Nonthermal Melting

We present results from the SPring-8 Angstrom Compact free electron LAser (SACLA) XFEL facility, using a high intensity ($\sim\!10^{20}\,$W/cm$^2$) X-ray pump X-ray probe scheme to observe changes in the ionic structure of silicon induced by X-ray heating of the electrons. By avoiding Laue spots in the scattering signal from a single crystalline sample, we observe a rapid rise in diffuse scattering, which we attribute to a loss of lattice order and a transition to a liquid state within 100 fs of irradiation, a timescale which agrees well with first principles simulations, but is faster than that predicted by purely inertial behavior. This method is capable of observing liquid scattering without masking or filtering of signal from the ambient solid, allowing the liquid structure to be measured throughout and beyond the phase change.

Hartley, Nicholas J.↗

Real-Time XFEL Data Analysis at SLAC and NERSC: a Trial Run of Nascent Exascale Experimental Data Analysis

X-ray scattering experiments using Free Electron Lasers (XFELs) are a powerful tool to determine the molecular structure and function of unknown samples (such as COVID-19 viral proteins). XFEL experiments are a challenge to computing in two ways: i) due to the high cost of running XFELs, a fast turnaround time from data acquisition to data analysis is essential to make informed decisions on experimental protocols; ii) data collection rates are growing exponentially, requiring new scalable algorithms. Here we report our experiences analyzing data from two experiments at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) during September 2020. Raw data were analyzed on NERSC's Cori XC40 system, using the Superfacility paradigm: our workflow automatically moves raw data between LCLS and NERSC, where it is analyzed using the software package CCTBX. We achieved real time data analysis with a turnaround time from data acquisition to full molecular reconstruction in as little as 10 min -- sufficient time for the experiment's operators to make informed decisions. By hosting the data analysis on Cori, and by automating LCLS-NERSC interoperability, we achieved a data analysis rate which matches the data acquisition rate. Furthermore, completing data analysis with 10 mins is a first for XFEL experiments and an important milestone if we are to keep up with data collection trends.

Blaschke, Johannes P.↗

Review: Real-space analyses of local dynamics in liquid using X-ray scattering

In this review, we advocate describing the liquid dynamics using the Van Hove correlation function, a temporal and spatial correlation function. Recent progress in X-ray optics and X-ray sources makes it possible to carry out inelastic and quasi-elastic x-ray scattering whose spectra can be converted into the dynamic correlation function in real space. We describe the basic concept of the Van Hove correlation function, how it is obtained from the X-ray scattering spectra using synchrotron X-rays and X-ray free electron lasers, and the atomic dynamics in water and aqueous salt solution.

Shinohara, Yuya↗

Dynamic Measurements of the Structural Evolution of Material Defects at the Mesoscale

This is a technical report to be published as part of the FY2021 annual overview package. We have designed experiments and developed analytical methods using images from x-ray and electron microscopy in order to quantify the behavior of crystal dislocation defects at their native nanometer-length and micro-length scales. The results of these analyses are used to directly inform theoretical physics models and guide interpretation of dark field x-ray microscopy (DFXM) images that offer spatial resolution surpassing the resolution of beamline optics. Additionally, we developed new analytical methods to automate the alignment of optics hardware used in both synchrotron and x-ray free electron laser beamline facilities. The tools and workflows developed for this project are now being deployed as proof-of-concept in reaction history analysis (RHA) for future programmatic integration.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

An Online Dynamic Amplitude-Correcting Gradient Estimation Technique to Align X-ray Focusing Optics

High-brightness X-ray pulses, as generated at synchrotrons and X-ray free electron lasers (XFELs), are used in a variety of scientific experiments. At these facilities, measurements often require optical equipment, e.g Compound Refractive Lenses (CRLs) to be precisely aligned and focused. The lateral alignment of CRLs to a beamline requires precise positioning along four axes: two translational, and the two rotational. At a synchrotron, alignment is often accomplished manually. However, XFEL beamlines present a beam brightness that fluctuates stochastically, making manual alignment a time-consuming endeavor. Automation using simplex or classic stochastic descent often fails, given the errant gradient estimates. Herein we present a dynamic-amplitude correction to the usual gradient based on the combination of a generalized finite difference stencil and a time-dependent sampling pattern. Intensity is recorded periodically, then used to normalize numerical derivatives against fluctuations. Error expectation is analyzed, and efficacy is demonstrated on classic benchmarks. We provide a proof of concept by laterally aligning optics on a simulated XFEL beamline using data recorded at both synchrotron and XFEL facilities.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Noise In Intense Electron Bunches

We report on our investigations into density fluctuations in electron bunches. Noise and density fluctuations in relativistic electron bunches, accelerated in a linac, are of critical importance to various Coherent Electron Cooling (CEC) [1-5] concepts as well as to free-electron lasers (FELs). For CEC, the beam noise results in additional diffusion that counteracts cooling. In SASE FELs, a micro-wave instability starts from the initial noise in the beam and eventually leads to the beam microbunching yielding coherent radiation, and the initial noise in the FEL bandwidth plays a useful role. In seeded FELs, in contrast, such noise interferes with the seed signal, so that reducing noise at the initial seed wavelength would lower the seed laser power requirement [6-8]. Status of the project will be presented.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

ERL-BASED COMPACT X-RAY FEL

We propose to develop an energy-recovery-linac (ERL)- based X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL). Taking advantage of the demonstrated high-efficiency energy recovery of the beam power in the ERL, the proposed concept offers the following benefits: i) recirculating the electron beam through high-gradient superconducting RF (SRF) cavities shortens the linac, ii) energy recovery in the SRF linac saves the klystron power and reduces the beam dump power, iii) the high average beam power produces a high average photon brightness. In addition, such a concept has the capability of delivering optimized high-brightness CW X-ray FEL performance at different energies with simultaneous multipole sources. In this paper, we will present the preliminary results on the study of feasibility, optics design and parameter optimization of such a device.

Lin, Fanglei↗

High-Performance Accelerator Modeling: Toward Improving Controls and Diagnostics for High-Brightness Beams in Experiment

One of the main charges of beam physics is to improve the overall beam quality delivered to experiments and applications, which is generally quantified by the beam brightness. High brightness beams have numerous applications, including x-ray free electron lasers and ultrafast electron diffraction (UED). To these ends, this thesis details efforts to use high-performance models --- high-fidelity models that execute quickly --- for controls and diagnostics. To demonstrate the generality of these techniques, this thesis focuses on three of the most successful photoinjector designs currently used worldwide: the UCLA/SLAC/BNL-type high-gradient S-band gun, the continuous-wave high-repetition rate VHF APEX gun and the L-band DESY-PITZ-type gun. Work will be shown from Pegasus (UCLA), HiRES (LBNL) and FAST (FNAL).Specifically, data-driven models for online virtual diagnostics are presented, in this case, in the context of UED at HiRES, leading to a temporal resolution improvement. Methods for improving the fidelity of physics-based models are discussed, with examples at HiRES, Pegasus and FAST. Markov-chain Monte Carlo analysis is applied to match simulations, in the context of photocathode studies at HiRES and Pegasus. Lastly, the augmentation of online model-based predictions with model-independent optimization is explored in a fluctuating environment at Pegasus and HiRES. A central theme of this dissertation is working with parameter fluctuations when modeling an accelerator beamline. Long-term drifts and shot-to-shot jitter exist in every accelerator to a varying degree and therefore play an important role in every chapter of this dissertation. This thesis attempts to address the issues associated with these fluctuations when trying to develop faithful model representations of the system.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Realizing Steady-State Microbunching with Optical Stochastic Crystallization

Optical Stochastic Cooling (OSC) is a state-of-the-art beam cooling technology first demonstrated in 2021 at the IOTA storage ring at Fermilab's FAST facility. A second phase of the research program is planned to run in early 2025 and will incorporate an optical amplifier to enable significantly increased cooling rates and greater operational flexibility. In addition to beam cooling, an OSC system can be configured to enable advanced control over the phase space of the beam. An example operational mode could enable crystallization, where the particles in a bunch are locked into a self-reinforcing, regular microstructure at the OSC fundamental wavelength; we refer to this as Optical Stochastic Crystallization (OSX). OSX represents a new path toward Steady-State Microbunching (SSMB), which may enable light sources combining the high brightness of a free-electron laser with the high repetition rate of a storage ring. Such a source has applications from the terahertz to the extreme ultraviolet (EUV), including high-power EUV generation for semiconductor lithography. This contribution will discuss the status of the OSC experimental program and its potential to achieve the first demonstration of SSMB during the upcoming experimental run.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

ASMS 2024 Investigation of Uranyl Perchlorate Anion Complexes in the Gas Phase via Infrared Multiphoton Dissociation and Collision Induced Dissociation

Investigation of Uranyl Perchlorate Anion Complexes in the Gas Phase via Infrared Multiphoton Dissociation and Collision Induced Dissociation Brittany D. M. Hodges, Christopher A. Zarzana, JungSoo Kim, Jonathan Martens, and W. C. M. Berden Introduction (120 words max) Effects of electronic structure on chemical bonding and reactivity play critical roles shaping the chemical bonding and reactivity behaviors of heavy elements. Understanding the role of f electrons in bond formation between the actinide-series elements like uranium with other ligands is critical for solving technical challenges associated with these heavy elements, important to nuclear fuel cycles, efficient separations of rare earth metals, and understanding the chemistry of stored nuclear fuels and related environmental management sites. In this study, we further examine the interactions between uranyl and the perchlorate ion in order to understand the structures of these ions through the use of IRMPD. Here we report the IRMPD spectra of [UO2(ClO4)3]-, [UO3(ClO4)2]-, and a proposed transition state. Methods (120 word max) IRMPD spectra and CID spectra were acquired using a Bruker amaZon QIT/MS instrument at the Free-Electron Lasers for Infrared eXperiments (FELIX) laboratory at Radboud University. The FELIX QIT/MS is modified to allow for the high-intensity tunable IR beam from FELIX to be directed into the ion packet, resulting in multiphoton dissociation that is measured only when the IR frequency is in resonance with an adequately high absorption vibrational mode of the mass-selected complex. DFT geometry optimizations and frequency calculations using the Gaussian suite of programs were performed using B3LYP, TPSSh, and PBE0 level of theory with 6-31+G(d) basis for the O, C, H, and N atoms and the SDD basis set for U. The SDD basis set employs the Stuttgart/Dresden effective core potential. Preliminary Data or Plenary Speakers Abstract (300 words max) Metal ion clusters of uranyl perchlorate were formed via direct electrospray ionization. For each metal ligand complex of interest, the parent ion was isolated and collision induced dissociation fragmentation and Infrared Multiphoton Dissociation (IRMPD) fragmentation spectra were acquired. Results presented here are the first look at the IRMPD spectra of [UO3(ClO4)2]-, [UO2(ClO4)3]-. Structures were examined using Gaussian at different levels of theory B3LYP level of theory, TPPSh and PBE0 levels, to reflect the behaviors of uranium metal ligand complexes most accurately. In these structures, we identified an overlap between each of these uranyl stretches resulting in their largely being obscured by a perchlorate mode. The CID product spectra agree with similar structures reported by Groenewold for uranyl nitrate in 2006 (10.1021/ja058106n).

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Rethinking Coherent Diffraction Instruments for High Brightness Sources

Over the past two decades, exceptional progress has been made providing coherent x-ray beams at both high-brightness synchrotron sources and x-ray free electron lasers (XFEL). The availability of these coherent x-rays has led to a surge in instruments that exploit x-ray coherence for either x-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) or coherent diffraction imaging (CDI). A key to these techniques has been to resolve, or at least nearly resolve, the speckles associated with the scattering from structural disorder. Given practical limits on detector pixel size, this requires long sample-to-detector distances. This paper presents numerical simulations of an instrument that can efMiciently provide a long sample-detector distance while maintaining the ability to rapidly set momentum transfer by inserting crystals with different order in the incident beam, thus changing in incident direction instead of moving the detector.

Fuoss, Paul H↗

A Self Consistent 2D Simulation of Coherent Synchrotron Radiation Effects on Beam Dynamics

An increasing interest in high quality and high current electron beams necessitates a thorough understanding and prediction of coherent synchrotron radiation effects. The self-interaction of charged particles in a beam undergoing synchrotron motion is a physically significant process that is all too often computationally intensive with very little analytical results to rely on for the general case. The coherent spectrum of this interaction is of utmost importance to the design of free electron lasers (FELs) and an accurate assessment is imperative for their design. This work presents a novel implementation to the numerical simulation of charged particle beams. The simulation is a self-consistent approach including the self-fields generated by the beam of which coherent synchrotron radiation effects are of primary interest. A particle-in-cell model is used where a planar beam sampled by point particles is deposited on an encompassing grid at each timestep. The electromagnetic fields are calculated on the grid using the retarded potentials according to causality. The electromagnetic forces from the fields are interpolated on each particle which in turn advance in time. The simulation is benchmarked against well-established results for coherent synchrotron radiation effects. In addition, studies are provided that show the convergence of simulation results for increasing resolution. A study into the transverse beam size effects on beam dynamics is performed as well as a proof of concept where the simulation is used by a genetic algorithm to optimize the design parameters of a beam lattice. The results of these studies in tandem verify the efficacy of the simulation for its practical use in accelerator design or the study of synchrotron radiation effects

Duffin, Dallan [Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, VA (U↗

Air attenuation of high power XFEL beams

The Linac Coherent Light Source-II, a high-repetition-rate x-ray free electron laser, produces high average power as well as high peak power. Air is a key radiation safety element, helping to contain the FEL beams from reaching accessible areas. At high average power, air absorption can produce a high temperature and low-density channel along the x-ray beam path. In this case, the x-ray attenuation no longer follows the Beer-Lambert equation, e-μx . Air attenuation measurements were performed with x-rays focused into a gas cell at the LCLS Time-resolved AMO instrument. The air transmission was observed to significantly increase with x-ray power. Simulations were also performed, which include the thermal processes related to the high average power. In comparison to the measurements, the calculated air transmission is higher, confirming that the simulations are conservative and suitable for radiation safety analyses.

42 ENGINEERING↗

Demonstration of a diamond anvil cell platform at the Linac Coherent Light Source: Capabilities and Outlook

A novel x-ray free electron laser (XFEL) diffraction setup for use with diamond anvil cells (DACs) at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) is described. Using the new diamond window at the Matter at Extreme Conditions (MEC) instrument, it allows hard x-ray experiments on DACs to be performed in air. The platform is described along with alignment and calibration procedures and details of the x-ray beam and diagnostics. Example data are presented, including a reversible XFEL induced phase transition in CsPbI3. The DAC setup was commissioned at MEC, but is applicable to most LCLS instruments where the unique pulse structures available at LCLS offer access to new ultrafast experimental techniques at high pressure.

Diamond Anvil Cells, LCLS, XFEL, High-Pressure↗

The chemRIXS Instrument for Solution-Phase Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering at the Linac Coherent Light Source

The chemRIXS instrument at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) offers new opportunities for studying solution-phase systems with time-resolved soft X-ray spectroscopic methods such as resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) using the recently commissioned high-repetition-rate LCLS-II X-ray free electron laser. The orders-of-magnitude X-ray flux improvement provided by the superconducting accelerator, combined with corresponding advances in the optical laser system and the liquid jet recirculation system, enables studies on dilute systems with high signal-to-noise compared to what was possible with the LCLS-I copper accelerator. These capabilities open up time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy and RIXS to entirely new classes of samples, as well as enabling the development of new soft X-ray spectroscopic methods on liquid samples. An overview of the beamline components and the first LCLS-II commissioning results are presented.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗