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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 703 records · Page 39
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2015

Inflationary dynamics of kinetically-coupled gauge fields

We investigate the inflationary dynamics of two kinetically-coupled massless U(1) gauge fields with time-varying kinetic-term coefficients. Ensuring that the system does not have strongly coupled regimes shrinks the parameter space. Also, we further restrict ourselves to systems that can be quantized using the standard creation, annihilation operator algebra. This second constraint limits us to scenarios where the system can be diagonalized into the sum of two decoupled, massless, vector fields with a varying kinetic-term coefficient. Such a system might be interesting for magnetogenesis because of how the strong coupling problem generalizes. We explore this idea by assuming that one of the gauge fields is the Standard Model U(1) field and that the other dark gauge field has no particles charged under its gauge group. We consider whether it would be possible to transfer a magnetic field from the dark sector, generated perhaps before the coupling was turned on, to the visible sector. We also investigate whether the simple existence of the mixing provides more opportunities to generate magnetic fields. We find that neither possibility works efficiently, consistent with the well-known difficulties in inflationary magnetogenesis.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2010

Running coupling and mass anomalous dimension of SU(3) gauge theory with two flavors of symmetric-representation fermions

We have measured the running coupling constant of SU(3) gauge theory coupled to N{sub f}=2 flavors of symmetric representation fermions, using the Schroedinger functional scheme. Our lattice action is defined with hypercubic smeared links which, along with the larger lattice sizes, bring us closer to the continuum limit than in our previous study. We observe that the coupling runs more slowly than predicted by asymptotic freedom, but we are unable to observe fixed point behavior before encountering a first order transition to a strong coupling phase. This indicates that the infrared fixed point found with the thin-link action is a lattice artifact. The slow running of the gauge coupling permits an accurate determination of the mass anomalous dimension for this theory, which we observe to be small, {gamma}{sub m} < or approx. 0.6, over the range of couplings we can reach. We also study the bulk and finite-temperature phase transitions in the strong coupling region.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Electromagnetic coupling in tight-binding models for strongly correlated light and matter

In this work, we discuss the construction of low-energy tight-binding Hamiltonians for condensed-matter systems with a strong coupling to the quantum electromagnetic field. Such Hamiltonians can be obtained by projecting the continuum theory on a given set of Wannier orbitals. However, different representations of the continuum theory lead to different low-energy formulations because different representations may entangle light and matter, transforming orbitals into light-matter hybrid states before the projection. In particular, a multicenter Power-Zienau-Woolley transformation yields a dipolar Hamiltonian which incorporates the light-matter coupling via both Peierls phases and a polarization density. We compare this dipolar gauge Hamiltonian and the straightforward Coulomb gauge Hamiltonian for a one-dimensional solid to describe subcycle light-driven electronic motion in the semiclassical limit and a coupling of the solid to a quantized cavity mode which renormalizes the band-structure into electron-polariton bands. Both descriptions yield the same result when many bands are taken into account but the dipolar Hamiltonian is more accurate when the model is restricted to few electronic bands, while the Coulomb Hamiltonian requires fewer electromagnetic modes.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2010

Non-Abelian confinement in N=2 supersymmetric QCD: Duality and kinks on confining strings

Recently we observed a crossover transition (in the Fayet-Iliopoulos parameter) from weak to strong coupling in N=2 supersymmetric QCD with the U(N) gauge group and N{sub f}>N quark flavors. At strong coupling this theory can be described by a dual non-Abelian weakly coupled supersymmetric QCD with the dual gauge group U(N{sub f}-N) and N{sub f} light dyon flavors. Both theories support non-Abelian strings. We continue the study of confinement dynamics in these theories, in particular, metamorphoses of excitation spectra, from a different side. A number of results obtained previously are explained, enhanced and supplemented by analyzing the world-sheet dynamics on the non-Abelian confining strings. The world-sheet theory is the two-dimensional N=(2,2) supersymmetric weighted CP(N{sub f}-1) model. We explore the vacuum structure and kinks on the world sheet, corresponding to confined monopoles in the bulk theory. We show that (in the equal quark mass limit) these kinks fall into the fundamental representation of the unbroken global SU(N)xSU(N{sub f}-N)xU(1) group. This result confirms the presence of extra stringy meson states in the adjoint representation of the global group in the bulk theory. The non-Abelian bulk duality is in one-to-one correspondence with a duality taking place in the N=(2,2) supersymmetric weighted CP(N{sub f}-1) model.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2024

Air‐Ice‐Ocean Coupling During a Strong Mid‐Winter Cyclone: Observing Coupled Dynamic Interactions Across Scales

Abstract Arctic cyclones are key drivers of sea ice and ocean variability. During the 2019–2020 Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition, joint observations of the coupled air‐ice‐ocean system were collected at multiple spatial scales. Here, we present observations of a strong mid‐winter cyclone that impacted the MOSAiC site as it drifted in the central Arctic pack ice. The sea ice dynamical response showed spatial structure at the scale of the evolving and translating cyclonic wind field. Internal ice stress and ocean stress play significant roles, resulting in timing offsets between the atmospheric forcing and the ice response and post‐cyclone inertial ringing in the ice and ocean. Ice motion in response to the wind field then forces the upper ocean currents through frictional drag. The strongest impacts to the sea ice and ocean from the passing cyclone occur as a result of the surface impacts of a strong atmospheric low‐level jet (LLJ) behind the trailing cold front and changing wind directions between the warm‐sector LLJ and post cold‐frontal LLJ. Impacts of the cyclone are prolonged through the coupled ice‐ocean inertial response. Local impacts of the approximately 120 km wide LLJ occur over a 12 hr period or less and at scales of a kilometer to a few tens of kilometers, meaning that these impacts occur at combined smaller spatial scales and faster time scales than most satellite observations and coupled Earth system models can resolve.

Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences↗
DOE OSTI2021

Multi-Fluid and Kinetic Models of Partially Ionized Magnetic Reconnection

Magnetic reconnection in partially ionized plasmas is a ubiquitous and important phenomena in both laboratory and astrophysical systems. Here, simulations of partially ionized magnetic reconnection with well-matched initial conditions are performed using both multi-fluid and fully-kinetic approaches. Despite similar initial conditions, the time-dependent evolution differs between the two models. In multi-fluid models, the reconnection rate locally obeys either a decoupled Sweet-Parker scaling, where neutrals are unimportant, or a fully coupled Sweet-Parker scaling, where neutrals and ions are strongly coupled, depending on the resistivity. In contrast, kinetic models show a faster reconnection rate that is proportional to the fully-coupled, bulk Alfv\'en speed, $v_A^\star$. These differences are interpreted as the result of operating in different collisional regimes. Multi-fluid simulations are found to maintain $\nu_{ni}L/v_A^\star \gtrsim 1$, where $\nu_{ni}$ is the neutral-ion collision frequency and $L$ is the time-dependent current sheet half-length. This strongly couples neutrals to the reconnection outflow, while kinetic simulations evolve to allow $\nu_{ni}L/v_A^\star < 1$, decoupling neutrals from the reconnection outflow. Differences in the way reconnection is triggered may explain these discrepancies.

Magnetic reconnection↗
DOE OSTI2010

Inverted sparticle hierarchies from natural particle hierarchies

A possible resolution of the flavor puzzle is that the fermion mass hierarchy can be dynamically generated through the coupling of the first-two-generation fields to a strongly coupled sector, which is approximately conformally invariant and leads to large anomalous dimensions for the first-two-generation fields over a large range of energies. We investigate the possibility of using the same sector to also break supersymmetry. We show that this automatically gives an 'inverted hierarchy' in which the first-two-generation squarks and sleptons are much heavier than the other superpartners. Implementing this construction generically requires some fine-tuning in order to satisfy the constraints on flavor-changing neutral currents at the same time as solving the hierarchy problem. We show that this fine-tuning can be reduced to be milder than the percent level by making some technically natural assumptions about the form of the strongly coupled sector and its couplings to the standard model.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Higher derivative corrections to the entropic force from holography

Highlights: • We study higher derivative corrections to the entropic force from AdS/CFT. • We discuss how the entropic force changes with the shear viscosity to entropy density ratio at strong coupling. - Abstract: The entropic force has been recently argued to be responsible for dissociation of heavy quarkonia. In this paper, we analyze R{sup 2} corrections and R{sup 4} corrections to the entropic force, respectively. It is shown that for R{sup 2} corrections, increasing λ{sub GB} (Gauss–Bonnet factor) leads to increasing the entropic force. While for R{sup 4} corrections, increasing λ (’t Hooft coupling) leads to decreasing the entropic force. Also, we discuss how the entropic force changes with the shear viscosity to entropy density ratio, η∕s, at strong coupling.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Superradiance, Berry phase, photon phase diffusion, and number squeezed state in the U(1) Dicke (Tavis-Cummings) model

Recently, strong-coupling regimes of superconducting qubits or quantum dots inside a microwave circuit cavity and BEC atoms inside an optical cavity were achieved experimentally. The strong-coupling regimes in these systems were described by the Dicke model. Here, we solve the Dicke model by a 1/N expansion. In the normal state, we find a {radical}(N) behavior of the collective Rabi splitting. In the superradiant phase, we identify an important Berry phase term that has dramatic effects on both the ground state and the excitation spectra of the strongly interacting system. The single photon excitation spectrum has a low-energy quantum phase diffusion mode in imaginary time with a large spectral weight and also a high-energy optical mode with a low spectral weight. The photons are in a number squeezed state that may have wide applications in high sensitive measurements and quantum-information processing. Comparisons with exact diagonalization studies are made. Possible experimental schemes to realize the superradiant phase are briefly discussed.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2025

Continuum model of strong light-matter coupling for molecular polaritons

Strong coupling between light and matter generates hybrid polariton modes. We present a continuum formalism that expresses the polariton modes in terms of light and matter densities of states (DOS). We derive exact expressions for the light and matter DOS for a planar cavity containing a strongly dispersive dielectric.We show that these DOS depend exclusively on the linear response of the cavity components, i.e., the reflectance of the mirrors and the susceptibility of the dielectric. Here, we further show that, within the strong coupling regime, the light and matter DOS are well approximated by coupled mode theory. Altogether, our continuum formalism offers a unified treatment of polaritons that connects the framework of light-matter coupling with that of linear dispersion.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2010

AdS/CFT connection between Boltzmann and Einstein equations: Kinetic theory and pure gravity in AdS space

The AdS/CFT correspondence defines a sector with universal strongly coupled dynamics in the field theory as the dual of pure gravity in AdS described by Einstein's equation with a negative cosmological constant. We explain here, from the field-theoretic viewpoint how the dynamics in this sector gets determined by the expectation value of the energy-momentum tensor alone. We first show that the Boltzmann equation has very special solutions which could be functionally completely determined in terms of the energy-momentum tensor alone. We call these solutions conservative solutions. We indicate why conservative solutions should also exist when we refine this kinetic description to go closer to the exact microscopic theory or even move away from the regime of weak coupling so that no kinetic description could be employed. We argue that these conservative solutions form the universal sector dual to pure gravity at strong coupling and large N. Based on this observation, we propose a regularity condition on the energy-momentum tensor so that the dual solution in pure gravity has a smooth future horizon. We also study if irreversibility emerges only at long time scales of observation, unlike the case of the Boltzmann equation.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2014

The von Neumann model of measurement in quantum mechanics

We describe how to obtain information on a quantum-mechanical system by coupling it to a probe and detecting some property of the latter, using a model introduced by von Neumann, which describes the interaction of the system proper with the probe in a dynamical way. We first discuss single measurements, where the system proper is coupled to one probe with arbitrary coupling strength. The goal is to obtain information on the system detecting the probe position. We find the reduced density operator of the system, and show how Lüders rule emerges as the limiting case of strong coupling. The von Neumann model is then generalized to two probes that interact successively with the system proper. Now we find information on the system by detecting the position-position and momentum-position correlations of the two probes. The so-called 'Wigner's formula' emerges in the strong-coupling limit, while 'Kirkwood's quasi-probability distribution' is found as the weak-coupling limit of the above formalism. We show that successive measurements can be used to develop a state-reconstruction scheme. Finally, we find a generalized transform of the state and the observables based on the notion of successive measurements.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2014

Chaotic inflation limits for non-minimal models with a Starobinsky attractor

We investigate inflationary attractor points by analysing non-minimally coupled single field inflation models in two opposite limits; the 'flat' limit in which the first derivative of the conformal factor is small and the 'steep' limit, in which the first derivative of the conformal factor is large. We consider a subset of models that yield Starobinsky inflation in the steep conformal factor, strong coupling, limit and demonstrate that they result in φ{sup 2n}-chaotic inflation in the opposite flat, weak coupling, limit. The suppression of higher order powers of the inflaton field in the potential is shown to be related to the flatness condition on the conformal factor. We stress that the chaotic attractor behaviour in the weak coupling limit is of a different, less universal, character than the Starobinsky attractor. Agreement with the COBE normalisation cannot be obtained in both attractor limits at the same time and in the chaotic attractor limit the scale of inflation depends on the details of the conformal factor, contrary to the strong coupling Starobinsky attractor.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2019

Molière scattering in quark-gluon plasma: finding point-like scatterers in a liquid

By finding rare (but not exponentially rare) large-angle deflections of partons within a jet produced in a heavy ion collision, or of such a jet itself, experimentalists can find the weakly coupled short-distance quark and gluon particles (scatterers) within the strongly coupled liquid quark-gluon plasma (QGP) produced in heavy ion collisions. This is the closest one can come to probing QGP via a scattering experiment and hence is the best available path toward learning how a strongly coupled liquid emerges from an asymptotically free gauge theory. The short-distance, particulate, structure of liquid QGP can be revealed in events in which a jet parton resolves, and scatters off, a parton from the droplet of QGP. The probability for picking up significant transverse momentum via a single scattering was calculated previously, but only in the limit of infinite parton energy which means zero angle scattering. Here, we provide a leading order perturbative QCD calculation of the Molière scattering probability for incident partons with finite energy, scattering at a large angle. We set up a thought experiment in which an incident parton with a finite energy scatters off a parton constituent within a “brick” of QGP, which we treat as if it were weakly coupled, as appropriate for scattering with large momentum transfer, and compute the probability for a parton to show up at a nonzero angle with some energy. We include all relevant channels, including those in which the parton that shows up at a large angle was kicked out of the medium as well as the Rutherford-like channel in which what is seen is the scattered incident parton. The results that we obtain will serve as inputs to future jet Monte Carlo calculations and can provide qualitative guidance for how to use future precise, high statistics, suitably differential measurements of jet modification in heavy ion collisions to find the scatterers within the QGP liquid.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗
DOE OSTI2016

Dynamics of the two-spin spin-boson model with a common bath

Dynamics of the two-spin spin-boson model in the presence of Ohmic and sub-Ohmic baths is investigated by employing a multitude of the Davydov D{sub 1} trial states, also known as the multi-D{sub 1} Ansatz. Its accuracy in dynamics simulations of the two-spin SBM is improved significantly over the single D{sub 1} Ansatz, especially in the weak to moderately strong coupling regime. Validity of the multi-D{sub 1} Ansatz for various coupling strengths is also systematically examined by making use of the deviation vector which quantifies how faithfully the trial state obeys the Schrödinger equation. The time evolution of population difference and entanglement has been studied for various initial conditions and coupling strengths. Careful comparisons are carried out between our approach and three other methods, i.e., the time-dependent numerical renormalization group (TD-NRG) approach, the Bloch-Redfield theory, and a method based on a variational master equation. For strong coupling, the multi-D{sub 1} trial state yields consistent results as the TD-NRG approach in the Ohmic regime while the two disagree in the sub-Ohmic regime, where the multi-D{sub 1} trial state is shown to be more accurate. For weak coupling, the multi-D{sub 1} trial state agrees with the two master-equation methods in the presence of both Ohmic and sub-Ohmic baths, but shows considerable differences with the TD-NRG approach in the presence of a sub-Ohmic bath, calling into question the validity of the TD-NRG results at long times in the literature.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2017

Scalar-tensor linear inflation

We investigate two approaches to non-minimally coupled gravity theories which present linear inflation as attractor solution: a) the scalar-tensor theory approach, where we look for a scalar-tensor theory that would restore results of linear inflation in the strong coupling limit for a non-minimal coupling to gravity of the form of f (φ) R /2; b) the particle physics approach, where we motivate the form of the Jordan frame potential by loop corrections to the inflaton field. In both cases the Jordan frame potentials are modifications of the induced gravity inflationary scenario, but instead of the Starobinsky attractor they lead to linear inflation in the strong coupling limit.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Strong Electronic Coupling of Graphene Nanoribbons onto Basal Plane of a Glassy Carbon Electrode

The grafting of molecular motifs to the conductive carbon represents a promising approach toward improved hybrid materials for electrocatalytic applications. Here, we investigate the electrochemical behavior of graphene nanoribbons (GNR) deposited onto a glassy carbon electrode using pi - pi stacking interactions. Using the bipyrimidine moiety on the nanoribbon edges as a reporter of the proton-coupled electron transfer chemistry, we illustrate that the simple electrochemical treatment of as-deposited nanoribbon generates a hybrid material that is in strong electronic communication with the conductive support. Overall, this work shows a strategy for modifying the basal plane of carbon materials and provides a potential platform for the incorporation of catalytic metal sites via coordination through the N-functionalities of GNR.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2017

Equilibration and hydrodynamics at strong and weak coupling

We give an updated overview of both weak and strong coupling methods to describe the approach to a plasma described by viscous hydrodynamics, a process now called hydrodynamisation. At weak coupling the very first moments after a heavy ion collision is described by the colour-glass condensate framework, but quickly thereafter the mean free path is long enough for kinetic theory to become applicable. Recent simulations indicate thermalization in a time t ~ 40 (η/s) 4/3 / T , with $\tau$ the temperature at that time and η/s the shear viscosity divided by the entropy density. At (infinitely) strong coupling it is possible to mimic heavy ion collisions by using holography, which leads to a dual description of colliding gravitational shock waves. The plasma formed hydrodynamises within a time of 0.41/$\tau$ recent extension found corrections to this result for finite values of the coupling, when is bigger than the canonical value of 1/4$\pi$, which leads to t ~ (.41+1.6(η/s-1/4$\pi$))/ T . Moreover, future improvements include the inclusion of the effects of the running coupling constant in QCD.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗