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At least 685 records · Page 38

Single-Use Destructive Assay for Uranium Hexafluoride Sampling

Sampling uranium hexafluoride (UF6) for the determination of enrichments by destructive analysis (DA) is a critical component in the International Atomic Energy Agency’s layered safeguards approach for uranium processing facilities. Typically, gram-quantity UF6 samples are collected during inspections and stored under tag-and-seal until transportation to an off-site analytical laboratory. The shipping times can be long, and evolving restrictions on radioactive/corrosive materials shipments may increasingly limit the IAEA’s ability to transport UF6 samples easily. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory has developed a low-cost UF6 sampling technology called Single-Use Destructive Assay (SUDA) that addresses these challenges, as well as provides DA sample geometries that can be tailored for different analytical methods, including potential on-site analyses. The SUDA samplers, along with a unique holder, are designed for direct attachment to existing taps at uranium processing facilities, allowing gaseous UF6 to come into direct contact with a zeolite film. The SUDA technology features the ability to capture uranium in a more easily shipped and handled form as the solid, more stable, and relatively less hazardous hydrated uranyl fluoride (UO2F2•nH2O), which is formed through the controlled hydrolysis of UF6. We have recently simulated uranium collection under enrichment plant sampling conditions to further improve our understanding of SUDA sampling. Presented here is our recent work on measuring the relationship between sampling conditions and uranium collection, which includes control of the uranium-mass-to-zeolite ratio and assessing variable UF6 gas and sampling parameters that can affect collection using the SUDA sampler.

Pope, Timothy R.↗

Data Report on Post-Irradiation Dimensional Change of AGC-1 Samples

This report documents the measured post irradiation dimensional change in the AGC-1 samples. The AGC-1 capsule is the first in six planned irradiation capsules comprising the Advanced Graphite Creep (AGC) test series. AGC-1 irradiation began September 5, 2009 in the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) and was completed on January 8, 2011. The capsule was cooled for 3 months in the ATR Canal, and then shipped to MFC in April 2011 for disassembly and sample extraction. After extraction the samples were shipped to the INL Research Center (IRC) for initial post-irradiation examination (PIE) and storage in the irradiated graphite vault. The AGC-1 capsule design contained “matched pair” samples to ascertain the irradiation-induced dimensional changes and levels of creep experienced in different graphite types. The irradiation-induced dimensional changes and creep levels are determined by comparing the total dimensional change for stressed and unstressed samples of the same type of graphite exposed to the same dose levels and at similar temperatures. Under irradiation creep (i.e. permanent strain due to irradiation, stress, and temperature) the stressed samples should demonstrate more dimensional change than the unstressed samples. This additional dimensional change in the stressed samples is designated as “irradiation-induced creep” in graphite. The data are further presented using the parameters influencing dimensional change in graphite; levels of induced stress, temperature, graphite type, and dose. However, the AGC-1 post-irradiation examination is a significant endeavor and this data report serves to provide irradiation-induced dimensional change data for AGC capsule design refinement as well as a status on the progress of the PIE activities. The dimensional changes of both the samples and graphite body are very important to the design of the future AGC capsules (AGC-3 through AGC-6) and are provided as soon as the data are available in order to determine whether design changes to the next capsule are required. A complete evaluation of the irradiation-induced dimensional change data will be performed for a final AGC-1 PIE report that will include full analysis of pre- and post-irradiation data, with verified AGC-1 irradiation conditions of temperature and dose.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗

Per-instruction energy debugging using instruction sampling hardware

A processor utilizes instruction based sampling to generate sampling data sampled on a per instruction basis during execution of an instruction. The sampling data indicates what processor hardware was used due to the execution of the instruction. Software receives the sampling data and generates an estimate of energy used by the instruction based on the sampling data. The sampling data may include microarchitectural events and the energy estimate utilizes a base energy amount corresponding to the instruction executed along with energy amounts corresponding to the microarchitectural events in the sampling data. The sampling data may include switching events associated with hardware blocks that switched due to execution of the instruction and the energy estimate for the instruction is based on the switching events and capacitance estimates associated with the hardware blocks.

Wei, Shijia↗

Prompt Gamma Ray Analysis of Soil Samples

Neutron moderation effects were measured in bulk soil samples through prompt gamma ray measurements from water and benzene contaminated soil samples using 14 MeV neutron inelastic scattering. The prompt gamma rays were measured using a cylindrical 76 mm x 76 mm (diameter x height) LaBr{sub 3}:Ce detector. Since neutron moderation effects strongly depend upon hydrogen concentration of the sample, for comparison purposes, moderation effects were studied from samples containing different hydrogen concentrations. The soil samples with different hydrogen concentration were prepared by mixing soil with water as well as benzene in different weight proportions. Then, the effects of increasing water and benzene concentrations on the yields of hydrogen, carbon and silicon prompt gamma rays were measured. Moderation effects are more pronounced in soil samples mixed with water as compared to those from soil samples mixed with benzene. This is due to the fact that benzene contaminated soil samples have about 30% less hydrogen concentration by weight than the water contaminated soil samples. Results of the study will be presented. (authors)

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

WHOLESCALE Catalog of Rock Samples at San Emidio Nevada collected in January 2021

This submission contains information on thirty-six rock samples collected from San Emidio, Nevada during January, 2021 for Subtask 2.3 of the WHOLESCALE project. The following resources include a .zip of rock sample photos taken in the field, a .zip of rock sample photos taken in the laboratory at UW-Madison, and an excel catalog of rock samples with information on sample name, rock type, coordinates of sample location, structural measurements, field notes, observations for plug preparation (e.g., weathering, ability to be cut and cored), and rock descriptions. It should be noted that not every sample was photographed in the field. Names and descriptions of rock formation units are taken from Rhodes et al. (2011). The README.txt file is a description of this submission.

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY↗

Integrated sample-handling and mounting system for fixed-target serial synchrotron crystallography

Serial synchrotron crystallography (SSX) is enabling the efficient use of small crystals for structure–function studies of biomolecules and for drug discovery. An integrated SSX system has been developed comprising ultralow background-scatter sample holders suitable for room and cryogenic temperature crystallographic data collection, a sample-loading station and a humid `gloveless' glovebox. The sample holders incorporate thin-film supports with a variety of designs optimized for different crystal-loading challenges. These holders facilitate the dispersion of crystals and the removal of excess liquid, can be cooled at extremely high rates, generate little background scatter, allow data collection over >90° of oscillation without obstruction or the risk of generating saturating Bragg peaks, are compatible with existing infrastructure for high-throughput cryocrystallography and are reusable. The sample-loading station allows sample preparation and loading onto the support film, the application of time-varying suction for optimal removal of excess liquid, crystal repositioning and cryoprotection, and the application of sealing films for room-temperature data collection, all in a controlled-humidity environment. The humid glovebox allows microscope observation of the sample-loading station and crystallization trays while maintaining near-saturating humidities that further minimize the risks of sample dehydration and damage, and maximize working times. This integrated system addresses common problems in obtaining properly dispersed, properly hydrated and isomorphous microcrystals for fixed-orientation and oscillation data collection. Its ease of use, flexibility and optimized performance make it attractive not just for SSX but also for single-crystal and few-crystal data collection. Fundamental concepts that are important in achieving desired crystal distributions on a sample holder via time-varying suction-induced liquid flows are also discussed.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗

Underground Test Area Calendar Year 2014 Annual Sampling Analysis Report Nevada National Security Site, Nevada, Revision 0

This report presents the analytical data for the 2014 fiscal year (FY) and calendar year (CY) (October 1, 2013, through December 31, 2014), and an evaluation of the data to ensure that the Sampling Plan’s objectives are met. In addition to samples collected and analyzed for the Sampling Plan, some NNSS wells are monitored by NNSA/NFO to demonstrate compliance with State-issued water discharge permits; with protection of groundwater from ongoing radiological waste disposal activities (compliance wells); and to demonstrate that the onsite drinking water supply is below SDWA maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) (public water system [PWS] wells). While not all sampled locations are required by the Sampling Plan, these samples are relevant to its objectives and are therefore presented herein for completeness purposes. Special investigations that took place in 2014 that are relevant to the Sampling Plan are also presented. This is the first annual report released to support Sampling Plan implementation.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Rotary Percussive Sample Acquisition Tool (SAT): Hardware Development and Testing

In support of a potential Mars Sample Return (MSR) mission an Integrated Mars Sample Acquisition and Handling (IMSAH) architecture has been proposed to provide a means for Rover-based end-to-end sample capture and caching. A key enabling feature of the architecture is the use of a low mass sample Acquisition Tool (SAT) that is capable of drilling and capturing rock cores directly within a sample tube in order to maintain sample integrity and prevent contamination across the sample chain. As such, this paper will describe the development and testing of a low mass rotary percussive SAT that has been shown to provide a means for core generation, fracture, and capture.

Integrated Mars Sample Acquisition and Handling (I↗

How to avoid multiple scattering in strongly scattering SANS and USANS samples

Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS) and Ultra Small Angle Neutron Scattering (USANS) are the only available experimental techniques to provide seamless non-destructive measurements of the geometry of the accessible and inaccessible pore structure of rocks from sub-nanopore size to the scale of macropores. They have therefore become the measurement of choice for tight reservoir rocks such as organic rich shales. A simplifying assumption in the analysis is, however, that during the path of neutrons through the sample each neutron is only scattered once. Shales are samples with a high scattering power and Multiple Scattering (MS) may occur which requires special modelling for deconvolution of the results. The approach to avoid MS is to simply reduce the sample thickness to <0.15–0.5 mm. Here, in this work, we present a systematic method on wavelength selection and preparation of samples to optimise extraction of microstructural data and minimise parasitic errors. Experimentally measured SAS transmission (TSAS) values are used as a practical criterion for estimation of the extent of MS. Generous beamtime allocations allowed robust testing revealing that sample thicknesses can be twice as thick as predicted using the standard protocol. Analysing thicker samples is particularly beneficial for statistically relevant characterisation of heterogeneous samples making the new protocol the method of choice for such samples.

(U)SANS↗

Adversarial sampling of unknown and high-dimensional conditional distributions

Many engineering problems require the prediction of realization-to-realization variability or a refined description of modeled quantities. In that case, it is necessary to sample elements from unknown high-dimensional spaces with possibly millions of degrees of freedom. While there exist methods able to sample elements from probability density functions (PDF) with known shapes, several approximations need to be made when the distribution is unknown. In this paper the sampling method, as well as the inference of the underlying distribution, are both handled with a data-driven method known as generative adversarial networks (GAN), which trains two competing neural networks to produce a network that can effectively generate samples from the training set distribution. In practice, it is often necessary to draw samples from conditional distributions. When the conditional variables are continuous, only one (if any) data point corresponding to a particular value of a conditioning variable may be available, which is not sufficient to estimate the conditional distribution. This work handles this problem using an a priori estimation of the conditional moments of a PDF. Herein, two approaches, stochastic estimation, and an external neural network are compared for computing these moments; however, any preferred method can be used. The algorithm is demonstrated in the case of the deconvolution of a filtered turbulent flow field. It is shown that all the versions of the proposed algorithm effectively sample the target conditional distribution with minimal impact on the quality of the samples compared to state-of-the-art methods. Additionally, the procedure can be used as a metric for the diversity of samples generated by a conditional GAN (cGAN) conditioned with continuous variables.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

Influence of sampling frequency and estimation method on phosphorus load uncertainty in the Western Lake Erie Basin, Ohio, USA

Accurate estimates of nutrient loads are necessary to identify critical source areas and quantify the impact of management practices on pollutant export. Previous studies have investigated nutrient load estimate uncertainty, but they often focus on nutrient loads estimated using an interpolation method for large-scale watersheds with short-term datasets. The study objective was to quantify uncertainty in soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), total phosphorus (TP), and suspended solids (SS) load estimates from two small (<10 3 km 2 ) agricultural watersheds in the western Lake Erie Basin resulting from different sampling frequencies. Each watershed had high temporal resolution datasets of discharge (15 min) and nutrient concentration (1 to 3 samples per day) collected over a 30-year period (1990–2020). Firstly, SRP, TP, and SS loads were calculated using the high temporal resolution datasets, which was assumed as “true loads”. Secondly, the high temporal concentration data were decomposed to semiweekly, weekly, biweekly, and monthly sampling and annual loads were estimated using four common load estimation methods to assess the effect of sampling frequency and load estimation method on load estimate error. Across the four different methods, the composite method had the lowest relative root mean square and absolute bias, but the rectangular interpolation method was the most precise. Furthermore, even with semiweekly sampling, the composite method resulted in an unacceptable level of precision (average imprecision = 39 %), while the interpolation method resulted in an unacceptable bias (average absolute bias = 16 %). Because neither method could provide acceptable accuracy and precision at the lowest decrease in sampling (e.t. semiweekly sampling), continued daily sampling is recommended in these watersheds.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Automated “Cells-To-Peptides” Sample Preparation Workflow for High-Throughput, Quantitative Proteomic Assays of Microbes

Mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomic analysis has proven valuable for clinical and biotechnology-related research and development. Improvements in sensitivity, resolution, and robustness of mass analyzers have also added value. However, manual sample preparation protocols are often a bottleneck for sample throughput and can lead to poor reproducibility, especially for applications where thousands of samples per month must be analyzed. To alleviate these issues, we developed a “cells-to-peptides” automated workflow for Gram-negative bacteria and fungi that includes cell lysis, protein precipitation, resuspension, quantification, normalization, and tryptic digestion. The workflow takes 2 h to process 96 samples from cell pellets to the initiation of the tryptic digestion step and can process 384 samples in parallel. We measured the efficiency of protein extraction from various amounts of cell biomass and optimized the process for standard liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry systems. The automated workflow was tested by preparing 96 Escherichia coli samples and quantifying over 600 peptides that resulted in a median coefficient of variation of 15.8%. Similar technical variance was observed for three other organisms as measured by highly multiplexed LC-MRM–MS acquisition methods. These results show that this automated sample preparation workflow provides robust, reproducible proteomic samples for high-throughput applications.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗

Note: Design and development of wireless controlled aerosol sampling network for large scale aerosol dispersion experiments

Wireless based custom built aerosol sampling network is designed, developed, and implemented for environmental aerosol sampling. These aerosol sampling systems are used in field measurement campaign, in which sodium aerosol dispersion experiments have been conducted as a part of environmental impact studies related to sodium cooled fast reactor. The sampling network contains 40 aerosol sampling units and each contains custom built sampling head and the wireless control networking designed with Programmable System on Chip (PSoC™) and Xbee Pro RF modules. The base station control is designed using graphical programming language LabView. The sampling network is programmed to operate in a preset time and the running status of the samplers in the network is visualized from the base station. The system is developed in such a way that it can be used for any other environment sampling system deployed in wide area and uneven terrain where manual operation is difficult due to the requirement of simultaneous operation and status logging.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

A multi-probe thermophoretic soot sampling system for high-pressure diffusion flames

Optical diagnostics and physical probing of the soot processes in high pressure combustion pose challenges that are not faced in atmospheric flames. One of the preferred methods of studying soot in atmospheric flames is in situ thermophoretic sampling followed by transmission electron microscopy imaging and analysis for soot sizing and morphology. The application of this method of sampling to high pressures has been held back by various operational and mechanical problems. In this work, we describe a rotating disk multi-probe thermophoretic soot sampling system, driven by a microstepping stepper motor, fitted into a high-pressure chamber capable of producing sooting laminar diffusion flames up to 100 atm. Innovative aspects of the sampling system design include an easy and precise control of the sampling time down to 2.6 ms, avoidance of the drawbacks of the pneumatic drivers used in conventional thermophoretic sampling systems, and the capability to collect ten consecutive samples in a single experimental run. Proof of principle experiments were performed using this system in a laminar diffusion flame of methane, and primary soot diameter distributions at various pressures up to 10 atm were determined. High-speed images of the flame during thermophoretic sampling were recorded to assess the influence of probe intrusion on the flow field of the flame.

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗

Adjoint Klein-Nishina Sampling Methods: Efficiency, Speed and Applications

Three new rejection sampling methods for generating samples from the adjoint Klein-Nishina cross section are discussed: the two-branch rejection sampling procedure, the three-branch linear rejection sampling procedure and the three-branch inverse rejection sampling procedure. These methods have all been implemented in the Framework for REsearch in Nuclear ScIence and Engineering (FRENSIE). The efficiency and sample generation rate of each of these methods are evaluated to characterize the methods and to make recommendations regarding their use. The use of these methods in realistic transport simulations is also evaluated by incorporating a scattering function into the sampling process. Furthermore, the results of an infinite medium problem are presented to verify that the sampling procedure can be used in an adjoint Monte Carlo simulation to generate results that are in agreement with an equivalent forward simulation.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

Data Validation Package, June 2016 Groundwater Sampling at the Hallam, Nebraska, Decommissioned Reactor Site, August 2016

The 2008 Long-Term Surveillance Plan [LTSP] for the Decommissioned Hallam Nuclear Power Facility, Hallam, Nebraska (http://www.lm.doe.gov/Hallam/Documents.aspx) requires groundwater monitoring once every 2 years. Seventeen monitoring wells at the Hallam site were sampled during this event as specified in the plan. Planned monitoring locations are shown in Attachment 1, Sampling and Analysis Work Order. Water levels were measured at all sampled wells and at two additional wells (6A and 6B) prior to the start of sampling. Additionally, water levels of each sampled well were measured at the beginning of sampling. See Attachment 2, Trip Report, for additional details. Sampling and analysis were conducted as specified in Sampling and Analysis Plan for U.S. Department of Energy Office of Legacy Management Sites (LMS/PRO/S04351, continually updated, http://energy.gov/lm/downloads/sampling-and-analysis-plan-us-department- energy-office-legacy-management-sites). Gross alpha and gross beta are the only parameters that were detected at statistically significant concentrations. Time/concentration graphs of the gross alpha and gross beta data are included in Attachment 3, Data Presentation. The gross alpha and gross beta activity concentrations observed are consistent with values previously observed and are attributed to naturally occurring radionuclides (e.g., uranium and uranium decay chain products) in the groundwater.

2016 Groundwater Sampling↗

Data Validation Package - April and July 2015 Groundwater and Surface Water Sampling at the Gunnison, Colorado, Processing Site

This event included annual sampling of groundwater and surface water locations at the Gunnison, Colorado, Processing Site. Sampling and analyses were conducted as specified in Sampling and Analysis Plan for U.S. Department of Energy Office of Legacy Management Sites. Samples were collected from 28 monitoring wells, three domestic wells, and six surface locations in April at the processing site as specified in the 2010 Ground Water Compliance Action Plan for the Gunnison, Colorado, Processing Site. Domestic wells 0476 and 0477 were sampled in July because the homes were unoccupied in April, and the wells were not in use. Duplicate samples were collected from locations 0113, 0248, and 0477. One equipment blank was collected during this sampling event. Water levels were measured at all monitoring wells that were sampled. No issues were identified during the data validation process that requires additional action or follow-up.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Data Validation Package May 2016 Groundwater Sampling at the Lakeview, Oregon, Processing Site August 2016

This biennial event includes sampling five groundwater locations (four monitoring wells and one domestic well) at the Lakeview, Oregon, Processing Site. For this event, the domestic well (location 0543) could not be sampled because no one was in residence during the sampling event (Note: notification was provided to the resident prior to the event). Per Appendix A of the Groundwater Compliance Action Plan, sampling is conducted to monitor groundwater quality on a voluntary basis. Sampling and analyses were conducted as specified in the Sampling and Analysis Plan for U.S. Department of Energy Office of Legacy Management Sites (LMS/PRO/S04351, continually updated). One duplicate sample was collected from location 0505. Water levels were measured at each sampled monitoring well. The constituents monitored at the Lakeview site are manganese and sulfate. Monitoring locations that exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Secondary Maximum Contaminant Levels for these constituents are listed in Table 1. Review of time-concentration graphs included in this report indicate that manganese and sulfate concentrations are consistent with historical measurements.

2016 Groundwater Sampling Lakeview, Oregon↗