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At least 703 records · Page 39
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Corrosion of Containment Alloys in Molten Salt Reactors and the Prospect of Online Monitoring

The aim of this review is to communicate some essential knowledge of the underlying mechanism of the corrosion of structural containment alloys during molten salt reactor operation in the context of prospective online monitoring in future MSR installations. The formation of metal halide species and the progression of their concentration in the molten salt do reflect containment corrosion, tracing the depletion of alloying metals at the alloy salt interface will assure safe conditions during reactor operation. Even though the progress of alloying metal halides concentrations in the molten salt do strongly understate actual corrosion rates, their prospective 1 st order kinetics followed by near-linearly increase is attributed to homogeneous matrix corrosion. The service life of the structural containment alloy is derived from homogeneous matrix corrosion and near-surface void formation but less so from intergranular cracking (IGC) and pitting corrosion. Online monitoring of corrosion species is of particular interest for molten chloride systems since besides the expected formation of chromium chloride species CrCl 2 and CrCl 3 , other metal chloride species such as FeCl 2 , FeCl 3 , MoCl 2 , MnCl 2 and NiCl 2 will form, depending on the selected structural alloy. The metal chloride concentrations should follow, after an incubation period of about 10,000 hours, a linear projection with a positive slope and a steady increase of <1 ppm per day. During the incubation period metal concentration show 1 st order kinetics and increasing linearly with time. Ideally, a linear increase reflects homogeneous matrix corrosion, while a sharp increase in the metal chloride concentration could set a warning flag for potential material failure within the projected service life, e.g. as result of intergranular cracking or pitting corrosion. Continuous monitoring of metal chloride concentrations can therefore provide direct information about the mechanism of the ongoing corrosion scenario and offer valuable information for a timely warning of prospective material failure.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
NASA NTRS1970

Generation of long time creep data on refractory alloys at elevated temperatures

Creep tests were conducted on two tantalum alloys (ASTAR 811C and T-111 alloy), on a molybdenum alloy (TZM), and on CVD tungsten. The T-111 alloy 1% creep life data have been subjected to Manson's station function analysis, and the progress on this analysis is described. In another test program, the behavior of T-111 alloy with continuously varying temperatures and stresses has been studied. The results indicated that the previously described analysis predicts the observed creep behavior with reasonable accuracy. In addition to the T-111 test program, conventional 1% creep life data have been obtained for ASTAR 811C alloy. Previously observed effects of heat treatment on the creep strength of this material have been discussed and a model involving carbide strengthening primarily at the grain boundaries, rather than in a classical dispersion hardening mechanism, has been proposed to explain the observed results.

Sheffler, K. D.↗
NASA NTRS1971

Thermomechanical and Thermochemical Behavior of a Hafnium-20 Percent Tantalum Alloy

An investigation was conducted to determine the thermomechanical and thermochemical behavior of a high temperature, oxidation resistant, hafnium-20 percent tantalum alloy. The elastic and shear moduli of this alloy were determined in air up to 1000 C and in vacuum up to 2000 C using a mechanical resonance technique. The internal friction of the alloy was measured up to temperatures greater than 1400 C. Room temperature stress-strain behavior of the oxidized and unoxidized alloy was established. The effect of annealing on the elastic and shear moduli of the extruded rod material was investigated. The martensitic-type phase transformation occurring in the alloy was studied using hot stage metallography and electron microscopy. Static oxidation tests were conducted on the alloy at temperatures from 1000 C to 1700 C with weight gain measurements made as a function of time and temperatures. Surface morphology studies were conducted on the oxide coatings formed at the different temperatures using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques.

Howell, J. P.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Welding and brazing of nickel and nickel-base alloys

The joining of four types of nickel-base materials is described: (1) high-nickel, nonheat-treatable alloys, (2) solid-solution-hardening nickel-base alloys, (3) precipitation-hardening nickel-base alloys, and (4) dispersion-hardening nickel-base alloys. The high-nickel and solid-solution-hardening alloys are widely used in chemical containers and piping. These materials have excellent resistance to corrosion and oxidation, and retain useful strength at elevated temperatures. The precipitation-hardening alloys have good properties at elevated temperature. They are important in many aerospace applications. Dispersion-hardening nickel also is used for elevated-temperature service.

Mortland, J. E.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Auger electron spectroscopy study of surface segregation in the binary alloys copper-1 atomic percent indium, copper-2 atomic percent tin, and iron-6.55 atomic percent silicon

Auger electron spectroscopy was used to examine surface segregation in the binary alloys copper-1 at. % indium, copper-2 at. % tin and iron-6.55 at. % silicon. The copper-tin and copper-indium alloys were single crystals oriented with the /111/ direction normal to the surface. An iron-6.5 at. % silicon alloy was studied (a single crystal oriented in the /100/ direction for study of a (100) surface). It was found that surface segregation occurred following sputtering in all cases. Only the iron-silicon single crystal alloy exhibited equilibrium segregation (i.e., reversibility of surface concentration with temperature) for which at present we have no explanation. McLean's analysis for equilibrium segregation at grain boundaries did not apply to the present results, despite the successful application to dilute copper-aluminum alloys. The relation of solute atomic size and solubility to surface segregation is discussed. Estimates of the depth of segregation in the copper-tin alloy indicate that it is of the order of a monolayer surface film.

Ferrante, J.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Magnesium-lithium casting alloys

The strength properties of magnesium-lithium alloys at room, low, and high temperatures are investigated. It is found that the alloys may have practical application at ambient temperatures up to 100 C, that negative temperatures have a favorable influence on the alloy strength, and that cyclic temperature variations have practically no effect on the strength characteristics. The influence of chemical coatings on corrosion resistance of the MgLi alloys is examined. Several facilities based on pressure casting machines, low-pressure casting machines, and magnetodynamic pumps were designed for producing MgLi alloy castings. Results were obtained for MgLi alloys reinforced with fibers having a volumetric content of 15%.

Latenko, V. P.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Role of Hf and Zr in the hydrogen embrittlement of Ta and Cb alloys

Investigation of the hydrogen embrittlement of aged Ta alloy T-111 (Ta-8W-2Hf) and similar Ta and Cb alloys. It is found that aging ternary Ta alloys such as T-111 near 1040 C for 1000 hr or longer increases their sensitivity to low-temperature hydrogen embrittlement. Segregation of Hf to grain boundaries during aging causes embrittlement upon testing at -196 C and is responsible for the observed hydrogen embrittlement. Binary Ta and Cb alloys, Ta-2Hf and Cb-1Zr, are not susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement under the conditions of this study and did not exhibit grain boundary segregation of Hf or Zr. Ternary alloys Ta-8W-.5Hf, Ta-8W-1Hf, and Ta-4W-2Hf are superior to T-111 for containment of alkali metals in that they do not exhibit aging embrittlement. However, these alloys in the aged condition are susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement.

Stephens, J. R.↗
NASA NTRS1974

The effects of composition on mechanical properties of W-4Re-Hf-C alloys

Studies were made of the effects of alloy composition on the mechanical behavior of as-worked W-4Re-Hf-C alloys containing up to about 0.8 mol % Hfc. Extracted second-phase particles were analyzed and related to alloy composition and creep strength. While strengthening is attributed to HfC particles, the presence of excess hafnium or carbon (above the calculated amounts for stoichiometric HfC) in swaged W-4Re-Hf-C alloys generally causes a reduction of the high-temperature (1930 C) tensile strength; maximum creep strength is, however, indicated for alloys with a slight (about 0.05 to 0.1 at. %) excess of hafnium. Particle strengthening is reduced by WC in solid solution with HfC for allow compositions with an excess of carbon. The low-temperature ductility of worked W-4Re-Hf-C alloys appears to be far more dependent on the amount of excess C or Hf present than on the HfC particle content in the range studies.

Witzke, W. R.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Thermoelectric properties of 80 a/o Si-20 a/o Ge alloy

This paper discusses the time and temperature dependence of the thermoelectric properties of n- and p-type 80 at. % Si-20 at. % Ge alloy. It is shown that the time-temperature behavior of the properties of both polarity types of this alloy can be described by means of a diffusion-limited dopant precipitation model due to Lifshitz and Slyozov (1961). An experimental program for the determination of the long-term behavior of the properties of the alloy is described in terms of the Lifshitz-Slyozov model, and the thermoelectric properties of the alloy are given for temperatures in the range from room temperature to 1000 C as a function of time up to and including twelve years. The data given for the p-type alloy represent the first time-dependent thermoelectric property data ever published for the p-type silicon-germanium alloys.

Raag, V.↗
NASA NTRS1975

The time and temperature dependence of the thermoelectric properties of silicon-germanium alloy

Experimental data on the electrical resistivity and Seebeck coefficient of n-type and p-type silicon-germanium alloys are analyzed in terms of a solid-state dopant precipitation model proposed by Lifshitz and Slyozov (1961). Experimental findings on the time and temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity of these two types of alloy indicate that the thermal conductivity of silicon-germanium alloys changes with time, contrary to previous hypothesis. A preliminary model is presented which stipulates that the observed thermal conductivity decrease in silicon-germanium alloys is due partly to dopant precipitation underlying the electrical property changes and partly to enhanced alloying of the material. It is significant that all three properties asymptotically approach equilibrium values with time. Total characterization of these properties will enable the time change to be fully compensated in the design of a thermoelectric device employing silicon-germanium alloys.

Raag, V.↗
NASA NTRS1975

Preliminary study of oxide-dispersion-strengthened B-1900 prepared by mechanical alloys

An experimental oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloy based on the B-1900 composition was produced by the mechanical alloying process. Without optimization of the processing for the alloy or the alloy for the processing, recrystallization of the extruded product to large elongated grains was achieved. Materials having grain length-width ratios of 3 and 5.5 were tested in tension and stress-rupture. The ODS B-1900 exhibited tensile strength similar to that of cast B-1900. Its stress-rupture life was lower than that of cast B-1900 at 760 C. At 1095 C the ODS B-1900 with the higher grain length-width ratio (5.5) had stress-rupture life superior to that of cast B-1900. It was concluded that, with optimization, oxide dispersion strengthening of B-1900 and other complex cast nickel-base alloys has potential for improving high temperature properties over those of the cast alloy counterparts.

Glasgow, T. K.↗
NASA NTRS1976

An oxide dispersion strengthened Ni-W-Al alloy with superior high temperature strength

An experimental oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloy, WAZ-D, derived from the WAZ-20 composition was produced by the mechanical alloying process. Cast WAZ-20 is strengthened by both a high refractory metal content, and 70 volume percent of gamma prime. The ODS alloy WAZ-D was responsive to variables of alloy content, of attritor processing, of consolidation by extrusion, and of heat treatment. The best material produced had large highly elongated grains. It exhibited tensile strengths generally superior to a comparable cast alloy. The ODS alloy exhibited high temperature stress rupture life considerably superior to any known cast superalloy. Tensile and rupture ductility were low, as was intermediate temperature rupture life. Very low creep rates were noted and some specimens failed with essentially no third stage creep. Also the benefit derived from the oxide dispersion, far out-weighed that from the elongated microstructure alone.

Glasgow, T. K.↗
NASA NTRS1976

Hot hardness of nickel-rich nickel-chromium-aluminum alloys

Rockwell A hardness of cast nickel-chromium-aluminum (NiCrAl) alloys was examined from ambient to 1150 K and compared to cast NiAl and IN-100. Alloy constitution was either gamma, gamma prime + gamma or gamma + beta + alpha + gamma prime. Below 1000 K beta containing NiCrAl alloys have hardnesses comparable to IN-100; above 1000 K they soften faster than IN-100. At 1150 K the hardness of beta-containing NiCrAl alloys decreases with increasing beta-content. The beta-containing NiCrAl alloys were harder than beta-NiAl. The ultimate tensile strengths of the NiCrAl alloys were estimated. The effects of NiCrAl coatings on strength and fatigue life of cooled turbine components were deduced.

Levine, S. R.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Directionally solidified eutectic alloy gamma-beta

A pseudobinary eutectic alloy composition was determined by a previously developed bleed-out technique. The directionally solidified eutectic alloy with a composition of Ni-37.4Fe-10.0Cr-9.6Al (in wt%) had tensile strengths decreasing from 1,090 MPa at room temperature to 54 MPa at 1,100 C. The low density, excellent microstructural stability, and oxidation resistance of the alloy during thermal cycling suggest that it might have applicability as a gas turbine vane alloy while its relatively low high temperature strength precludes its use as a blade alloy. A zirconium addition increased the 750 C strength, and a tungsten addition was ineffective. The gamma=beta eutectic alloys appeared to obey a normal freezing relation.

Tewari, S. N.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Cryogenic Properties of a New Tough-Strong Iron Alloy

A program was undertaken to develop an iron-base alloy having a fracture toughness of 220 MPa. m superscript 1/2 with a corresponding yield stress of 1.4 GPa (200 ksi) at-196 C. An Fe-12Ni alloy was selected as the base alloy. Factors considered included reactive metal additions, effects of interstitial impurities, strengthening mechanisms, and weldability. The goals were met in an Fe-12Ni-0.5Al alloy strengthened by thermomechanical processing or by precipitate strengthening with 2 percent Cu. The alloy is weldable with the weld metal and heat affected zone in the postweld annealed condition having toughness equivalent to the base alloy.

Stephens, J. R.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Burner rig alkali salt corrosion of several high temperature alloys

The hot corrosion of five alloys was studied in cyclic tests in a Mach 0.3 burner rig into whose combustion chamber various aqueous salt solutions were injected. Three nickel-based alloys, a cobalt-base alloy, and an iron-base alloy were studied at temperatures of 700, 800, 900, and 1000 C with various salt concentrations and compositions. The relative resistance of the alloys to hot corrosion attack was found to vary with temperature and both concentration and composition of the injected salt solution. Results indicate that the corrosion of these alloys is a function of both the presence of salt condensed as a liquid on the surface and of the composition of the gas phases present.

Deadmore, D. L.↗
NASA NTRS1976

An oxide dispersion strengthened Ni-W-Al alloy with superior high temperature strength

Oxide dispersion strengthened alloys based on the WAZ-20 nickel-base alloy were prepared by the mechanical alloying process described by Benjamin (1973), and evaluated. The results of microstructural examinations and mechanical property determinations are discussed. It is shown that WAZ-20, a high gamma-prime fraction alloy having a high gamma-prime solvus temperature, can be effectively dispersion strengthened. The strengths obtained were outstanding, especially at 1150 and 1205 C. The strength is attributed to a combination of highly alloyed matrix, elongated grain structure, and hard phase dispersion. Tensile ductility can be improved by post-recrystallization heat treatment. The new alloy shows some potential for low stress post-extrusion forming.

Glasgow, T. K.↗
NASA NTRS1977

Cryogenic properties of a new tough-strong iron alloy

A program was undertaken to develop an iron-base alloy having a fracture toughness of 220 MPa-sq root meters with a corresponding yield stress of 1.4 GPa (200 ksi) at -196 C. An Fe-12Ni alloy was selected as the base alloy. Factors considered include reactive metal additions, effects of interstitial impurities, strengthening mechanisms, and weldability. The goals of this program were met in an Fe-12Ni-0.5Al alloy strengthened by thermomechanical processing or by precipitate strengthening with 2 percent Cu. The alloy is weldable with the weld metal and heat affected zone in the post-weld annealed condition having toughness equivalent to the base alloy.

Stephens, J. R.↗