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At least 685 records · Page 38

Deep learning for in situ data compression of large turbulent flow simulations

As the size of turbulent flow simulations continues to grow, in situ data compression is becoming increasingly important for visualization, analysis, and restart checkpointing. For these applications, single-pass compression techniques with low computational and communication overhead are crucial. In this paper we present a deep-learning approach to in situ compression using an autoencoder architecture that is customized for three-dimensional turbulent flows and is well suited for contemporary heterogeneous computing resources. The autoencoder is compared against a recently introduced randomized single-pass singular value decomposition (SVD) for three different canonical turbulent flows: decaying homogeneous isotropic turbulence, a Taylor-Green vortex, and turbulent channel flow. Our proposed fully convolutional autoencoder architecture compresses turbulent flow snapshots by a factor of 64 with a single pass, allows for arbitrarily sized input fields, is cheaper to compute than the randomized single-pass SVD for typical simulation sizes, performs well on unseen flow configurations, and has been made publicly available. The results reported here show that the autoencoder dramatically outperforms a randomized single-pass SVD with similar compression ratio and yields comparable performance to a higher-rank decomposition with an order of magnitude less compression in regard to preserving a number of important statistical quantities such as turbulent kinetic energy, enstrophy, and Reynolds stresses.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Accelerating LHC phenomenology with analytic one-loop amplitudes: A C++ interface to MCFM

Abstract The evaluation of one-loop matrix elements is one of the main bottlenecks in precision calculations for the high-luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider. To alleviate this problem, a new C++ interface to the "Image missing" <#comment/> parton-level Monte Carlo is introduced, giving access to an extensive library of analytic results for one-loop amplitudes. Timing comparisons are presented for a large set of Standard Model processes. These are relevant for high-statistics event simulation in the context of experimental analyses and precision fixed-order computations.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

Multiple Reaction Pathways for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction May Contribute to IrO 2 (110)’s High Activity

Density functional theory calculations in conjunction with statistical mechanical arguments are performed on the rutile IrO 2 (110) facet in order to characterize multiple reaction pathways on the surface at the highest active limit (the stoichiometric surface with all metal sites available) and at the lowest active limit (the oxygen-terminated surface). Alternative pathways to the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are found, with multiple pathways determined at each step of the four proton-coupled electron transfer reaction. Of particular interest is the detailed characterization of a co-adsorption pathway utilizing neighboring, adsorbed O, OH species in order to evolve oxygen; activation energies of this pathway are <0.5 eV and therefore easily surmountable at the high operating potentials of OER. We also determined that surface Ir atoms can potentially participate in deprotonating an OOH* intermediate; the activation energy to this is 0.67 eV on the oxygen-terminated surface. These theoretical findings explain in part the high activity present in iridium oxide catalysts and also provide insight into the mechanistic pathways available on metal oxide catalysts, which may require the concerted interaction of nearest neighbor co-adsorbates to produce chemicals of interest.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

AEflow (Autoencoder fluid flow compression network) [SWR-22-29]

As the size of turbulent flow simulations continues to grow, in situ data compression is becoming increasingly important for visualization, analysis, and restart checkpointing. For these applications, single-pass compression techniques with low computational and communication overhead are crucial. In this paper we present a deep-learning approach to in situ compression using an autoencoder architecture that is customized for three-dimensional turbulent flows and is well suited for contemporary heterogeneous computing resources. The autoencoder is compared against a recently introduced randomized single-pass singular value decomposition (SVD) for three different canonical turbulent flows: decaying homogeneous isotropic turbulence, a Taylor-Green vortex, and turbulent channel flow. Our proposed fully convolutional autoencoder architecture compresses turbulent flow snapshots by a factor of 64 with a single pass, allows for arbitrarily sized input fields, is cheaper to compute than the randomized single-pass SVD for typical simulation sizes, performs well on unseen flow configurations, and has been made publicly available. The results reported here show that the autoencoder dramatically outperforms a randomized single-pass SVD with similar compression ratio and yields comparable performance to a higher-rank decomposition with an order of magnitude less compression in regard to preserving a number of important statistical quantities such as turbulent kinetic energy, enstrophy, and Reynolds stresses.

King, Ryan↗

When to vaccinate for seasonal influenza: check the peak forecast

Background Seasonal influenza infects 5-20% of people every year in the United States, resulting in hospitalizations, deaths, and adverse economic impacts. To mitigate these impacts, influenza vaccines are developed and distributed annually; however, growing evidence suggests that vaccine effectiveness (VE) wanes over the course of a flu season. Delaying influenza vaccination for older adults has attracted attention as a potential public health strategy. However, given the uncertainties in seasonal peak, vaccine effectiveness, and waning rates, postponing vaccination could also lead to increased morbidity, motivating an evaluation of a range of potential scenarios. The aim of this study was to investigate favorable age group-specific vaccination schedules that could lead to the greatest disease burden reduction. Methods We systematically investigated a broad range of vaccination start times for five age groups under six combinations of initial effectiveness and waning rates, based on influenza cases and vaccine uptake data from 10 influenza seasons. We defined the most favorable vaccination schedule as the one that resulted in the greatest reduction in disease burden. Results In scenarios with fast waning, all age groups benefit from delaying vaccination regardless of initial VE and peak timing. In scenarios with slower waning, results are mixed. For the ≥65 group, high initial VE and slow waning suggests that in early-peaking seasons, early vaccination most effectively reduces disease burden, while in late-peaking seasons delaying vaccination is most effective. For the ≥65 group in medium and low initial VE, and slow waning scenarios, delaying vaccination appears to prevent the greatest number of cases, regardless of whether the season peaks early or late. Conclusion The most favorable vaccination schedule is sensitive to changes in initial VE, waning rate, and peak timing. Given estimates of these quantities from statistical and immunological models and observations, our methods can inform vaccination recommendations in order to most effectively reduce the annual disease burden caused by seasonal influenza. Specifically, accurate peak timing forecasts for the upcoming season have the potential to guide decisions on when to vaccinate.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

Multibunch Studies for LCLS-II High Energy Upgrade

The Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) X-ray free-electron laser at SLAC is being upgraded to LCLS-II with a superconducting linac and 1 MHz bunch repetition rate. The proposed high-energy upgrade (LCLS-II-HE) will increase the beam energy from 4 to 8 GeV, extending the reach of accessible X-ray photon energies. With the increased repetition rate and longer linac of LCLS-II-HE, multi-bunch effects are of greater concern. We use recently introduced capabilities in the beam transport code ELEGANT to study dipole and monopole beam breakup effects for LCLS-II HE beam parameters. The results indicate that resonant dipole kicks have steady-state settle times on the order of 500 bunches or less and appear manageable. We also consider a statistical variation of the cavity frequencies and transverse offsets of cavities and quadrupoles. Resonant emittance growth driven by monopole kicks is found to be disrupted by frequency variation between cavities.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗

Metrics to Assess Lightning Context

The Integrated Nuclear Detonation Detection (iNDD) project seeks to develop two statistical constructs. The first will fuse operational data from Nuclear Detonation Detection (NDD) systems in order to determine whether a nuclear event has likely occurred; this is referred to as the “fused detector.” The assorted detection domains of NDD systems span independent regimes with uncorrelated backgrounds; for example, lightning is a background for satellite-based systems, while earthquakes are a background for seismic systems.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Neutron Star Radii, Deformabilities, and Moments of Inertia from Experimental and Ab Initio Theory Constraints of the 208Pb Neutron Skin Thickness

Recent experimental and ab initio theory investigations of the 208Pb neutron skin thickness have the potential to inform the neutron star equation of state. In particular, the strong correlation between the 208Pb neutron skin thickness and the pressure of neutron matter at normal nuclear densities leads to modified predictions for the radii, tidal deformabilities, and moments of inertia of typical 1.4M⊙ neutron stars. In the present work, we study the relative impact of these recent analyses of the 208Pb neutron skin thickness on bulk properties of neutron stars within a Bayesian statistical analysis. Two models for the equation of state prior are employed in order to highlight the role of the highly uncertain high-density equation of state. From our combined Bayesian analysis of nuclear theory, nuclear experiment, and observational constraints on the dense matter equation of state, we find at the 90% credibility level R1.4=12.36−0.73+0.38 km for the radius of a 1.4M⊙ neutron star, R2.0=11.96−0.71+0.94 km for the radius of a 2.0M⊙ neutron star, Λ1.4=440−144+103 for the tidal deformability of a 1.4M⊙ neutron star, and I1.338=1.425−0.146+0.074×1045gcm2 for the moment of inertia of PSR J0737-3039A whose mass is 1.338M⊙.

Lim, Yeunhwan↗

Improving the performance of soft decision Viterbi decoding in a non-Gaussian environment through non-linear quantization

The performance of Viterbi decoding in a non-Gaussian environment is investigated using a nonlinear quantization strategy. The channel model consists of a convolutionally encoded BPSK signal transmitted to a satellite where it is corrupted with additive white Gaussian noise and pulsed radio frequency interference (RFI). The resultant signal is then passed through a satellite nonlinearity and transmitted to a ground station where it is coherently detected. Interleaving is assumed in order to make the channel memoryless. The presence of RFI makes the channel statistics non-Gaussian, leading to a nonlinear log-likelihood function. A near optimum quantization scheme is found by maximizing a channel parameter, or by matching the quantizer to the log-likelihood function in a mean square error sense. Bit error rate performance improvement is achieved by using such nonlinear quantization.

Mcgregor, D. N.↗

Evaluation of criteria for selecting the spectral attributes of digital LANDSAT MSS imagery for discriminating lithological units in the lower Curaca River Valley, Bahia

The use of spectral attributes criteria was investigated, based on measures of statistical distance of separability between thematic classes in MSS digital LANDSAT imagery, in order to select the best subsets of channels in composite colors for the detection and discrimination of lithological units in the lower valley of Curaca River, State of Bahia, Brazil. Three situations were investigated: (1) selection of the three best channels, considering all of the original bands (channels 4, 5, 6, and 7); (2) selection of the three best bands, considering the six MSS band-ratios (channels 4/5, 4/6. 4/7, 5/6, 5/7, and 6/7); and (3) selection of the three best bands in a hybrid approach (the four original bands and the six ratios). A visual analysis was done on color composite images using the selected sets. Results show that the hybrid product (bands 4, 5/7, and 7 with green, blue, and red respectively) and the Normal Color Composite (bands 4, 5, and 7 with blue, green, and red colors respectively) had the best performance.

Paradella, W. R.↗

Early changes in gradation styles and rates on Mars

The wide annulus of massifs and knobs of Isidis and Argyre provided sufficiently large areas for meaningful crater statistics of large craters. Counts were made over adjacent and nested areas in order to test consistency and to derive relative age of each basin. Within the Isidis annulus, charateristic terrains provided counting areas for dating contrasting surface process: channeled hummocky terrain, etched terrains, and intermassif channeled plains. The channeled hummocky terrain contains a high channel density of narrow valley networks cutting both primary Isidis features and old craters. The etched terrains represent a broad region outside the inner high relief massifs of southwestern Isidis where numerous irregular plateaus, mesas, and relict craters indicate a different style of erosion. The intermassif channeled plains occur along the inner mountainous ring. Shallow meandering channels form a large integrated drainage system that is linked to numerous smaller intermountainous basins. These ponds and interconnected tributaries extend beyond the primary inner massif ring through broad canyons.

Schultz, Peter H.↗

Development of a two-dimensional zonally averaged statistical-dynamical model. II - The role of eddy momentum fluxes in the general circulation and their parameterization

The role of eddy momentum fluxes in the general circulation was investigated using a two-dimensional zonally averaged statistical-dynamical model described by Yao and Stone (1987), which is almost two orders of magnitude faster than the three-dimensional climate model of Hansen et al. (1983). Results show that the vertical structure of the meridional eddy flux has relatively little impact on the general circulation, presumably because the vertical structure is strongly constrained by the thermal wind relation and surface friction. On the other hand, it was found that, in order to simulate accurately the general circulation and its response to climate changes, parameterization of the vertically integrated meridional eddy flux of angular momentum is necessary. A new parameterization of this eddy momentum transport was carried out, which is intended to represent the transport due to large-scale transient eddies arising from baroclinic instability.

Stone, Peter H.↗

Statistical analysis of effective singular values in matrix rank determination

A major problem in using SVD (singular-value decomposition) as a tool in determining the effective rank of a perturbed matrix is that of distinguishing between significantly small and significantly large singular values to the end, conference regions are derived for the perturbed singular values of matrices with noisy observation data. The analysis is based on the theories of perturbations of singular values and statistical significance test. Threshold bounds for perturbation due to finite-precision and i.i.d. random models are evaluated. In random models, the threshold bounds depend on the dimension of the matrix, the noisy variance, and predefined statistical level of significance. Results applied to the problem of determining the effective order of a linear autoregressive system from the approximate rank of a sample autocorrelation matrix are considered. Various numerical examples illustrating the usefulness of these bounds and comparisons to other previously known approaches are given.

Konstantinides, Konstantinos↗

Crater formation and modification on the icy satellites of Uranus and Saturn - Depth/diameter and central peak occurrence

Fresh crater shapes, in particular crater depth/diameter ratios d/D, have been measured for craters on nine of the icy satellites. Crater depths were determined from photoclinometry plus some shallow measurements. Interior morphology, including rimwall slope, was also examined from photoclinometry profiles. Central peak statistics and the characteristic break in slope of d/D curves were determined in order to estimate the transition diameter from simple to complex craters. Crater morphology and transition diameters on the icy satellites were then compared with crater morphology on the terrestrial rocky planets in order to separate or evaluate the relative importance and similarity of surface gravity and target characteristics in controlling crater formation and modification in icy and rocky targets. Estimates of effective rheologies of the target materials were also obtained based on morphologic changes.

Schenk, Paul M.↗

The Turbulent/Non-Turbulent Interface Bounding a Far-Wake

The velocity fields of a turbulent wake behind a flat plate obtained from the direct numerical simulations of Moser et al. are used to study the structure of the flow in the intermittent zone where there are, alternately, regions of fully turbulent flow and non-turbulent velocity fluctuations either side of a thin randomly moving interface. Comparisons are made with a wake that is 'forced' by amplifying initial velocity fluctuations. There is also a random temperature field T in the flow; T varies between constant values of 0.0 and 1.0 on the sides of the wake. The value of the Reynolds number based on the centreplane mean velocity defect and halfwidth b of the wake is Re approx. = 2000. It is found that the thickness of the continuous interface is about equal to 0.07b, whereas the amplitude of fluctuations of the instantaneous interface displacement y(sub I)(t) is an order of magnitude larger, being about 0.5b. This explains why the mean statistics of vorticity in the intermittent zone can be calculated in terms of the probability distribution of y(sub I) and the instantaneous discontinuity in vorticity across the interface. When plotted as functions of y - y(sub I), the conditional mean velocity (U) and temperature (T) profiles show sharp jumps Delta(U) and Delta(T) at the interface adjacent to a thick zone where (U) and (T) vary much more slowly. Statistics for the vorticity and velocity variances, available in such detail only from DNS data, show how streamwise and spanwise components of vorticity are generated by vortex stretching in the bulges of the interface. Flow fields around the interface, analyzed in terms of the local streamline pattern, confirm previous results that the advancement of the vortical interface into the irrotational flow is driven by large-scale eddy motion. It is argued that because this is an inviscid mechanism the entrainment process is not sensitive to the value of Re, and that small-scale nibbling only plays a subsidiary role. While mean Reynolds stresses decrease gradually in the intermittent zone, conditional stresses are found to decrease sharply towards zero at the interface. Using one-point turbulence models applied to either unconditional or conditional statistics for the turbulent region and then averaged, the entrainment rate E(sub b) would, if calculated exactly, be zero. But if computed with standard computational methods, E(sub b) would be non-zero because of numerical diffusion. It is concluded that the current practice in statistical models of approximating entrainment by a diffusion process is computationally arbitrary and physically incorrect. An analysis shows how E(sub b) is related to Delta(U) and the jump in shear stress at the interface, and correspondingly to Delta(T) and the heat flux.

Bisset, David K.↗

Applications of Kalman filtering to real-time trace gas concentration measurements

A Kalman filtering technique is applied to the simultaneous detection of NH3 and CO2 with a diode-laser-based sensor operating at 1.53 micrometers. This technique is developed for improving the sensitivity and precision of trace gas concentration levels based on direct overtone laser absorption spectroscopy in the presence of various sensor noise sources. Filter performance is demonstrated to be adaptive to real-time noise and data statistics. Additionally, filter operation is successfully performed with dynamic ranges differing by three orders of magnitude. Details of Kalman filter theory applied to the acquired spectroscopic data are discussed. The effectiveness of this technique is evaluated by performing NH3 and CO2 concentration measurements and utilizing it to monitor varying ammonia and carbon dioxide levels in a bioreactor for water reprocessing, located at the NASA-Johnson Space Center. Results indicate a sensitivity enhancement of six times, in terms of improved minimum detectable absorption by the gas sensor.

Non-NASA Center↗

On the Detectability of CO Molecules in the Interstellar Medium via X-Ray Spectroscopy

We present a study of the detectability of CO molecules in the Galactic interstellar medium using high-resolution X-ray spectra obtained with the XMM-Newton Reflection Grating Spectrometer. We analysed 10 bright low mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) to study the CO contribution in their line of sights. A total of 25 observations were fitted with the ISMabs X-ray absorption model which includes photoabsorption cross-sections for Oi, Oii, Oiii and CO. We performed a Monte Carlo (MC) simulation analysis of the goodness of fit in order to estimate the significance of the CO detection. We determine that the statistical analysis prevents a significant detection of CO molecular X-ray absorption features, except for the lines of sight towards XTE J1718-330 and 4U 1636-53. In the case of XTE J1817-330, this is the first report of the presence of CO along its line of sight. Our results reinforce the conclusion that molecules have a minor contribution to the absorption features in the O K-edge spectral region. We estimate a CO column density lower limit to perform a significant detection with XMM-Newton of N(CO) greater than 6 x 10(exp 16) per sq cm for typical exposure times.

ISM: structure↗

Thermal Hysteresis and Ordering Behavior of Magnetic Skyrmion Lattices

The physics of phase transitions in two-dimensional (2D) systems underpins research in diverse fields including statistical mechanics, nanomagnetism, and soft condensed matter. However, many aspects of 2D phase transitions are still not well understood, including the effects of interparticle potential, polydispersity, and particle shape. Magnetic skyrmions are chiral spin-structure quasi-particles that form two-dimensional lattices. Here, in this study, we show, by real-space imaging using in situ cryo-Lorentz transmission electron microscopy coupled with machine learning image analysis, the ordering behavior of Néel skyrmion lattices in van der Waals Fe 3 GeTe 2 . We demonstrate a distinct change in the skyrmion size distribution during field-cooling, which leads to a loss of lattice order and an evolution of the skyrmion liquid phase. Remarkably, the lattice order is restored during field heating and demonstrates a thermal hysteresis. This behavior is explained by the skyrmion energy landscape and demonstrates the potential to control the lattice order in 2D phase transitions.

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗