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At least 703 records · Page 39

Parallel IO Libraries for Managing HEP Experimental Data

The computing and storage requirements of the energy and intensity frontiers will grow significantly during the Run 4 & 5 and the HL-LHC era. Similarly, in the intensity frontier, with larger trig ger readouts during supernovae explosions, the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) will have unique computing challenges that could be addressed by the use of parallel and accelerated dataprocessing capabilities. Most of the requirements of the energy and intensity frontier experiments rely on increasing the role of high performance computing (HPC) in the HEP community. In this presentation, we will describe our ongoing efforts that are focused on using HPC resources for the next generation HEP experiments. The HEPCCE (High Energy Physics-Center for Computational Excellence) IOS (Input/Output and Storage) group has been developing approaches to map HEP data to the HDF5 , an IO library optimized for the HPC platforms to store the intermediate HEP data. The complex HEP data products are serialized using ROOT to allow for experiment independent general mapping approaches of the HEP data to the HDF5 format. The mapping approaches can be optimized for high performance parallel IO. Similarly, simpler data can be directly mapped into the HDF5, which can also be suitable for offloading into the GPUs directly. We will present our works on both complex and simple data model models.

Bashyal, Amit↗

Parallel resistivity and ohmic heating of laboratory dipole plasmas

The parallel resistivity is calculated in the long-mean-free-path regime for the dipole plasma geometry; this is shown to be a neoclassical transport problem in the limit of a small number of circulating electrons. In this regime, the resistivity is substantially higher than the Spitzer resistivity due to the magnetic trapping of a majority of the electrons. This suggests that heating the outer flux surfaces of the plasma with low-frequency parallel electric fields can be substantially more efficient than might be naively estimated. Such a skin-current heating scheme is analyzed by deriving an equation for diffusion of skin currents into the plasma, from which quantities such as the resistive skin-depth, lumped-circuit impedance, and power deposited in the plasma can be estimated. Numerical estimates indicate that this may be a simple and efficient way to couple power into experiments in this geometry.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Parallel transport studies of high-Z impurities in the core of Alcator C-Mod plasmas

Measurements of poloidal variation, ñ{sub z}/ , in high-Z impurity density have been made using photodiode arrays sensitive to vacuum ultraviolet and soft x-ray emission in Alcator C-Mod plasmas. In/out asymmetries in the range of −0.2 <0.3 are observed for r/a<0.8, and accumulation on both the high-field side, n{sub z,cos}<0, and low-field side, n{sub z,cos}>0, of a flux surface is found to be well described by a combination of centrifugal, poloidal electric field, and ion-impurity friction effects. Up/down asymmetries, −0.05 <0.10, are observed over 0.5 0 corresponding to accumulation opposite the ion ∇B drift direction. Measurements of the up/down asymmetry of molybdenum are found to disagree with predictions from recent neoclassical theory in the trace limit, n{sub z}Z{sup 2}/n{sub i}≪1. Non-trace levels of impurities are expected to modify the main-ion poloidal flow and thus change friction-driven impurity density asymmetries and impurity poloidal rotation, v{sub θ,z}. Artificially modifying main-ion flow in parallel transport simulations is shown to impact both ñ{sub z}/ and v{sub θ,z}, but simultaneous agreement between measured and predicted up/down and in/out asymmetry as well as impurity poloidal rotation is not possible for these C-Mod data. This link between poloidal flow and poloidal impurity density variation outlines a more stringent test for parallel neoclassical transport theory than has previously been performed. Measurement and computational techniques specific to the study of poloidal impurity asymmetry physics are discussed as well.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

A primitive kinetic-fluid model for quasi-parallel propagating magnetohydrodynamic waves

The extension and limitation of the existing one-dimensional kinetic-fluid model (Vlasov-MHD (magnetohydrodynamic) model), which has been used to analyze parametric instabilities of parallel propagating Alfvén waves, are discussed. The inconsistency among the given velocity distribution functions in the past studies is resolved through the systematic derivation of the multi-dimensional Vlasov-MHD model. The linear dispersion analysis of the present model indicates that the collisionless damping of the slow modes is adequately evaluated in low beta plasmas, although the deviation between the present model and the full-Vlasov theory increases with increasing plasma beta and increasing propagation angle. This is because the transit-time damping is not correctly evaluated in the present model. It is also shown that the ponderomotive density fluctuations associated with the envelope-modulated quasi-parallel propagating Alfvén waves derived from the present model is not consistent with those derived from the other models such as the Landau-fluid model, except for low beta plasmas. The result indicates the present model would be useful to understand the linear and nonlinear development of the Alfvénic turbulence in the inner heliosphere, whose condition is relatively low beta, while the existing model and the present model are insufficient to discuss the parametric instabilities of Alfvén waves in high beta plasmas and the obliquely propagating waves.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Parallel multiplex laser feedback interferometry

We present a parallel multiplex laser feedback interferometer based on spatial multiplexing which avoids the signal crosstalk in the former feedback interferometer. The interferometer outputs two close parallel laser beams, whose frequencies are shifted by two acousto-optic modulators by 2Ω simultaneously. A static reference mirror is inserted into one of the optical paths as the reference optical path. The other beam impinges on the target as the measurement optical path. Phase variations of the two feedback laser beams are simultaneously measured through heterodyne demodulation with two different detectors. Their subtraction accurately reflects the target displacement. Under typical room conditions, experimental results show a resolution of 1.6 nm and accuracy of 7.8 nm within the range of 100 μm.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Depletion of parallel conducting layers in high mobility In{sub 0.53}Ga{sub 0.47}As/In{sub 0.52}Al{sub 0.48}As modulation doped field effect transistors

Self-consistent calculations for solving the Poisson and Schrödinger equations were performed in order to study parallel conduction in the In{sub 0.52}Al{sub 0.48}As barrier layer in In{sub 0.53}Ga{sub 0.47}As/In{sub 0.52}Al{sub 0.48}As Modulation Doped Field Effect Transistors. It is shown that the parallel conducting layer occupied sub-bands can be entirely depleted by wet chemical etching of the upper part of the un-doped In{sub 0.52}Al{sub 0.48}As Schottky layer without affecting the total carrier concentration at the In{sub 0.53}Ga{sub 0.47}As quantum well.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Spin wave based parallel logic operations for binary data coded with domain walls

We numerically investigate the feasibility of spin wave (SW) based parallel logic operations, where the phase of SW packet (SWP) is exploited as a state variable and the phase shift caused by the interaction with domain wall (DW) is utilized as a logic inversion functionality. A designed functional element consists of parallel ferromagnetic nanowires (6 nm-thick, 36 nm-width, 5120 nm-length, and 200 nm separation) with the perpendicular magnetization and sub-μm scale overlaid conductors. The logic outputs for binary data, coded with the existence (“1”) or absence (“0”) of the DW, are inductively read out from interferometric aspect of the superposed SWPs, one of them propagating through the stored data area. A practical exclusive-or operation, based on 2π periodicity in the phase logic, is demonstrated for the individual nanowire with an order of different output voltage V{sub out}, depending on the logic output for the stored data. The inductive output from the two nanowires exhibits well defined three different signal levels, corresponding to the information distance (Hamming distance) between 2-bit data stored in the multiple nanowires.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Nano-optical observation of cascade switching in a parallel superconducting nanowire single photon detector

The device physics of parallel-wire superconducting nanowire single photon detectors is based on a cascade process. Using nano-optical techniques and a parallel wire device with spatially separate pixels, we explicitly demonstrate the single- and multi-photon triggering regimes. We develop a model for describing efficiency of a detector operating in the arm-trigger regime. We investigate the timing response of the detector when illuminating a single pixel and two pixels. We see a change in the active area of the detector between the two regimes and find the two-pixel trigger regime to have a faster timing response than the one-pixel regime.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗

Formation of electron kappa distributions due to interactions with parallel propagating whistler waves

In space plasmas, charged particles are frequently observed to possess a high-energy tail, which is often modeled by a kappa-type distribution function. In this work, the formation of the electron kappa distribution in generation of parallel propagating whistler waves is investigated using fully nonlinear particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. A previous research concluded that the bi-Maxwellian character of electron distributions is preserved in PIC simulations. We now demonstrate that for interactions between electrons and parallel propagating whistler waves, a non-Maxwellian high-energy tail can be formed, and a kappa distribution can be used to fit the electron distribution in time-asymptotic limit. The κ-parameter is found to decrease with increasing initial temperature anisotropy or decreasing ratio of electron plasma frequency to cyclotron frequency. The results might be helpful to understanding the origin of electron kappa distributions observed in space plasmas.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Hydration of non-polar anti-parallel β-sheets

In this work we focus on anti-parallel β-sheets to study hydration of side chains and polar groups of the backbone using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. We show that: (i) water distribution around the backbone does not depend significantly on amino acid sequence, (ii) more water molecules are found around oxygen than nitrogen atoms of the backbone, and (iii) water molecules around nitrogen are highly localized in the planed formed by peptide backbones. To study hydration around side chains we note that anti-parallel β-sheets exhibit two types of cross-strand pairing: Hydrogen-Bond (HB) and Non-Hydrogen-Bond (NHB) pairing. We show that distributions of water around alanine, leucine, and valine side chains are very different at HB compared to NHB faces. For alanine pairs, the space between side chains has a higher concentration of water if residues are located in the NHB face of the β-sheet as opposed to the HB face. For leucine residues, the HB face is found to be dry while the space between side chains at the NHB face alternates between being occupied and non-occupied by water. Surprisingly, for valine residues the NHB face is dry, whereas the HB face is occupied by water. We postulate that these differences in water distribution are related to context dependent propensities observed for β-sheets.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

Parallel parametric amplification of coherently excited propagating spin waves in a microscopic Ni{sub 81}Fe{sub 19} waveguide

We present parallel parametric amplification of coherently excited, propagating spin waves in a microstructured magnonic Ni{sub 81}Fe{sub 19} waveguide. Amplification is achieved by the pumping field generated by a microwave current flowing through a Cu micro-stripline underneath the waveguide. By employing microfocussed Brillouin light scattering spectroscopy, we investigate the spatial decay of the propagating spin waves and their amplification by means of parallel pumping. We analyze the dependence of the intensity of the amplified spin waves on the spin-wave excitation power, pumping power, and pumping duration, revealing the most efficient working point for a noise-free amplification. This paves the way for a frequency selective amplification of spin waves in microstructured magnonic circuits.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

The effect of plasma background on the instability of two non-parallel quantum plasma shells in whole K space

In this paper, quantum fluid equations together with Maxwell's equations are used to study the stability problem of non-parallel and non-relativistic plasma shells colliding over a “background plasma” at arbitrary angle, as a first step towards a microscopic understanding of the collision shocks. The calculations have been performed for all magnitude and directions of wave vectors. The colliding plasma shells in the vacuum region have been investigated in the previous works as a counter-streaming model. While, in the presence of background plasma (more realistic system), the colliding shells are mainly non-paralleled. The obtained results show that the presence of background plasma often suppresses the maximum growth rate of instabilities (in particular case, this behavior is contrary). It is also found that the largest maximum growth rate occurs for the two-stream instability of the configuration consisting of counter-streaming currents in a very dilute plasma background. The results derived in this study can be used to analyze the systems of three colliding plasma slabs, provided that the used coordinate system is stationary relative to the one of the particle slabs. The present analytical investigations can be applied to describe the quantum violent astrophysical phenomena such as white dwarf stars collision with other dense astrophysical bodies or supernova remnants. Moreover, at the limit of ℏ→0, the obtained results described the classical (sufficiently dilute) events of colliding plasma shells such as gamma-ray bursts and flares in the solar winds.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗

Limitation of parallel flow in double diffusive convection: Two- and three-dimensional transitions in a horizontal porous domain

Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) numerical simulations of double diffusion natural convection in an elongated enclosure filled with a binary fluid saturating a porous medium are carried out in the present work. The Boussinesq approximation is made in the formulation of the problem, and Neumann boundary conditions for temperature and concentration are adopted, respectively, on vertical and horizontal walls of the cavity. The used numerical method is based on the control volume approach, with the third order quadratic upstream interpolation scheme in approximating the advection terms. A semi implicit method algorithm is used to handle the velocity-pressure coupling. To avoid the excessively high computer time inherent to the solution of 3D natural convection problems, full approximation storage with full multigrid method is used to solve the problem. A wide range of the controlling parameters (Rayleigh-Darcy number Ra, lateral aspect ratio Ay, Lewis number Le, and the buoyancy ration N) is investigated. We clearly show that increasing the depth of the cavity (i.e., the lateral aspect ratio) has an important effect on the flow patterns. The 2D perfect parallel flows obtained for small lateral aspect ratio are drastically destabilized by increasing the cavity lateral dimension. This yields a 3D fluid motion with a much more complex flow pattern and the usually considered 2D parallel flow model cannot be applied.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Generation of quasi-monoenergetic carbon ions accelerated parallel to the plane of a sandwich target

A new ion acceleration scheme, namely, target parallel Coulomb acceleration, is proposed in which a carbon plate sandwiched between gold layers is irradiated with intense linearly polarized laser pulses. The high electrostatic field generated by the gold ions efficiently accelerates the embedded carbon ions parallel to the plane of the target. The ion beam is found to be collimated by the concave-shaped Coulomb potential. As a result, a quasi-monoenergetic and collimated C{sup 6+}-ion beam with an energy exceeding 10 MeV/nucleon is produced at a laser intensity of 5 × 10{sup 19} W/cm{sup 2}.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Parallel scalability of Hartree–Fock calculations

Quantum chemistry is increasingly performed using large cluster computers consisting of multiple interconnected nodes. For a fixed molecular problem, the efficiency of a calculation usually decreases as more nodes are used, due to the cost of communication between the nodes. This paper empirically investigates the parallel scalability of Hartree–Fock calculations. The construction of the Fock matrix and the density matrix calculation are analyzed separately. For the former, we use a parallelization of Fock matrix construction based on a static partitioning of work followed by a work stealing phase. For the latter, we use density matrix purification from the linear scaling methods literature, but without using sparsity. When using large numbers of nodes for moderately sized problems, density matrix computations are network-bandwidth bound, making purification methods potentially faster than eigendecomposition methods.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

The correlation study of parallel feature extractor and noise reduction approaches

This paper presents literature reviews that show variety of techniques to develop parallel feature extractor and finding its correlation with noise reduction approaches for low light intensity images. Low light intensity images are normally displayed as darker images and low contrast. Without proper handling techniques, those images regularly become evidences of misperception of objects and textures, the incapability to section them. The visual illusions regularly clues to disorientation, user fatigue, poor detection and classification performance of humans and computer algorithms. Noise reduction approaches (NR) therefore is an essential step for other image processing steps such as edge detection, image segmentation, image compression, etc. Parallel Feature Extractor (PFE) meant to capture visual contents of images involves partitioning images into segments, detecting image overlaps if any, and controlling distributed and redistributed segments to extract the features. Working on low light intensity images make the PFE face challenges and closely depend on the quality of its pre-processing steps. Some papers have suggested many well established NR as well as PFE strategies however only few resources have suggested or mentioned the correlation between them. This paper reviews best approaches of the NR and the PFE with detailed explanation on the suggested correlation. This finding may suggest relevant strategies of the PFE development. With the help of knowledge based reasoning, computational approaches and algorithms, we present the correlation study between the NR and the PFE that can be useful for the development and enhancement of other existing PFE.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Parallel momentum input by tangential neutral beam injections in stellarator and heliotron plasmas

The configuration dependence of parallel momentum inputs to target plasma particle species by tangentially injected neutral beams is investigated in non-axisymmetric stellarator/heliotron model magnetic fields by assuming the existence of magnetic flux-surfaces. In parallel friction integrals of the full Rosenbluth-MacDonald-Judd collision operator in thermal particles' kinetic equations, numerically obtained eigenfunctions are used for excluding trapped fast ions that cannot contribute to the friction integrals. It is found that the momentum inputs to thermal ions strongly depend on magnetic field strength modulations on the flux-surfaces, while the input to electrons is insensitive to the modulation. In future plasma flow studies requiring flow calculations of all particle species in more general non-symmetric toroidal configurations, the eigenfunction method investigated here will be useful.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

Kinetic theory of turbulence for parallel propagation revisited: Low-to-intermediate frequency regime

A previous paper [P. H. Yoon, “Kinetic theory of turbulence for parallel propagation revisited: Formal results,” Phys. Plasmas 22, 082309 (2015)] revisited the second-order nonlinear kinetic theory for turbulence propagating in directions parallel/anti-parallel to the ambient magnetic field, in which the original work according to Yoon and Fang [Phys. Plasmas 15, 122312 (2008)] was refined, following the paper by Gaelzer et al. [Phys. Plasmas 22, 032310 (2015)]. The main finding involved the dimensional correction pertaining to discrete-particle effects in Yoon and Fang's theory. However, the final result was presented in terms of formal linear and nonlinear susceptibility response functions. In the present paper, the formal equations are explicitly written down for the case of low-to-intermediate frequency regime by making use of approximate forms for the response functions. The resulting equations are sufficiently concrete so that they can readily be solved by numerical means or analyzed by theoretical means. The derived set of equations describe nonlinear interactions of quasi-parallel modes whose frequency range covers the Alfvén wave range to ion-cyclotron mode, but is sufficiently lower than the electron cyclotron mode. The application of the present formalism may range from the nonlinear evolution of whistler anisotropy instability in the high-beta regime, and the nonlinear interaction of electrons with whistler-range turbulence.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗