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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 703 records · Page 39

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NASA NTRS1975

Weather and climate

Recommendations for using space observations of weather and climate to aid in solving earth based problems are given. Special attention was given to: (1) extending useful forecasting capability of space systems, (2) reducing social, economic, and human losses caused by weather, (3) development of space system capability to manage and control air pollutant concentrations, and (4) establish mechanisms for the national examination of deliberate and inadvertent means for modifying weather and climate.

Source record↗

NASA NTRS1976

Mars - Chemical weathering as a massive volatile sink

The amounts of volatiles incorporated in the Martian regolith by photostimulated oxidation weathering of Fe(2+)-bearing minerals are estimated. The process of photostimulated oxidation weathering is described, and it is noted that all the necessary constituents for this process are present on Mars. The rates at which oxygen and hydrogen are irreversibly removed from the Martian atmosphere by the present process are determined, irreversible and reversible water losses are considered, and the loss of CO2 by carbonate formation is shown to be irreversible. The results suggest that photostimulated oxidation weathering has irreversibly consumed 100 to 100,000 g/sq cm of H2O and 10 to 10,000 g/sq cm of CO2, assuming a uniform rate over geologic time. It is concluded that if the amounts of H2O and CO2 actually removed by photostimulated oxidation are close to the upper limits of the present estimates, then that process may have had a major effect in limiting the amount of H2O and CO2 trapped in the regolith and polar caps.

Huguenin, R. L.↗

NASA NTRS1976

Position paper on the potential of inadvertent weather modification of the Florida peninsula resulting from the stabilized ground cloud

Based on the climatology of the Florida Peninsula, we assessed the risk for weather modification. Certain weather situations warrant launch rescheduling because of the risk of possible impact on hurricanes, hail formation and lightning activity, strong wind developments, and intensification of high rainfall rates. The cumulative effects of 40 launches per year on weather modification were found to be insignificant.

Bollay, E.↗

NASA NTRS1977

Aviation weather service requirements, 1980 - 1990

Future aviation weather needs are discussed. Priority weather requirements and deficiencies existing for weather observations and forecast services in terminal areas are presented. Needs in en route operations up to 30 km are addressed with emphasis on turbulence, presence of suspended ice and water particles, SST to supersonic speeds, solar radiation, ozone, and sonic booms. Some conclusions are drawn and recommendations are presented.

Lieurance, N. A.↗

NASA NTRS1977

Regimes for the ocean, outer space, and weather

The allocation of resources among users of the oceans, outer space and the weather is discussed. Attention is given to the international management of maritime navigation, the control of fisheries, offshore oil and gas exploitation, mineral exploitation in the deep seabed (especially the mining of manganese nodules), and the regulation of oceanographic studies. The management of outer space is considered, with special reference to remote sensing by satellites, television broadcasting, the technical requirements of maritime satellites, and problems associated with satellite frequency and orbit allocation. Rainmaking and typhoon modification, as well as the distribution of weather modification capabilities in the world, are also mentioned. The United Nations, international agencies and tribunals, and multi- or bilateral agreements are some of the implements suggested for use in the regulation of the oceans, outer space and the weather.

Brown, S.↗

NASA NTRS1979

Statistical comparisons of aircraft flyover noise adjustment procedures for different weather conditions

Aircraft flyover noise spectra and effective perceived noise level (EPNL) values obtained under widely different weather conditions were adjusted according to a proposed national standard. The results were statistically compared with the same measured spectra adjusted according to an alternate procedure and with reference spectra and EPNL values obtained under almost ideal weather conditions. Three different ways to represent the weather condition through which the sound propagated were also evaluated.

Mueller, A. W.↗

NASA NTRS1979

Position paper on the potential of inadvertent weather modification of the Florida Peninsula resulting from neutralization of space shuttle solid rocket booster exhaust clouds

A concept of injecting compounds into the exhaust cloud was proposed to neutralize the acidic nature of the low-level stabilized ground cloud (SGC) was studied. The potential Inadvertent Weather Modification caused by exhaust cloud characteristics from three hours to seven days after launch was studied. Possible effects of the neutralized SGC in warm and cloud precipitation processes were discussed. Based on a detailed climatology of the Florida Peninsula, the risk for weather modification under a variety of weather situations was assessed.

Bollay, E.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Weathering of Mars - Antarctic analog studies

Subaerial extrusion of lavas above permafrost is proposed as a possible weathering regime leading to the presence of Martian surface fines, and the characteristics of this process are examined through a study of the analogous altered terrestrial basalts from Antarctica. On the basis of mineralogical and petrological analyses of samples obtained from core cuttings recovered by the Dry Valley Drilling Program from rocks predominantly of an aklalic basalt-phonolite suite, it is found that in the absence of liquid water, weathering is geologically slow, and that zeolites predominate over clays as secondary mineral. Of the possible weathering processes proposed for Mars, it is concluded that both subaerial extrusion and subpermafrost intrusion of lavas involving liquid water would be less important volumetrically than the hydrothermal alteration of impact melt sheets if water were present during an intense phase of early bombardment, or than subsequent solid-gas alteration reactions. It is thus predicted that the present Martian fines should contain a major contribution from the ancient crust as typified by the southern cratered highlands, and a lesser contribution from the younger basaltic lavas.

Berkley, J. L.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Weather and climate

Highlights of recent progress and the directions of future advances in the application of space observations to weather and climate are reviewed. In mesometeorology and severe storms, satellite stereography of cloud topography and temperature profiling from GOES-VAS promise dramatic developments in both nowcasting and prediction. In global weather, the initial results from the year long Global Weather Experiment conclusively demonstrate the enhanced forecast skill emanating from the use of satellite data, especially cloud track winds and temperature profiles. In climate, empirical studies and numerical experiments point to the feasibility of useful climate predictions on monthly and seasonal time scales. They also indicate the kinds of surface boundary conditions to which climate is sensitive and which need to be observed from space.

Atlas, D.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Airline flight planning - The weather connection

The history of airline flight planning is briefly reviewed. Over half a century ago, when scheduled airline services began, weather data were almost nonexistent. By the early 1950's a reliable synoptic network provided upper air reports. The next 15 years saw a rapid growth in commercial aviation, and airlines introduced computer techniques to flight planning. The 1970's saw the development of weather satellites. The current state of flight planning activities is analyzed. It is found that accurate flight planning will require meteorological information on a finer scale than can be provided by a synoptic forecast. Opportunities for a new approach are examined, giving attention to the available options, a mesoscale numerical weather prediction model, limited area fine mesh models, man-computer interactive display systems, the use of interactive techniques with the present upper air data base, and the implementation of interactive techniques.

Steinberg, R.↗

NASA NTRS1982

Simulating soybean canopy temperature as affected by weather variables and soil water potential

Hourly weather data for several clear sky days during summer at Phoenix and Baltimore which covered a wide range of variables were used with a plant atmosphere model to simulate soybean (Glycine max L.) leaf water potential, stomatal resistance and canopy temperature at various soil water potentials. The air and dew point temperatures were found to be the significant weather variables affecting the canopy temperatures. Under identical weather conditions, the model gives a lower canopy temperature for a soybean crop with a higher rooting density. A knowledge of crop rooting density, in addition to air and dew point temperatures is needed in interpreting infrared radiometric observations for soil water status. The observed dependence of stomatal resistance on the vapor pressure deficit and soil water potential is fairly well represented. Analysis of the simulated leaf water potentials indicates overestimation, possibly due to differences in the cultivars.

Choudhury, B. J.↗

NASA NTRS1982

Aviation weather services

The primary responsibilities of the National Weather Service (NWS) are to: provide warnings of severe weather and flooding for the protection of life and property; provide public forecasts for land and adjacent ocean areas for planning and operation; and provide weather support for: production of food and fiber; management of water resources; production, distribution and use of energy; and efficient and safe air operations.

Charles H. Sprinkle↗

NASA NTRS1982

GEM: Statistical weather forecasting procedure

The objective of the Generalized Exponential Markov (GEM) Program was to develop a weather forecast guidance system that would: predict between 0 to 6 hours all elements in the airways observations; respond instantly to the latest observed conditions of the surface weather; process these observations at local sites on minicomputing equipment; exceed the accuracy of current persistence predictions at the shortest prediction of one hour and beyond; exceed the accuracy of current forecast model output statistics inside eight hours; and be capable of making predictions at one location for all locations where weather information is available.

Robert G. Miller↗

NASA NTRS1982

Chemical weathering and the Viking biology experiments on Mars

Since the publication of studies describing models that do not require external energy sources, new LR (labeled release) test standards module studies have been reported by Levin and Straat (1981). These studies impose important constraints on the various models, and they offer strong support for the 'frost-weathering' model. These findings are discussed here, and it is proposed that the activity of all three biology experiments can now adequately be explained as a consequence of a single active agent produced by contemporary chemical weathering. Some of the possible consequences and implications of contemporary weathering for the current state and evolution of the regolith and atmosphere are briefly discussed.

Huguenin, R. L.↗

NASA NTRS1985

The Altitude Wind Tunnel (AWT): A unique facility for propulsion system and adverse weather testing

A need has arisen for a new wind tunnel facility with unique capabilities for testing propulsion systems and for conducting research in adverse weather conditions. New propulsion system concepts, new aircraft configurations with an unprecedented degree of propulsion system/aircraft integration, and requirements for aircraft operation in adverse weather dictate the need for a new test facility. Required capabilities include simulation of both altitude pressure and temperature, large size, full subsonic speed range, propulsion system operation, and weather simulation (i.e., icing, heavy rain). A cost effective rehabilitation of the NASA Lewis Research Center's Altitude Wind Tunnel (AWT) will provide a facility with all these capabilities.

Chamberlin, R.↗

NASA NTRS1985

The Altitude Wind Tunnel (AWT) - A unique facility for propulsion system and adverse weather testing

Chamberlin, R.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Adverse weather impact on aviation safety, investigation and oversight

A brief review of the weather factors that effect aviation safety with respect to U.S. Coast Guard operations is presented. Precise meteorological information is an absolute necessity to the Coast Guard which must conduct life saving and rescue operations under the worst of weather conditions. Many times the weather conditions in which they operate are the cause of or a contributing factor to the predicament from which they must execute a rescue operation.

Smith, M. J.↗

NASA NTRS1985

Sun, weather, and climate

The general field of sun-weather/climate relationships, that is, apparent weather and climate responses to solar activity is introduced and theoretical and experimental suggestions for further research to identify and investigate the unknown causal mechanisms are provided. Topics of discussion include: (1) solar-related correlation factors and energy sources; (2) long-term climatic trends; (3) short-term meteorological correlations; (4) miscellaneous obscuring influences; (5) physical processes and mechanisms; (6) recapitulation of sun-weather relationships; and (7) guidelines for experiments.

Herman, J. R.↗