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DOE OSTI2018

Standard review plan for evaluating nuclear power reactor license termination plans

This standard review plan (SRP) guides the staff of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) in conducting safety reviews of license termination plans (LTPs). The principal purpose of this SRP is to ensure the quality and uniformity of NRC staff reviews and to present a well-defined base from which to evaluate the requirements for terminating the license of a nuclear power plant. It is also the purpose of this SRP to make information about regulatory matters widely available, so that interested members of the public and the nuclear industry can gain a better understanding of the NRC staff's review process. Specific guidance for licensees is included in Regulatory Guide 1.179, "Standard Format and Content of License Termination Plans for Nuclear Power Reactors." Licensees may also use this SRP to assist in developing an LTP. The SRP presents the acceptance criteria for all areas of review for license termination, and identifies the matters to be reviewed, the basis for the review, and the conclusions that are sought. For example, NUREG-1757, "Consolidated Decommissioning Guidance" offers additional guidance on how to demonstrate compliance with the unrestricted release, restricted release, and alternative criteria for license termination, in accordance with Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations (10 CFR), Part 20, "Standards for Protection against Radiation," Subpart E, "Radiological Criteria for License Termination." To avoid duplication of information, this SRP references applicable sections of NUREG-1757 for additional guidance. In addition, the NRC has issued supplemental guidance that will subsequently be consolidated into NUREG-1757 to address partial site release before LTP approval, and compliance with 10 CFR Part 20, Subpart E. It should be noted that the memorandum of understanding (MOU) between the Environmental Protection Agency and NRC may contain consultation triggers for some radionuclides that may be lower than the NUREG-1757 Vol. 2 Revision 1, Appendix H screening values.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2019

MOVES Activity Updates Using Fleet DNA Data: Interim Report

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Motor Vehicle Emissions Simulator (MOVES) is a publicly available tool used by researchers and policy makers to help understand motor vehicle emission sources at national, county, and project levels. However, estimates of heavy-duty activity (MOVES2014), have been identified as areas needing improvement. The start activities in MOVES2014 are calculated using a limited data set, prompting the concern that inventory values are not representative. In addition, MOVES2014 is believed to underestimate heavy-duty activity that is not captured in the current drive cycles used to represent on-network activity. For example, MOVES2014 does not account for work-day idling activity that takes place on off-network roads, such as at a distribution center while the truck is queuing or during loading and unloading. Under the guidance and expertise of the EPA, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory has leveraged its extensive Fleet DNA database of heavy-duty vehicles to reinforce the data set behind the next-generation MOVES model and enhance idle activity and start fractions using six heavy-duty vehicle classes. The data available in Fleet DNA from 420 conventional, diesel powered vehicles provided over 120,000 hours of operation. Start fraction, soak fraction, and idle fraction by hour of the day were derived for each source type, state, and vocation, and results were provided in the form of .CSV files representing MOVES table inputs. This midterm report details these results providing graphical analysis and context for the start, soak, and idle distributions.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗

DOE OSTI2018

Direct Injection 4.3L Propane Engine Research Development and Testing (Final Technical Report)

The objective of this project is to develop a propane-fueled direct injection (DI) engine and emissions control system based on a current production General Motors 4.3 L spark-ignited, DI V6 engine. The team will integrate this engine and aftertreatment system into a package delivery vehicle, and demonstrate a 20% greenhouse gas (GHG) improvement over the baseline gasoline 6.0 L engine version of the vehicle while meeting U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Phase 2 medium-duty/heavy-duty and GHG emission regulations. Engine dynamometer, chassis dynamometer, and in-use fleet test data will be incorporated into the required Autonomie simulations.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗

DOE OSTI2019

Modeling the Performance and Cost of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric-Drive Vehicles, Third Edition

This Manual details the Battery Performance and Cost model (BatPaC) developed at Argonne National Laboratory for lithium-ion battery packs used in automotive transportation. The model designs the battery for a specified power, energy, and type of vehicle battery. The cost of the designed battery is then calculated by accounting for every step in the lithium-ion battery manufacturing process. The assumed annual production level directly affects each process step. The total price to vehicle manufacturers calculated by the model represent both our estimates for the present-day costs and projected costs for up to ten years in the future, depending upon the designated scale of production. BatPaC assumes that future plants with production volumes of up to 500,000 EV batteries per year would be highly automated resulting in lower capital equipment and labor costs per unit produced than present day plants that have lower production volumes. All costs are calculated in US$ for the year of the estimate with all input costs for that same year. BatPaC is the only publicly available model of which we are aware that performs a bottom-up lithium-ion battery design and cost calculation. The original model and Manual were publicly peer-reviewed by battery experts assembled by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This revised model and Manual include changes made in response to the comments received from the users; most of the changes were made over a number of years and are summarized here. The purpose of the report is to document the equations and assumptions from which the model has been created. A user of the model will be able to recreate the calculations and perhaps more importantly, understand the driving forces for the results. Instructions for use and illustrations of the model results are also presented. Almost every variable in the calculation may be changed by the user to represent a system different from the default values pre-entered into the program. The distinct advantage of using a bottom-up cost and design model is that the entire power-to-energy space may be traversed to examine the correlation between performance and cost. The BatPaC model accounts for the physical limitations of the electrochemical processes within the battery. Thus, unrealistic designs are penalized in energy density and cost, unlike cost models based on linear extrapolations. Additionally, the consequences on cost and energy density from changes in cell capacity, parallel cell groups, and manufacturing capabilities are easily assessed with the model. New proposed materials may also be examined to translate bench-scale values to the design of full-scale battery packs providing realistic energy densities and prices to the original equipment manufacturer.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗

DOE OSTI2018

Marine Sciences Laboratory Radionuclide Air Emissions Report for Calendar Year 2017

The U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science (DOE-SC) Pacific Northwest Site Office has oversight and stewardship duties associated with the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Marine Sciences Laboratory (MSL), located on Battelle Land-Sequim. The facility has two buildings with the potential to emit low levels of radioactive materials. This report is prepared to document compliance with the Code of Federal Regulation, Title 40, Protection of the Environment, Part 61, National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants, Subpart H, “National Emission Standards for Emissions of Radionuclides Other than Radon from Department of Energy Facilities” and Washington Administrative Code Chapter 246-247, Radiation Protection–Air Emissions. Compliance is indicated by comparing the estimated effective dose equivalent (EDE) to the maximally exposed individual (MEI) with the 10 millirem per year (mrem/yr) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standard. The MSL has only fugitive emissions sources. Despite the fact that the regulations are intended for application to point source emissions, fugitive emissions are included with regard to complying with the EPA standard. The EDE to the MSL MEI due to routine operations in 2017 was 1.6E-04 mrem (1.6E-06 mSv). No non-routine emissions occurred in 2017. The MSL is in compliance with the federal and state 10 mrem/yr standard.

40 CFR 61 Subpart H↗

DOE OSTI2017

DFLAW Glass and Feed Qualifications to Support WTP Start-Up and Flow-Sheet Development (Final Report, Rev. 0)

In each test, a distinct feed composition was used to determine the effects of feed composition changes on the retention of technetium and other species as detailed in the Test Plan for this work. Key operating parameters such as the glass temperature (nominally 1150°C) were held constant to investigate the effect of each new feed composition on the retention of technetium. The processing rate was maintained at ≈2,250 kg/m 2 /day of glass, which corresponds to the “stretch-goal” rate of 22.5 MT/day specified by ORP for the WTP LAW melter, or ≈2,000 kg/m 2 /day of glass, which corresponds to the enhanced baseline specified by ORP for the WTP LAW melter (as compared to the nominal 1500 kg/m 2 /day). The bubbling rate was adjusted to achieve a near-complete cold-cap (90-100% of melt surface covered with feed). Quantitative measurements of glass production rates, melter operating conditions (temperatures, pressures, power, flows, etc.), gaseous emissions by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and particulate emissions using Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) methods were made for each test. Discharged and melt pool glass samples were inspected for formation of any salt phases and analyzed for chemical composition, including technetium content. Samples of the process fluids from each of the off-gas treatment system components were collected and analyzed. Following each test, the off-gas system was partially disassembled and extensively sampled for any residual feed components residing within the off-gas system. Sampling and analysis during and subsequent to each test was intended to be sufficient for supporting a mass balance for all constituents of interest and particularly technetium, rhenium, iodine, sulfur, chlorine, and fluorine. Additional sampling and analysis of evaporator concentrates and condensates was conducted for various organic compounds.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2019

Drying of Crystalline Silicotitanate (CST) Beds by Air Flow

The Direct Feed Low-Activity Waste (DFLAW) process has been proposed to support early production of immobilized low-activity waste (LAW) at the Hanford Site. The tank farm contractor Washington River Protection Solutions, LLC (WRPS) is developing the Tank-Side Cesium Removal (TSCR) system to accomplish the treatment objectives. The TSCR system is being designed and built by AVANTech, Inc. for WRPS and will use a filter to remove any entrained solids in the LAW and will use columns of crystalline silicotitanate (CST) ion exchange media to remove 137 Cs. A key step in preparing used columns of CST for transportation and interim storage is draining and drying of the CST beds. The purpose of this study is to document testing activities that quantify the drying of full-height beds of CST material in a laboratory column that is scaled to represent the drying process of the planned full-scale CST columns to be used in the TSCR system. The purpose also includes demonstrating that CST material within the scaled column, when dried with air injection, will pass the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Paint Filter Liquids Test.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2019

GREET® Analysis for TERRA/ROOTS Success Scenarios

The Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS2), significantly amended under the U.S. Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) of 2007, calls for production of 36 billion gallons of renewable fuels by 2022. To qualify as a renewable fuel under RFS2, fuels must achieve a reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions as compared to a 2005 petroleum baseline. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) is responsible for evaluating if a certain biofuel pathway meets EISA reduction targets, based on lifecycle analysis (LCA). Typically, the tools/models for biofuel LCA describe the full bioenergy pathway including farm input manufacturing (e.g. fertilizers), feedstock production, conversion processing at the bio-refinery, and land use change (LUC) prompted by increased feedstock production and calculate the amount of GHGs emitted per unit of biofuel produced. This type of information has been a critical driver of public opinion and national policy. LCA technique has also been utilized by California Air Resources Board (CARB)’s Low-Carbon Fuel Standard (LCFS) to evaluate the lifecycle carbon intensity (CI) of biofuels. Through this program, California seeks to reduce the GHG emissions from transportation fuel and has committed to reduce the state’s transportation GHG emissions by 20% by 2030. This program operates through a system of tradable permits that are valued based on the difference in CI of alternative fuels and the fuel they displace (e.g. ethanol and gasoline). Lower CI fuels generate LCFS credits that increase in value as this difference gets larger. In 2018, CO 2 in the LCFS market was priced at $\$$160/metric ton.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗

DOE OSTI2019

Classification of Methane Emissions from Industrial Meters, Vintage vs Modern Plastic Pipe, and Plastic-lined Steel and Cast-Iron Pipe (Final Report)

The project focus was to improve the characterization of methane (CH 4 ) emissions currently detailed in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Greenhouse Gas Inventory (GHGI) for categories of assets within the Natural Gas (NG) distribution system to isolate what is driving inflation or deflation behind current, nationwide, aggregated Emission Factors (EFs). These specific categories included industrial/commercial NG customer meters, modern and vintage plastic pipe, along with plastic-lined steel and cast-iron pipe. CH 4 emission rate data was gathered during 25 sampling campaigns at industrial/commercial meter sites, vintage and modern plastic pipe sites, as well as plastic-lined steel and cast-iron sites located within NG distribution networks.

03 NATURAL GAS↗

DOE OSTI2018

Financial Responsibility Pricing Foundations White Paper

This report presents and discusses the financial parameters incorporated in the financial instruments used to meet financial responsibility requirements per the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Underground Injection Control Class VI well regulations. These financial instruments are: Trust Fund, Escrow Account, Insurance, Letter of Credit, Surety Bond, and Self-Insurance. They provide financial coverage to complete corrective action, injection well plugging, and post-injection site care and site closure and respond to incidents requiring emergency and remedial response should the operator fail to do so.

29 ENERGY PLANNING, POLICY, AND ECONOMY↗

DOE OSTI2019

Flaring Issues, Solutions & Technologies - 2019

This update of the 2015 White Paper provides the DOE and the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) with valuable, possibly critical information to engage in meaningful discussions with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), States, U.S. Department of Interior (DOI) and the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) with the objective to reduce flaring. Throughout the workshops that were held, information was exchanged among a broad audience of stakeholders, including operators, service providers, academia, NGO’s, federal and state government agencies and regulators. This update gives NETL access to timely information that may be used to focus research, development and deployment efforts to increase resiliency within both the upstream and midstream oil and gas industry in areas of safety and efficiency.

02 PETROLEUM↗

DOE OSTI2019

Leach Testing of Laboratory-Scale Melter Evaporator Condensate Cementitious Waste Forms

Cementitious waste forms immobilizing evaporated AP-105 off-gas condensate were used to determine radionuclide and contaminant leachability in deionized water over a 63-day period. The off-gas condensate was collected during the actual tank AP-105 low activity waste continuous laboratory-scale melter (LSM)) run performed in fiscal year 2018 and was then solidified as a cementitious waste form using the Cast Stone formulation (8 weight percent [wt%] ordinary Portland cement, 45 wt% class F fly ash, 47 wt% blast furnace slag). Here, using the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Method 1315 leach testing procedure, the release rate of technetium 99 (Tc), iodine-129 (I), nitrate (NO 3 - ), and sodium (Na + ) from two Cast Stone specimens was measured. From these measurements, observed diffusivity values for each constituent were calculated and can be used in future iterations and maintenance of the Integrated Disposal Facility performance assessments. Furthermore, by testing Cast Stone specimens immobilizing off-gas produced while vitrifying actual tank waste, the results of this effort improve the technical defensibility of long-term waste form performance estimates for the Cast Stone formulation. Finally, 99 Tc distribution within a representative waste form at the end of the 63-day leach period as well as bulk mineralogy were determined using solid phase characterization methods.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗

DOE OSTI2019

Combustion Research I.1 Sprays, Flow, Heat Transfer and Turbulent Mixing

LANL is working with the Partnership for Advance Combustion Engines (PACE) a DOE sponsored consortium of national laboratories for the research and development for creating smarter engine design tools for sustainable transportation. Much of that effort is focused on heat, mass and momentum transfer within and engine. LANL’s focus in 2019, in particular under PACE has been spray modeling and engine mixture formulation, development of conjugate heat transfer analysis (heat transfer to the environment surrounding the combustion chamber). Our efforts relay on the Fast, Easy, Accurate and Robust Continuum Engineering (FEARCE) software developed at LANL as the next generation of engine modeling software for turbulent reactive and multiphase flow, a 2019 R&D 100 winner. This work is relevant to the DOE Vehicle Technologies Office efforts at addressing national energy security as well. Less dependence on petroleum products leads to greater energy security. By Environmental Protection Agency standards, some vehicles are now reaching 42–50 mpg mark. These are conventional gasoline engines. With continued investment and research into new technical innovations, the potential exists to save more than 4 million barrels of oil per day or approximately $200 to $400 million per day. This would be a significant decrease in emissions and use of petroleum and a very large stimulus to the U.S. economy. Better understanding of fuel injection and fuel–air mixing, thermodynamic combustion losses, and combustion/emission formation processes enhances our ability to minimize fuel use and unwanted emissions. Helping to accomplish this understanding, the FEARCE modeling program is working to provide state-of-theart capability for accurately simulating combustion processes: to have a predictive methodology in a software helping industry and researchers not only meet national goals on fuel usage and emissions, but global goals. In addition, a predictive, robust, and accurate capability for simulating the engine combustion process helps to minimize time and labor for development of new engine technology.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗

DOE OSTI2020

Model Year 2019 Fuel Economy Guide: EPA Fuel Economy Estimates

The Fuel Economy Guide is published by the U.S. Department of Energy as an aid to consumers considering the purchase of a new vehicle. The Guide lists estimates of miles per gallon (mpg) for each vehicle available for the new model year. These estimates are provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in compliance with Federal Law. By using this Guide, consumers can estimate the average yearly fuel cost for any vehicle. The Guide is intended to help consumers compare the fuel economy of similarly sized cars, light duty trucks and special purpose vehicles.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗

DOE OSTI2020

Model Year 2020 Fuel Economy Guide: EPA Fuel Economy Estimates

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗

DOE OSTI2020

Calculating Average Hot Water Mixes of Residential Plumbing Fittings Using the ANSI 301-2019 Hot Water Draw Model and National Residential Data to Estimate Hot Water Use in Showerheads and Lavatory Faucets

Available studies of hot water use percentages may not necessarily be generalized to a national level given regional differences, varying methodological approaches, and limited sample sizes. While some publicly available usage data, reports, and surveys estimate actual household usage, a lack of water use data specific to end uses make more precise savings calculations difficult. Additionally, most hot water draw models tend to focus on overall household use and may not readily estimate lavatory fixture use. However, reviewing more recent studies and standards enables the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s WaterSense program to update its estimates for hot water use and consumers’ corresponding energy and monetary savings to better reflect realworld conditions. This report specifically focuses on improving hot water use and savings estimates of lavatory faucets and showerheads. To estimate the hot water use of lavatory faucets and showerheads, we employed the 2015 Residential Energy Consumption Surveys (RECS) microdata alongside the ANSI 301-2019 Hot Water Draw Model. These estimates account for regional differences in hot water use, including regional cold water inlet temperatures. As a result, the refinements presented in this report are more robust, more recent, and better describe the geographic variation than previous inputs used by the WaterSense program. In addition, the approach described in this paper can be updated over time or tailored to regionally specific needs given available inputs. We conclude that hot water percentages for showers and faucets calculated using publicly available national data are close to the percentages found by regional studies and are consistent with household-level models of water use.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗

DOE OSTI2020

Using the CAP88 Plume Model & Dose Assessment Code for the FTWC Project

The Environmental Protection & Compliance Division (EPC) uses the Clean Air Act Assessment Package – 1988 (CAP88) plume model and dose assessment code to evaluate measured emissions or projected emissions of airborne radionuclides from Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) facilities. This software package will use facility data (e.g., stack height and exit velocity), emissions parameters (chemical form and quantity), and environmental data (wind speed and direction) to predict downwind concentrations of radioactive material and subsequent dose to a member of the public at that location. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has approved CAP88 for use in demonstrating compliance with the Radionuclide NESHAP2, that portion of the Clean Air Act addressing emissions of airborne radioactive material from Department of Energy facilities. EPC Division has two procedures which discuss the use of CAP88.

61 RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY↗

DOE OSTI2020

Applicability of Public Dose Limits to Individuals on the Nevada National Security Site

Historically all persons working on the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS) were considered subject to worker dose limits when calculations of potential dose from the air pathway were conducted to demonstrate compliance with Title 42 United States Code (USC) Chapter 85, “The Clean Air Act,” and Title 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 61, Subpart H, “National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP).” Calculations were also conducted for the all-pathways potential dose to demonstrate compliance with U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Order DOE O 458.1 Chg. 3, “Radiation Protection of the Public and the Environment.” The need to evaluate environmental air sampling locations and past regulator questions about the existence of persons potentially subject to public dose limits being on the NNSS drove this assessment (letter from EPA [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency] Region 9 to DOE/Nevada Operations Office, dated September 3, 1999). This assessment also supports determining those persons subject to public dose limits from the all pathways perspective. A person that is a member of the public is subject to public dose limits.

61 RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSIMETRY↗