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At least 703 records · Page 39
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

The Role of Interactive Soil Moisture in Land Drying Under Anthropogenic Warming

Abstract Relative humidity (RH) is projected to increase over ocean but decrease over land under anthropogenic warming. The land RH decrease was previously attributed to ocean influences on land changes. Here, we show that interactive soil moisture (SM) is necessary and may be sufficient for anthropogenic warming to reduce the land RH. The land RH decrease is absent in simulations with realistic land‐ocean geometry but fixed SM, and present in simulations with interactive SM but no oceans or changes in precipitation minus evaporation. The land RH decrease is coupled to the SM decline and the latter could be understood as a natural response of interactive SM to anthropogenic warming. Specifically, prior to adjustments in SM and RH, evaporation would increase by ∼6% K −1 following the Clausius–Clapeyron relation, outpacing the radiatively constrained ∼2% K −1 precipitation increase. This prior imbalance depletes SM and consequently reduces RH through the coupling between SM and RH.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Integrated in situ spectroscopic studies on syngas production from partial oxidation of methane catalyzed by atomically dispersed rhodium cations on ceria

Catalytic reforming of methane to produce syngas is an important strategy for producing value-added chemicals. The conventional reforming catalyst relies on supported nickel nanoparticles. Here, in this work, we investigated singly dispersed Rh cations anchored on a CeO 2 catalyst (Rh 1 /CeO 2 ) for high activity and selectivity towards the production of syngas via partial oxidation of methane (POM) in the temperature range of 600–700 °C. The yields of H 2 and CO at 700 °C are 83% and 91%, respectively. The anchored Rh 1 atoms on CeO 2 of Rh 1 /CeO 2 are in the cationic state, and on an average each Rh 1 atom coordinates with 4–5 surface lattice oxygen atoms of CeO 2 . Compared to inert CeO 2 for POM, via the incorporation of single-atom sites, Rh 1 modifies the electronic state of oxygen atoms proximal to the Rh 1 atoms and thus triggers the catalytic activity of CeO 2 . The high activity of single-atom catalyst Rh 1 /CeO 2 suggests that the incorporation of single atoms of transition metals to the surface of a reducible oxide can modulate the electronic state of proximal anions of the oxide support toward forming an electronic state favorable for the selective formation of ideal products.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Th7Rh3 by Materials Project

Th7Rh3 crystallizes in the hexagonal P6_3mc space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are three inequivalent Th sites. In the first Th site, Th is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Rh atoms. All Th–Rh bond lengths are 3.12 Å. In the second Th site, Th is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to four equivalent Rh atoms. There are two shorter (2.92 Å) and two longer (3.55 Å) Th–Rh bond lengths. In the third Th site, Th is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Rh atoms. There are a spread of Th–Rh bond distances ranging from 2.87–3.62 Å. Rh is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to nine Th atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Al9Rh2 by Materials Project

Al9Rh2 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Rh is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to nine Al atoms. There are a spread of Rh–Al bond distances ranging from 2.46–2.61 Å. There are five inequivalent Al sites. In the first Al site, Al is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent Rh atoms. In the second Al site, Al is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Rh atoms. In the third Al site, Al is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Rh atoms. In the fourth Al site, Al is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to two equivalent Rh atoms. In the fifth Al site, Al is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to two equivalent Rh atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Sm3Rh2 by Materials Project

Sm3Rh2 crystallizes in the trigonal R-3 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are three inequivalent Sm sites. In the first Sm site, Sm is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five equivalent Rh atoms. There are a spread of Sm–Rh bond distances ranging from 2.88–3.29 Å. In the second Sm site, Sm is bonded in an octahedral geometry to six equivalent Rh atoms. All Sm–Rh bond lengths are 3.02 Å. In the third Sm site, Sm is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Rh atoms. There are three shorter (2.90 Å) and three longer (3.11 Å) Sm–Rh bond lengths. Rh is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to eight Sm atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on CaIn4Rh by Materials Project

CaRhIn4 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Pmma space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Ca is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Rh and twelve In atoms. The Ca–Rh bond length is 3.08 Å. There are a spread of Ca–In bond distances ranging from 3.32–3.75 Å. Rh is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to one Ca and eight In atoms. There are a spread of Rh–In bond distances ranging from 2.64–2.92 Å. There are three inequivalent In sites. In the first In site, In is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent Ca and two equivalent Rh atoms. In the second In site, In is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to two equivalent Ca and two equivalent Rh atoms. In the third In site, In is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Ca and two equivalent Rh atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Sn5(BRh3)2 by Materials Project

Sn5(Rh3B)2 crystallizes in the hexagonal P-62m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Rh is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to two B and five Sn atoms. There are one shorter (2.18 Å) and one longer (2.20 Å) Rh–B bond lengths. There are a spread of Rh–Sn bond distances ranging from 2.71–2.90 Å. There are two inequivalent B sites. In the first B site, B is bonded in a distorted pentagonal pyramidal geometry to six equivalent Rh atoms. In the second B site, B is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Rh and three equivalent Sn atoms. All B–Sn bond lengths are 2.70 Å. There are two inequivalent Sn sites. In the first Sn site, Sn is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Rh and one B atom. In the second Sn site, Sn is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Rh atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Sn4BRh6 by Materials Project

Rh6BSn4 crystallizes in the hexagonal P6_3/mmc space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Rh is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one B and five Sn atoms. The Rh–B bond length is 2.10 Å. There are a spread of Rh–Sn bond distances ranging from 2.72–2.87 Å. B is bonded in an octahedral geometry to six equivalent Rh atoms. There are three inequivalent Sn sites. In the first Sn site, Sn is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Rh atoms. In the second Sn site, Sn is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Rh atoms. In the third Sn site, Sn is bonded in a distorted q6 geometry to nine equivalent Rh atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Er7Rh3 by Materials Project

Er7Rh3 crystallizes in the hexagonal P6_3mc space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are three inequivalent Er sites. In the first Er site, Er is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Rh atoms. There are two shorter (2.84 Å) and one longer (2.87 Å) Er–Rh bond lengths. In the second Er site, Er is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to two equivalent Rh atoms. Both Er–Rh bond lengths are 2.80 Å. In the third Er site, Er is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Rh atoms. All Er–Rh bond lengths are 2.78 Å. Rh is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six Er atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Li2AlRh by Materials Project

Li2RhAl crystallizes in the cubic F-43m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Li sites. In the first Li site, Li is bonded to four equivalent Li, six equivalent Rh, and four equivalent Al atoms to form distorted LiLi4Al4Rh6 tetrahedra that share corners with eighteen LiLi4Rh4 tetrahedra and faces with sixteen LiLi4Al4Rh6 tetrahedra. All Li–Li bond lengths are 2.60 Å. All Li–Rh bond lengths are 3.00 Å. All Li–Al bond lengths are 2.60 Å. In the second Li site, Li is bonded to four equivalent Li and four equivalent Rh atoms to form distorted LiLi4Rh4 tetrahedra that share corners with twelve equivalent LiLi4Al4Rh6 tetrahedra, edges with twelve equivalent LiLi4Rh4 tetrahedra, and faces with four equivalent LiLi4Al4Rh6 tetrahedra. All Li–Rh bond lengths are 2.60 Å. Rh is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to ten Li and four equivalent Al atoms. All Rh–Al bond lengths are 2.60 Å. Al is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to four equivalent Li and four equivalent Rh atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on RhPb by Materials Project

RhPb crystallizes in the hexagonal P6/mmm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Rh is bonded in a distorted q6 geometry to four equivalent Rh and six Pb atoms. All Rh–Rh bond lengths are 2.89 Å. There are four shorter (2.81 Å) and two longer (2.89 Å) Rh–Pb bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Pb sites. In the first Pb site, Pb is bonded in a 9-coordinate geometry to six equivalent Rh atoms. In the second Pb site, Pb is bonded in a hexagonal planar geometry to six equivalent Rh atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Dy4InRh by Materials Project

Dy4RhIn crystallizes in the cubic F-43m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are three inequivalent Dy sites. In the first Dy site, Dy is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to two equivalent Rh and two equivalent In atoms. Both Dy–Rh bond lengths are 2.82 Å. Both Dy–In bond lengths are 3.50 Å. In the second Dy site, Dy is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Rh and two equivalent In atoms. Both Dy–Rh bond lengths are 3.48 Å. Both Dy–In bond lengths are 3.24 Å. In the third Dy site, Dy is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Rh and three equivalent In atoms. All Dy–Rh bond lengths are 2.84 Å. All Dy–In bond lengths are 3.44 Å. Rh is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to nine Dy atoms. In is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to nine Dy and three equivalent In atoms. All In–In bond lengths are 3.20 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on LiRh3 by Materials Project

LiRh3 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Imm2 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Li is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to ten Rh atoms. There are a spread of Li–Rh bond distances ranging from 2.61–2.74 Å. There are two inequivalent Rh sites. In the first Rh site, Rh is bonded to four equivalent Li atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing RhLi4 cuboctahedra. In the second Rh site, Rh is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Li atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Sm4MgRh by Materials Project

MgSm4Rh crystallizes in the cubic F-43m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Mg is bonded to three equivalent Mg and nine Sm atoms to form a mixture of corner and face-sharing MgSm9Mg3 cuboctahedra. All Mg–Mg bond lengths are 3.14 Å. There are a spread of Mg–Sm bond distances ranging from 3.39–3.62 Å. There are three inequivalent Sm sites. In the first Sm site, Sm is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Mg, ten Sm, and two equivalent Rh atoms. There are a spread of Sm–Sm bond distances ranging from 3.60–3.72 Å. Both Sm–Rh bond lengths are 3.59 Å. In the second Sm site, Sm is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two equivalent Mg, four equivalent Sm, and two equivalent Rh atoms. Both Sm–Rh bond lengths are 2.88 Å. In the third Sm site, Sm is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Mg, three equivalent Sm, and three equivalent Rh atoms. All Sm–Rh bond lengths are 2.88 Å. Rh is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to nine Sm atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Tb4CdRh by Materials Project

Tb4RhCd crystallizes in the cubic F-43m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are three inequivalent Tb sites. In the first Tb site, Tb is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Rh and three equivalent Cd atoms. All Tb–Rh bond lengths are 2.84 Å. All Tb–Cd bond lengths are 3.44 Å. In the second Tb site, Tb is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Rh and two equivalent Cd atoms. Both Tb–Rh bond lengths are 3.51 Å. Both Tb–Cd bond lengths are 3.28 Å. In the third Tb site, Tb is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to two equivalent Rh and two equivalent Cd atoms. Both Tb–Rh bond lengths are 2.83 Å. Both Tb–Cd bond lengths are 3.51 Å. Rh is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to nine Tb atoms. Cd is bonded to nine Tb and three equivalent Cd atoms to form a mixture of distorted face and corner-sharing CdTb9Cd3 cuboctahedra. All Cd–Cd bond lengths are 3.12 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Mg8BRh4 by Materials Project

Mg8Rh4B crystallizes in the cubic Fd-3m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Mg sites. In the first Mg site, Mg is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to four equivalent Rh atoms. There are two shorter (2.73 Å) and two longer (3.01 Å) Mg–Rh bond lengths. In the second Mg site, Mg is bonded to six equivalent Rh and two equivalent B atoms to form face-sharing MgB2Rh6 hexagonal bipyramids. All Mg–Rh bond lengths are 2.75 Å. Both Mg–B bond lengths are 2.65 Å. Rh is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to nine Mg and one B atom. The Rh–B bond length is 2.03 Å. B is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to four equivalent Mg and four equivalent Rh atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Ho4CdRh by Materials Project

Ho4RhCd crystallizes in the cubic F-43m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are three inequivalent Ho sites. In the first Ho site, Ho is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Rh and two equivalent Cd atoms. Both Ho–Rh bond lengths are 3.47 Å. Both Ho–Cd bond lengths are 3.25 Å. In the second Ho site, Ho is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to two equivalent Rh and two equivalent Cd atoms. Both Ho–Rh bond lengths are 2.80 Å. Both Ho–Cd bond lengths are 3.48 Å. In the third Ho site, Ho is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Rh and three equivalent Cd atoms. All Ho–Rh bond lengths are 2.81 Å. All Ho–Cd bond lengths are 3.40 Å. Rh is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to nine Ho atoms. Cd is bonded to nine Ho and three equivalent Cd atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner and face-sharing CdHo9Cd3 cuboctahedra. All Cd–Cd bond lengths are 3.10 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Ho4InRh by Materials Project

Ho4RhIn crystallizes in the cubic F-43m space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are three inequivalent Ho sites. In the first Ho site, Ho is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Rh and two equivalent In atoms. Both Ho–Rh bond lengths are 3.47 Å. Both Ho–In bond lengths are 3.23 Å. In the second Ho site, Ho is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three equivalent Rh and three equivalent In atoms. All Ho–Rh bond lengths are 2.82 Å. All Ho–In bond lengths are 3.43 Å. In the third Ho site, Ho is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to two equivalent Rh and two equivalent In atoms. Both Ho–Rh bond lengths are 2.81 Å. Both Ho–In bond lengths are 3.48 Å. Rh is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to nine Ho atoms. In is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to nine Ho and three equivalent In atoms. All In–In bond lengths are 3.18 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗