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At least 685 records · Page 38
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

Improved receiver noise calibration for ADMX axion search: 4.54 to 5.41 μeV

Axions are a well-motivated candidate for dark matter. The preeminent method to search for axion dark matter is known as the axion haloscope, which makes use of the conversion of axions to photons in a large magnetic field. Because of the weak coupling of axions to photons, however, the expected signal strength is exceptionally small. To increase signal strength, many haloscopes make use of resonant enhancement and high gain amplifiers, while also taking measures to keep receiver noise as low as possible such as the use of dilution refrigerators and ultra-low-noise electronics. In this paper, we derive the theoretical noise model based on the sources of noise found within a typical axion haloscope receiver chain, using the Axion Dark Matter eXperiment (ADMX) as a case study. We present examples of different noise calibration measurements at 1280 MHz taken during ADMX’s most recent data-taking run. These new results shed light on a previously unidentified interaction between the cavity and Josephson Parametric Amplifier as well as provide a better understanding of the systematic uncertainty on the system noise temperature used in the axion search analysis for this data-taking run. Finally, the consistency between the measurements and the detailed model provide suggestions for future improvements within ADMX and other axion haloscopes to reach a lower noise temperature.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2024

In-flight performance of S PIDER'S 280-GHz receivers

S PIDER is a balloon-borne instrument designed to map the cosmic microwave background at degree-angular scales in the presence of Galactic foregrounds. S PIDER has mapped a large sky area in the Southern Hemisphere using more than 2000 transition-edge sensors (TESs) during two NASA Long Duration Balloon flights above the Antarctic continent. During its first flight in January 2015, S PIDER observed in the 95 GHz and 150 GHz frequency bands, setting constraints on the B-mode signature of primordial gravitational waves. Its second flight in the 2022-23 season added new receivers at 280 GHz, each using an array of TESs coupled to the sky through feedhorns formed from stacks of silicon wafers. Here, these receivers are optimized to produce deep maps of polarized Galactic dust emission over a large sky area, providing a unique data set with lasting value to the field. In this work, we describe the instrument’s performance during S PIDER'S second flight.

280 GHz cosmology↗
DOE OSTI2012

Correlation of free-response and receiver-operating-characteristic area-under-the-curve estimates: Results from independently conducted FROC/ROC studies in mammography

Purpose: From independently conducted free-response receiver operating characteristic (FROC) and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) experiments, to study fixed-reader associations between three estimators: the area under the alternative FROC (AFROC) curve computed from FROC data, the area under the ROC curve computed from FROC highest rating data, and the area under the ROC curve computed from confidence-of-disease ratings. Methods: Two hundred mammograms, 100 of which were abnormal, were processed by two image-processing algorithms and interpreted by four radiologists under the FROC paradigm. From the FROC data, inferred-ROC data were derived, using the highest rating assumption. Eighteen months afterwards, the images were interpreted by the same radiologists under the conventional ROC paradigm; conventional-ROC data (in contrast to inferred-ROC data) were obtained. FROC and ROC (inferred, conventional) data were analyzed using the nonparametric area-under-the-curve (AUC), (AFROC and ROC curve, respectively). Pearson correlation was used to quantify the degree of association between the modality-specific AUC indices and standard errors were computed using the bootstrap-after-bootstrap method. The magnitude of the correlations was assessed by comparison with computed Obuchowski-Rockette fixed reader correlations. Results: Average Pearson correlations (with 95% confidence intervals in square brackets) were: Corr(FROC, inferred ROC) = 0.76[0.64, 0.84] > Corr(inferred ROC, conventional ROC) = 0.40[0.18, 0.58] > Corr (FROC, conventional ROC) = 0.32[0.16, 0.46]. Conclusions: Correlation between FROC and inferred-ROC data AUC estimates was high. Correlation between inferred- and conventional-ROC AUC was similar to the correlation between two modalities for a single reader using one estimation method, suggesting that the highest rating assumption might be questionable.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2014

SU-E-T-79: Comparison of Doses Received by the Hippocampus in Patients Treated with Single Vs Multiple Isocenter Based Stereotactic Radiation Therapy to the Brain for Multiple Brain Metastases

Purpose: To investigate the doses received by the hippocampus and normal brain tissue during a course of stereotactic radiotherapy utilizing a single isocenter (SI) versus multiple isocenter (MI) in patients with multiple intracranial metastases. Methods: Seven patients imaged with MRI including SPGR sequence and diagnosed with 2–3 brain metastases were included in this retrospective study. Two sets of stereotactic IMRT treatment plans, (MI vs SI), were generated. The hippocampus was contoured on SPGR sequences and doses received by the hippocampus and whole brain were calculated. The prescribed dose was 25Gy in 5 fractions. The two groups were compared using t-test analysis. Results: There were 17 lesions in 7 patients. The median tumor, right hippocampus, left hippocampus and brain volumes were: 3.37cc, 2.56cc, 3.28cc, and 1417cc respectively. In comparing the two treatment plans, there was no difference in the PTV coverage except in the tail of the DVH curve. All tumors had V95 > 99.5%. The only statistically significant parameter was the V100 (72% vs 45%, p=0.002, favoring MI). All other evaluated parameters including the V95 and V98 did not reveal any statistically significant differences. None of the evaluated dosimetric parameters for the hippocampus (V100, V80, V60, V40, V20, V10, D100, D90, D70, D50, D30, D10) revealed any statistically significant differences (all p-values > 0.31) between MI and SI plans. The total brain dose was slightly higher in the SI plans, especially in the lower dose regions, although this difference was not statistically significant. Utilizing brain-sub-PTV volumes did not change these results. Conclusion: The use of SI treatment planning for patients with up to 3 brain metastases produces similar PTV coverage and similar normal tissue doses to the hippocampus and the brain compared to MI plans. SI treatment planning should be considered in patients with multiple brain metastases undergoing stereotactic treatment.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2015

SU-E-J-265: Feasibility Study of Texture Analysis for Prognosis of Local Tumor Recurrence Within 5-Years for Pharyngeal-Laryngeal Carcinoma Patients Received Radiotherapy Treatment

Purpose: Pharyngeal and laryngeal carcinomas (PLC) are among the top leading cancers in Asian populations. Typically the tumor may recur and progress in a short period of time if radiotherapy fails to deliver a successful treatment. Here we used image texture features extracted from images of computed tomography (CT) planning and conducted a retrospective study to evaluate whether texture analysis is a feasible approach to predict local tumor recurrence for PLC patients received radiotherapy treatment. Methods: CT planning images of 100 patients with PLC treated by radiotherapy at our facility between 2001 and 2010 are collected. These patients were received two separate CT scans, before and mid-course of the treatment delivery. Before the radiotherapy, a CT scanning was used for the first treatment planning. A total of 30 fractions were used in the treatment and patients were scanned with a second CT around the end of the fifteenth delivery for an adaptive treatment planning. Only patients who were treated with intensity modulated radiation therapy and RapidArc were selected. Treatment planning software of Eclipse was used. The changes of texture parameters between two CT acquisitions were computed to determine whether they were correlated to the local tumor recurrence. The following texture parameters were used in the preliminary assessment: mean, variance, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis, energy, entropy, inverse difference moment, cluster shade, inertia, cluster prominence, gray-level co-occurrence matrix, and gray-level run-length matrix. The study was reviewed and approved by the committee of our institutional review board. Results: Our calculations suggested the following texture parameters were correlated with the local tumor recurrence: skewness, kurtosis, entropy, and inertia (p<0.0.05). Conclusion: The preliminary results were positive. However some works remain crucial to be completed, including addition of texture parameters for different image features, sensitivity of tumor segmentation variations, and effect of image filtering.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2016

A source-synchronous filter for uncorrelated receiver traces from a swept-frequency seismic source

We have developed a novel algorithm to reduce noise in signals obtained from swept-frequency sources by removing out-of-band external noise sources and distortion caused from unwanted harmonics. The algorithm is designed to condition nonstationary signals for which traditional frequency-domain methods for removing noise have been less effective. The source synchronous filter (SSF) is a time-varying narrow band filter, which is synchronized with the frequency of the source signal at all times. Because the bandwidth of the filter needs to account for the source-to-receiver propagation delay and the sweep rate, SSF works best with slow sweep rates and moveout-adjusted waveforms to compensate for source-receiver delays. The SSF algorithm was applied to data collected during a field test at the University of California Santa Barbara’s Garner Valley downhole array site in Southern California. At the site, a 45 kN shaker was mounted on top of a one-story structure and swept from 0 to 10 Hz and back over 60 s (producing useful seismic waves greater than 1.6 Hz). The seismic data were captured with small accelerometer and geophone arrays and with a distributed acoustic sensing array, which is a fiber-optic-based technique for the monitoring of elastic waves. The result of the application of SSF on the field data is a set of undistorted and uncorrelated traces that can be used in different applications, such as measuring phase velocities of surface waves or applying convolution operations with the encoder source function to obtain traveltimes. Lastly, the results from the SSF were used with a visual phase alignment tool to facilitate developing dispersion curves and as a prefilter to improve the interpretation of the data.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2019

Surgical Management of the Axilla in Clinically Node-Positive Patients Receiving Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy: A National Cancer Database Analysis

Background: The feasibility of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in patients with clinically node-positive (cN+) disease who convert to clinically node-negative (cN0) disease following neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) has been evaluated in several large clinical trials, but it remains unclear whether the approach has been broadly adopted in the United States. Methods: The National Cancer Database was used to identify women diagnosed with cN+ breast cancer who received NAC followed by surgery between 2012 and 2015. Trends in axillary surgery were evaluated and multivariable logistic regression analyses performed to determine factors associated with receipt of SLNB. Results: Of 12,965 women cN+ at baseline, the use of SLNB increased from 31.8% in 2012 to 49% in 2015 (p < 0.001). Using axillary pCR as a surrogate for patients who convert to cN0 following NAC, among 5127 (39.5%) ypN0 patients, SLNB increased from 38.2 to 58.4% over the study period (p < 0.001), resulting in avoidance of axillary dissection in 42.2% of ypN0 patients by 2015. In adjusted analyses, factors significantly associated with SLNB attempt included cN1 disease, age < 45 years, treatment facility type, triple-negative and HER2-positive subtypes, and year of diagnosis. In women with residual isolated tumor cells (ITCs), micrometastases, and ypN1 disease, SLNB was the only axillary procedure performed in 36.9%, 23.6%, and 13.0% of cases. Conclusions: The use of SLNB in cN+ patients receiving NAC increased significantly between 2012 and 2015. SLNB alone was performed in more than 10% of patients with ypN1 disease, 20% with micrometastases, and 35% with ITCs; the oncologic safety of omitting axillary dissection in these patients requires further evaluation.

62 RADIOLOGY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Effects of as-received defects on ceramic matrix composites properties using high-fidelity microstructures with periodic boundary conditions

The presence of microstructural defects in as-received specimens of ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) significantly influences their constitutive response and damage, highlighting the importance of characterization and quantification of these defects for accurate assessment of damage and failure in the service environment. In a recent effort, the authors developed an algorithm to generate stochastic representative volume elements (SRVEs) of Carbon fiber Silicon-Carbide-Nitride matrix (C/SiNC) CMCs based on extensive multiscale material and defect characterization data. This paper implements this algorithm within a commercial finite element solver with periodic boundary conditions (PBCs) for high-fidelity micromechanics analysis and investigation of macroscopic material behavior of C/SiNC composites. Different loading directions are used to predict the global mechanical properties, and the results are in excellent agreement with theoretical (rule of mixture) predictions. Subsequently, the effects of as-received defects on the global and local responses are investigated. The results show that intratow porosity has pronounced degradation effects on the global elastic properties and results in complex stress localization patterns, which can be attributed to potential damage initiation sites.

Khafagy, Khaled H.↗
DOE OSTI2018

Emergence of resistance mutations in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaques receiving non-suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART)

Two SIVmac251-infected rhesus macaques received tenofovir/emtricitabine with raltegravir intensification. Viral rebound occurred during treatment and sequencing of reverse transcriptase and integrase genes identified multiple resistance mutations. Similar to HIV infection, antiretroviral-resistance mutations may occur in SIV-infected nonhuman primates receiving nonsuppressive ART. As ART administration to nonhuman primates is currently dramatically expanding, fueled by both cure research and the study of HIV-related comorbidities, viral resistance should be factored in the study design and data interpretation

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Incidence and predictors of tuberculosis among children receiving antiretroviral therapy in the Wolaita Zone: A retrospective cohort study

Tuberculosis is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), mainly in sub-Saharan Africa, including Ethiopia. Tuberculosis remains a significant health concern for HIV-positive children in Ethiopia. There is a paucity of data on the incidence and predictors of tuberculosis among children living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in the Wolaita zone. Hence, this study aimed to assess the incidence and predictors of tuberculosis among children living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in the Wolaita zone between January 2010 to December 2020. A retrospective cohort study was conducted among 389 children receiving antiretroviral therapy in Wolaita zone health facilities between January 2010 to December 2020. The checklist was adapted from the standardized antiretroviral treatment (ART) follow-up form currently used by the institutions’ ART clinics. The Kaplan-Meier survival function and Log-rank were used to estimate the survival for each categorical variable to compare the survival between different exposure groups. Both bivariable and multivariable parametric survival Gompertz models were fitted to identify predictors of tuberculosis among HIV-positive children. The association was summarized using an adjusted hazard ratio (AHR), and statistical significance was declared at 95% CI and p-value < 0.05. The goodness of the model fit was assessed using a Cox-Snell residual plot. The incidence rate of tuberculosis among children living with HIV was 3.5 (95% CI 2.7–4.5) per 100 child years. World Health Organization clinical stage III or IV (AHR = 2.31, 95% CI [1.26, 4.22]), hemoglobin level <10 g/dL (AHR = 2.87, 95% CI [1.51, 5.45]), fair or poor ART adherence (AHR = 4.4, 95% CI[2.18, 9.05]), underweight (AHR = 2.55, 95% CI [1.45, 4.51]), age >10 years (AHR = 3.62; 95% CI [1.29, 10.0]), and cotrimoxazole preventive therapy (AHR = 0.23; 95% CI [0.08, 0.60]) were among the independent predictors of TB occurrence. The incidence of tuberculosis among children on ART was high. HIV-positive children presenting with advanced disease staging (III and IV), anemia, “fair” and “poor” ART adherence, underweight, age above ten years, and not receiving cotrimoxazole preventive therapy were at higher risk of TB. Therefore, counseling on ART adherence, early diagnosis, and prompt treatment of anemia and malnutrition are recommended to avert tuberculosis.

60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

Measuring Balance Across Multiple Radar Receiver Channels.

When radar receivers employ multiple channels, the general intent is for the receive channels to be as alike as possible, if not as ideal as possible. This is usually done via prudent hardware design, supplemented by system calibration. Towards this end, we require a quality metric for ascertaining the goodness of a radar channel, and the degree of match to sibling channels. We propose a relevant and usable metric to do just that. Acknowledgements: This report was the result of an unfunded research and development activity.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2016

High Temperature Falling Particle Receiver (2012 - 2016) - Final DOE Report

The objective of this work was to advance falling particle receiver designs for concentrating solar power applications that will enable higher temperatures (>700 °C) and greater power-cycle efficiencies (≥50% thermal-to-electric). Modeling, design, and testing of components in Phases 1 and 2 led to the successful on-sun demonstration in Phase 3 of the world’s first continuously recirculating high-temperature 1 MW t falling particle receiver that achieved >700 °C particle outlet temperatures at mass flow rates ranging from 1 – 7 kg/s.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2018

Particle Mass Flow Control for High-Temperature Concentrating Solar Receivers

This report summarizes the results of a two-year project funded by the U.S. Department of Energy's Solar Energy Technologies Office (SuNLaMP 1506) to evaluate the performance of high-temperature (>700 °C) particle receivers for concentrating solar power (see Appendix A for project information). In the first year, novel particle release patterns were designed and tested to increase the effective solar absorptance of the particle curtain. Modeling results showed that increasing the magnitude and frequency of different wave-like patterns increased the effective absorptance and thermal efficiency by several percentage points, depending on the mass flow rate. Tests showed that triangular-wave, square-wave, and parallel-curtain particle release patterns could be implemented and maintained at flow rates of ~10 kg/s/m. The second year of the project focused on the development and testing of particle mass-flow control and measurement methods. An automated slide gate controlled by the outlet temperature of the particles was designed and tested. Testing demonstrated that the resolution accuracy of the slide-gate positioning was less than ~1 mm, and the speed of the slide gate enabled rapid adjustments to accommodate changes in the irradiance to maintain a desired outlet temperature range. Different in-situ particle mass-flow measurement techniques were investigated, and two were tested. The in-situ microwave sensor was found to be unreliable and sensitive to variations in particle flow patterns. However, the in-situ weigh hopper using load cells was found to provide reliable and repeatable measurements of real-time in-situ particle mass flow. On-sun tests were performed to determine the thermal efficiency of the receiver as a function of mass flow rate, particle temperature, and irradiance. Models of the tests were also developed and compared to the tests.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2019

Identification and Shipment Progress of the INL and LANL Samples to Be Received at ORNL

Ferritic-martensitic steel Grade 92, with T91 as a reference, together with austenitic stainless steel (or Incoloy Alloy) 800H and its grain-boundary-engineered version 800H-TMP (ThermoMechanical Processing), is investigated in this project. A total of fifteen Grade 92 samples from two or three heats, four T91 samples from two heats, and six 800H and six 800H-TMP samples from one heat were selected, which were primarily irradiated in the Advanced Test Reactor of Idaho National Laboratory (INL), with the rest in the High Flux Isotope Reactor of Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), BOR-60 of Russia, and Phénix reactor of France. The samples were irradiated in the temperature range of 241 to 720°C and a dose range of 1.28 to ~70 displacements per atom. All the INL samples, most of the ORNL samples, and part of the LANL (Los Alamos National Laboratory) samples from the ATR, BOR-60 and Phénix reactors have been received at the Irradiated Materials Examination and Testing (IMET) hot cell facility and Low Activation Materials Design and Analysis (LAMDA) laboratory of ORNL. Post-irradiation examination of the received samples is in progress at ORNL. The effects of irradiation temperature, dose, reactor (e.g., dose rate, neutron-spectrum-induced difference in transmutation), TMP, and heats variation on the microstructures and mechanical properties of the samples will be evaluated.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Innovative Method for Welding in Generation 3 CSP to Enable Reliable Manufacturing of Solar Receivers to withstand Daily Cycling at Temperatures Above 700°C (Final Technical Report)

Inconel® Alloy 740H® (alloy 740H) was the first age-hardenable nickel-based alloy approved by the ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code for use in pressure-boundary applications. Over the past ~20 years the alloy has been optimized for weldability and high-temperature stability, approved for use in different applications. Development of a supply chain combined with the advantageous properties of the alloy (high-temperature creep strength, oxidation and corrosion resistance, etc.) have resulted in the alloy being applied to new high-temperature power cycle demonstration projects, and of particular interest are applications to concentrating solar power (CSP) to enable higher-efficiency Generation 3 CSP systems and the corresponding supercritical CO 2 (sCO 2 ) power cycle components (heat exchangers, piping, etc.). The high allowable stresses of alloy 740H also make it a desirable material for current Generation 2 CSP solar power receivers to improve cyclic capability and/or reduce receiver height. Recent experiences in demonstration projects utilizing alloy 740H identified cracking issues during welding and fabrication. In this project, a detailed study was done to confirm and clarify the Stress Relaxation Cracking (SRxC) mechanism, also known as stress relief cracking or strain-age cracking (SAC), during post-weld heat-treatment (PWHT). This involved detailed microscopy and advanced characterization to understand the root cause(s) of three failures obtained from industry. Based in-part on these findings, a targeted laboratory based SRxC test method was utilized to evaluate variables such as heat-to-heat variations, strain level, PWHT temperature, and starting material condition on three heats of alloy 740H. Industrial shop welding of cold-worked plates was also conducted. The research showed the following: SRxC was confirmed as the cracking mechanism for all field failures; Stress state (from residual stresses, constraint, deformation, and local stress concentrations) was playing a significant role in field failures and laboratory testing confirmed increasing susceptibility for all heats with increasing strain levels. High levels of microstructural strain were identified at crack initiation locations, in some cases leading to local recrystallization; Precipitate free zones (PFZs) at grain boundaries were found at relaxation cracks and crack initiation locations uniquely associated with SRxC in alloy 740H. Laboratory testing reproduced this microstructural feature which had only previously been reported in long-term creep testing of weldments. Advanced nano-scale characterization confirmed the presence of a moving boundary leading to coarsening of precipitates and PFZs where damage accumulated; The research suggested heat-to-heat variations due to local chemistry and processing may influence SRxC susceptibility, but more work is needed to fully clarify these effects. To disseminate the key learnings from this research to the scientific and engineering communities and alloy 740H end users, multiple technical publications and presentations were made, an industrial alloy 740H users meeting was held, and a new industry guideline specification document which can be directly implemented by end-users of alloy 740H was produced.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Analytical Results of the Tank 51H Sludge Batch 11 As-Received Qualification Sample

Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) has been requested by Savannah River Mission Completion (SRMC) to qualify the next sludge batch, Sludge Batch 11 (SB11), for processing at the Defense Waste Processing Facility (DWPF). This report documents the first steps of the qualification process, characterization of the Tank 51H as-received qualification material. SRMC sent SRNL two 200 mL samples received from Tank 51H on the 12th of August 2024. The combined sample, HTF-51-24-85/86, was analyzed for the following: supernate and slurry density, weight percent solids, settling, chemical composition, and radionuclides.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2023

Evaluation of Additively Manufactured Monolithic SiC and SiC Ceramic Matrix Composites for CSP- Fabrication and Testing of Receiver Design Feature Specimens in a Simulating Lab Test via Laser Heating

Critical to the creation of a multi-component SiC receiver design concept capable of meeting the SETO CST cost goal objectives of <$150/kWth is the optimal utilization of material for solar absorption and heat transfer to transport fluid. This is to maximize the solar-thermal efficiency in the techno-economic analysis of derived use case. As a first step in preparation of sub-component design for on-sun test evaluations we use different proposed SiC absorber element in a customized laser heat flux test to assess an effective heat transfer coefficient characteristic of the design. The test results are analyzed to extract the effective heat transfer coefficient, thus enable optimization of the geometry of receiver components for heat transfer, efficiency attributes and the thermo-structural management of the components. High intensity CO2 laser is used in combination with air flow through the test specimen to assess the effective heat transfer coefficient under heat flux conditions corresponding to high solar concentrations in the range of 1000-2000 suns.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2026

Development and Full Load Demonstration of a 900°C Solid Particle Receiver for Concentrating Solar Power Applications - noLimits

Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) and the German Aerospace Centre (DLR) are world leaders in the joint and separate development of very high temperature next generation solar concentrator systems using solid particles. This project “noLimits” is meant to provide the critical performance information needed to commercialize DLR’s CentRec® solar receiver and ancillary particle systems (conveying systems, storage vessels, flow control equipment etc.) developed at Sandia National Laboratories (SNL). Performance information (at power levels closer to a small scale Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) plant) will be obtained at full load conditions (2.5 MWt ) and at 900 °C-1000 °C particle outlet temperatures at the National Solar Thermal Test Facility (NSTTF) located at SNL. Heliogen was proposed to be joining the project as a commercial partner to provide the commercialization route for this receiver design, if successful, as Heliogen acquired the intellectual property (IP) from DLR.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗