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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 703 records · Page 39
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2018

Error-Correcting Codes for Code-Division Multiplexed TES Detectors

Transition edge sensors (TESs) have proven to be highly sensitive and versatile X-ray spectrometers. Upcoming missions, including Athena X-IFU, will rely on highly multiplexed focal planes where more than 32 TES pixels are read out using a single SQUID amplifier channel. We have implemented an error correction algorithm for code-division multiplexed TES signals that can compensate for potential failures of individual SQUID readout channels and that is both scalable and easily implemented in hardware. We present this algorithm for error correction and show results of laboratory tests to assess algorithm performance at recovering TES channels after a SQUID failure.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2018

A Kinetic Inductance Ammeter with Coplanar Waveguide Input Structure for Magnetic Flux Focusing

We propose a multiplexible kinetic inductance ammeter, which uses a high-quality-factor, superconducting, lumped-element, kinetic inductance resonator as a current sensor, a short, superconducting coplanar waveguide (CPW) for current input, and a CPW transmission line for the sensor readout. The resonator consists of an interdigitated capacitor and a superconducting loop that inductively couples to the input CPW. Current running through the central line of the input CPW generates magnetic fields which are focused into the gaps of the input CPW. These magnetic fields can be measured collectively as the magnetic flux through the superconducting loop. The kinetic inductance of the superconducting loop depends on the screening current for the magnetic flux, so the input current is converted to a change in the frequency of the resonator. We analyze the response and noise of a kinetic inductance ammeter with a high-resistivity NbN loop.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2024

Deployment of POLARBEAR-2b

POLARBEAR-2b (PB-2b) is the second receiver in the Simons Array, a cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization experiment. The Simons Array uses dichroic polarization sensitive lenslet-coupled sinuous antennas and transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers made of superconducting films. These bolometers are read out with frequency multiplexing electronics. PB-2b contains ~7500 detectors in two bands at 90 and 150 GHz with arcminute resolution. The polarization of these detectors is modulated by a cryogenic continuously rotating half-wave plate. PB-2b was installed on its telescope in 2022 in the Atacama Desert at an altitude of 5.2 km. This paper will detail initial readout commissioning, test of a new loopgain monitoring method, and focusing the optics. Work is ongoing to commission the remaining ambient temperature readout electronics, measure detector time constants, and observe with the cryogenic half-wave plate spinning.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2019

A 7.4 kHz, 20-bit image encoder with a CMOS linear image sensor

This paper presents a unique CMOS linear image sensor for reading the pseudo-random code on the slit disc, focusing on the two aspects of low noise and readout rate. Each pixel is equipped with an exclusive integral readout circuit, and the shape of the pixel also matches the slit disc, making the output signal consistent by up to 99%. After subdivision, the absolute angle data can be captured with an angular resolution of 16 bits and a maximum speed of 7.4 kHz. In addition, decoding and subdivision methods are suitable for high-speed, inexpensive encoder systems.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2019

Single photon detection with the multi-anode CLAS12 RICH detector

Recently, the first module of the hybrid-optics large-area CLAS12 RICH at JLab has been put into operation using for the first time the well known Hamamatsu H8500 MAPMT and the new single-photon dedicated H12700, for a total of about 400 MAPMTs and 25000 pixels. The photon detector must efficiently detect single photons in the visible and near-UV light region, provide a fast response for background rejection and pattern recognition, and have a spatial resolution of less than 1 cm over an area of ≈1 m 2 . Each front-end readout unit is composed of three electronic boards with specific tasks directly connected to groups of 2 or 3 sensors. The core of the readout is composed of MAROC3 and FPGA chips. The MAROC3 chip is able to discriminate the 64 signals from one MAPMT and to produce 64 corresponding binary outputs with 100% efficiency starting at a small fraction of the single-photon signal, while the FPGA chip provides 1 ns TDC capability with 8 μs maximum latency and acts as a DAQ controller. The system is created to be almost dead-time free at the foreseen 20 kHz CLAS12 trigger rate. The best working conditions for single-photon detection have been studied at laser stands, test beams, and with the JLab electron beam data. A report of the photon detector preparation, commissioning and operation is here discussed.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2020

Nickel(II) Metal Complexes as Optically Addressable Qubit Candidates

The inherent atomic level structural control of synthetic chemistry enables the creation of qubits, the base units of a quantum information science system, designed for a target application. For quantum sensing applications, enabling optical read-out of spin in tunable molecular systems, akin to defect-based systems, would be transformative. This approach would bring together molecular tunability with optical read-out technology. In theory, nickel ions in octahedral symmetry meet all the criteria for optical readout of spin. Yet, to the best of our knowledge, there are no pulse EPR studies on Ni 2+ molecules. We identified two compounds featuring highly symmetric Ni 2+ centers, thereby engendering weak zero-field splitting to enable EPR addressability:[Ni(phen) 3 ](BF 4 ) 2 (1) and [Ni(pyr 3 ) 2 ](BF 4 ) 2 (2) (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline; pyr 3 = tris-2-pyridyl-methane). Crucially, these complexes feature the requisite strong field ligands to enable emission for optical addressability. We extracted axial zero-field splitting parameters of D = +0.9 cm –1 and +2.7 cm –1 for 1 and 2, respectively, enabling pulse EPR measurements. Both compounds produce emission at λ max = 938–944 nm. Furthermore, the aggregate of these results expands the catalogue of qubit materials to Ni 2+ -based compounds and offers a future pathway for optical readout of these molecules.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Optically read Coriolis vibratory gyroscope based on a silicon tuning fork

In this work, we describe the design, fabrication, and characterization of purely mechanical miniature resonating structures that exhibit gyroscopic performance comparable to that of more complex microelectromechanical systems. Compared to previous implementations of Coriolis vibratory gyroscopes, the present approach has the key advantage of using excitation and probing that do not require any on-chip electronics or electrical contacts near the resonating structure. More specifically, our design relies on differential optical readout, each channel of which is similar to the 'optical lever' readout used in atomic force microscopy. The piezoelectrically actuated stage provides highly efficient excitation of millimeter-scale tuning fork structures that were fabricated using widely available high-throughput wafer-level silicon processing. In our experiments, reproducible responses to rotational rates as low as 1.8 × 10 3° h –1 were demonstrated using a benchtop prototype without any additional processing of the raw signal. The noise-equivalent rate, ΩNER, derived from the Allan deviation plot, was found to be <0.5° h –1 for a time of 10 3 s. Despite the relatively low Q factors (<10 4 ) of the tuning fork structures operating under ambient pressure and temperature conditions, the measured performance was not limited by thermomechanical noise. In fact, the performance demonstrated in this proof-of-principle study is approximately four orders of magnitude away from the fundamental limit.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

The DAQ and control system for the CMS Phase-1 pixel detector upgrade

In 2017 a new pixel detector was installed in the CMS detector. This so-called Phase-1 pixel detector features four barrel layers in the central region and three disks per end in the forward regions. The upgraded pixel detector requires an upgraded data acquisition (DAQ) system to accept a new data format and larger event sizes. A new DAQ and control system has been developed based on a combination of custom and commercial microTCA parts. Custom mezzanine cards on standard carrier cards provide a front-end driver for readout, and two types of front-end controller for configuration and the distribution of clock and trigger signals. Before the installation of the detector the DAQ system underwent a series of integration tests, including readout of the pilot pixel detector, which was constructed with prototype Phase-1 electronics and operated in CMS from 2015 to 2016, quality assurance of the CMS Phase-1 detector during its assembly, and testing with the CMS Central DAQ. This paper describes the Phase-1 pixel DAQ and control system, along with the integration tests and results. A description of the operational experience and performance in data taking is included.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2020

The ABC130 barrel module prototyping programme for the ATLAS strip tracker

For the Phase-II Upgrade of the ATLAS Detector [1], its Inner Detector, consisting of silicon pixel, silicon strip and transition radiation sub-detectors, will be replaced with an all new 100% silicon tracker, composed of a pixel tracker at inner radii and a strip tracker at outer radii. The future ATLAS strip tracker will include 11,000 silicon sensor modules in the central region (barrel) and 7,000 modules in the forward region (end-caps), which are foreseen to be constructed over a period of 3.5 years. The construction of each module consists of a series of assembly and quality control steps, which were engineered to be identical for all production sites. In order to develop the tooling and procedures for assembly and testing of these modules, two series of major prototyping programs were conducted: an early program using readout chips designed using a 250 nm fabrication process (ABCN-250) [2,2] and a subsequent program using a follow-up chip set made using 130 nm processing (ABC130 and HCC130 chips). This second generation of readout chips was used for an extensive prototyping program that produced around 100 barrel-type modules and contributed significantly to the development of the final module layout. This paper gives an overview of the components used in ABC130 barrel modules, their assembly procedure and findings resulting from their tests.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2021

Comparative evaluation of analogue front-end designs for the CMS Inner Tracker at the High Luminosity LHC

The CMS Inner Tracker, made of silicon pixel modules, will be entirely replaced prior to the start of the High Luminosity LHC period. One of the crucial components of the new Inner Tracker system is the readout chip, being developed by the RD53 Collaboration, and in particular its analogue front-end, which receives the signal from the sensor and digitizes it. Three different analogue front-ends (Synchronous, Linear, and Differential) were designed and implemented in the RD53A demonstrator chip. A dedicated evaluation program was carried out to select the most suitable design to build a radiation tolerant pixel detector able to sustain high particle rates with high efficiency and a small fraction of spurious pixel hits. The test results showed that all three analogue front-ends presented strong points, but also limitations. The Differential front-end demonstrated very low noise, but the threshold tuning became problematic after irradiation. Moreover, a saturation in the preamplifier feedback loop affected the return of the signal to baseline and thus increased the dead time. The Synchronous front-end showed very good timing performance, but also higher noise. For the Linear front-end all of the parameters were within specification, although this design had the largest time walk. This limitation was addressed and mitigated in an improved design. The analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the three front-ends in the context of the CMS Inner Tracker operation requirements led to the selection of the improved design Linear front-end for integration in the final CMS readout chip.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2023

Pulse shape measurements for neutron/gamma discrimination using the TOFPET2 ASIC

Many highly pixelated organic scintillator detection systems would benefit from independent readout of each scintillator pixel. Recent advances in Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) technology makes this goal feasible, however the data acquisition from potentially hundreds or thousands of channels requires a low-cost and compact solution. For pixelated neutron detection with organic scintillators, the capability to distinguish between neutron and gamma interactions using Pulse Shape Discrimination (PSD) is required along with pulse charge and time of arrival. The TOFPET2 ASIC from PETsys Electronics is a 64-channel readout chip providing pulse time and charge integration measurements from SiPMs, and is specifically designed for time-of-flight positron-emission tomography. Using an 8 × 8 array of 6 mm × 6 mm J-series SiPMs from SensL/OnSemi (ArrayJ-60035-64P-PCB), we have studied the energy and PSD performance of the TOFPET2 ASIC using a 4 × 4 array of 6 mm × 6 mm × 30 mm trans -Stilbene crystals from Inrad Optics and a custom SiPM routing board from PETsys Electronics. In conclusion, using a time-over-threshold method, we measure a maximum PSD figure-of-merit of approximately 1.2 at 478 keV (the Compton edge of 662 keV) for a J-series SiPM operating at an over-voltage of 3V.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2022

Software Architecture and Hardware Organization in Mu2e Solenoid Field Mapping System

Herein, the Mu2e field mapping system is designed to produce high accuracy field maps of the detector solenoid used in the experiment. The data acquisition system is mobile and uses a self-propelled mapper with rotating arms equipped with 3D Hall probes. The measurements require not only accurate magnetic field readouts, but also accurate locations of all Hall probes while measuring data. The latter is accomplished by using the laser tracker to measure positions of several retroreflectors on the field mapper during data acquisition. The measurement process requires scanning the whole space inside the large solenoid and takes many hours to complete, which necessitates its full automation. The automation software includes control of the mapper, readout of Hall and NMR probes and control of a laser tracker, including prediction of retroreflector positions and execution of quality control checks. The software architecture and data acquisition hardware of the field mapping system are described, with special attention given to control of the laser tracker and its integration with the rest of the system.

3d hall probes↗
DOE OSTI2024

Development of an MKID frequency-to-pixel LED mapper for SPT-3G+

SPT-3G+ is the next-generation camera for the South Pole Telescope (SPT). SPT is designed to measure the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and the mm/sub-mm sky. The planned focal plane consists of 34,000 microwave kinetic inductance detectors (MKIDs), divided among three observing bands centered at 220, 285, and 345 GHz. Each readout line is designed to measure 800 MKIDs over a 500 MHz bandwidth, which places stringent constraints on the accuracy of the frequency placement required to limit resonator collisions that reduce the overall detector yield. To meet this constraint, we are developing a two-step process that first optically maps the resonance to a physical pixel location, and then next trims the interdigitated capacitor (IDC) to adjust the resonator frequency. We present a cryogenic LED apparatus operable at 300 mK for the optical illumination of SPT-3G+ detector arrays. We demonstrate integration of the LED controls with the GHz readout electronics (RF-ICE) to take data on an array of prototype SPT-3G+ detectors. We show that this technique is useful for characterizing defects in the resonator frequency across the detector array and will allow for improvements in the detector yield.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2023

Nanophotonic quantum sensing with engineered spin-optic coupling

Nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond provide a spin-based qubit system with long coherence time even at room temperature, making them suitable ambient-condition quantum sensors for quantities including electromagnetic fields, temperature, and rotation. The optically addressable level structures of NV spins allow transduction of spin information onto light-field intensity. The sub-optimal readout fidelity of conventional fluorescence measurement remains a significant drawback for room-temperature ensemble sensing. Here, we discuss nanophotonic interfaces that provide opportunities to achieve near-unity readout fidelity based on IR absorption via resonantly enhanced spin-optic coupling. Spin-coupled resonant nanophotonic devices are projected to particularly benefit applications that utilize micro- to nanoscale sensing volume and to outperform present methods in their volume-normalized sensitivity.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2023

VeryFastCCD: a high frame rate soft X-ray detector

Direct X-ray detection in silicon has been transformative for scattering experiments in biology and materials science. While bump-bonded hybrid pixels have been attractive for hard X-ray detection, the challenge for single photon soft X-ray detection is sufficiently low noise. CCD structures on thick, high-resistivity silicon have been successfully used as sensors over the range of soft to hard X-rays at storage rings and FELs. The VeryFastCCD is a high frame rate, column-parallel CCD sensor with 48 μm pixels. Combined with 256-channel custom readout ASICs, frame rates of 5–10 kHz have been achieved with readout noise as low as 20 e and full-well capacity >4 × 10 5 e/pixel. Thin (10 nm and 100 nm) entrance window contact processes have also been developed which provide >85% quantum efficiency for 285 eV X-rays. Systems are currently being developed for several beamlines at the upgraded Advanced Light Source.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2022

Preliminary Results from ADRIANO2 Test Beams

A novel high-granularity, dual-readout calorimetric technique (ADRIANO2) is under development as part of the research program of T1604 Collaboration. (Talk Presented at the 19th International Conference on Calorimetry in Particle Physics (CALOR 2022), University of Sussex, Sussex, UK, 16–20 May 2022). The building block of such a calorimeter consists of a pair of optically isolated, small size tiles made of scintillating plastic and lead glass. The prompt Čerenkov light from the glass can be exploited to perform high resolution timing measurements, while the high granularity provides good resolution of the spatial components of the shower. Dual-readout compensation and particle flow techniques can be applied simultaneously to the scintillation and to the Čerenkov section, providing excellent energy resolution as well as PID particle identification. These characteristics make ADRIANO2 a 6-D detector, suited for High Energy as well as High Intensity experiments. A report on the status of the ADRIANO2 project, preliminary measurements of light yield, and current and future R&D plans by T1604 Collaboration are discussed.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2020

Integrated Circuit Design for Radiation-Hardened Charge-Sensitive Amplifier Survived up to 2 Mrad

According to the continuous development of metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS) fabrication technology, transistors have naturally become more radiation-tolerant through steadily decreasing gate-oxide thickness, increasing the tunneling probability between gate-oxide and channel. Unfortunately, despite this radiation-hardened property of developed transistors, the field of nuclear power plants (NPPs) requires even higher radiation hardness levels. Particularly, total ionizing dose (TID) of approximately 1 Mrad could be required for readout circuitry under severe accident conditions with 100 Mrad around a reactor in-core required. In harsh radiating environments such as NPPs, sensors such as micro-pocket-fission detectors (MPFD) would be a promising technology to be operated for detecting neutrons in reactor cores. For those sensors, readout circuits should be fundamentally placed close to sensing devices for minimizing signal interferences and white noise. Therefore, radiation hardening ability is necessary for the circuits under high radiation environments. This paper presents various integrated circuit designs for a radiation hardened charge-sensitive amplifier (CSA) by using SiGe 130 nm and Si 180 nm fabrication processes with different channel widths and transistor types of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) and bipolar CMOS (BiCMOS). These circuits were tested under γ–ray environment with Cobalt-60 of high level activity: 490 kCi. The experiment results indicate amplitude degradation of 2.85%–34.3%, fall time increase of 201–1730 ns, as well as a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 0.07–11.6 dB decrease with irradiation dose increase. These results can provide design guidelines for radiation hardening operational amplifiers in terms of transistor sizes and structures.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2024

A Modular 512-Channel Neural Signal Acquisition ASIC for High-Density 4096 Channel Electrophysiology

The complexity of information processing in the brain requires the development of technologies that can provide spatial and temporal resolution by means of dense electrode arrays paired with high-channel-count signal acquisition electronics. In this work, we present an ultra-low noise modular 512-channel neural recording circuit that is scalable to up to 4096 simultaneously recording channels. The neural readout application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) uses a dense 8.2 mm × 6.8 mm 2D layout to enable high-channel count, creating an ultra-light 350 mg flexible module. The module can be deployed on headstages for small animals like rodents and songbirds, and it can be integrated with a variety of electrode arrays. The chip was fabricated in a TSMC 0.18 µm 1.8 V CMOS technology and dissipates a total of 125 mW. Each DC-coupled channel features a gain and bandwidth programmable analog front-end along with 14 b analog-to-digital conversion at speeds up to 30 kS/s. Additionally, each front-end includes programmable electrode plating and electrode impedance measurement capability. We present both standalone and in vivo measurements results, demonstrating the readout of spikes and field potentials that are modulated by a sensory input.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗