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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 685 records · Page 38
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

A Convolution Neural Network for Voltage Event Classification at a Photovoltaic Inverter

This paper presents a convolutional neural network (CNN) developed to identify voltage events in photovoltaic (PV) inverters. The CNN is trained on synthetic data generated using the IEEE 13-bus distribution feeder model and evaluated on field measured data collected from Energy Northwest’s Horn Rapids Solar, Storage, and Training (HRSST) facility. The study focuses on two common voltage events: faults and voltage sags. The CNN is configured to analyze voltage and current waveforms from three-phase PV systems, demonstrating excellent accuracy during training. Field data from the HRSST facility is employed to assess its real-world performance, where the CNN achieves perfect identification of faults and voltage sags in a sample of nine events. This work highlights the potential of the proposed method to enhance PV protection schemes, providing a robust foundation for improved voltage event detection and grid reliability.

Cornachione, Matthew A.↗
DOE OSTI2026

U.S. Department of Energy Competitiveness Improvement Project (CIP) 2024 Inverter Listing Awardee: Eocycle America Corporation

This fact sheet describes the 2024 Competitiveness Improvement Project (CIP) award received by Eocycle America Corporation for Inverter Listing. The U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) CIP awards cost-shared subcontracts and technical support to manufacturers of small and medium-sized wind turbines. Managed by NLR on behalf of DOE, CIP helps advance wind energy as a cost-effective, distributed generation technology option.

17 WIND ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2026

Evaluating Protection System Performance for a Real-World Weak Grid Area With High Inverter-Based Resources: Preprint

This paper evaluates an existing protection scheme implemented in a real-world weak grid area with a high penetration of inverter-based resources (IBRs). The study aims to assess the reliability and adequacy of protection schemes originally designed for traditional synchronous machine systems and determine whether they can continue to operate reliably in systems with high levels of IBRs. Hardware relays are tested using a controller-hardware-in-the-loop setup. PSCAD electromagnetic transient simulation with an IBR original equipment manufacturer black-box model is used to perform fault studies and generate COMTRADE data, which are replayed by a real-time digital simulator (RTDS) to feed input to the hardware relays. Three scenarios are analyzed: normal operation, an N-1 contingency, and an IBR-only scenario. The evaluation results reveal the following: 1) the protection scheme remains reliable under normal conditions and N-1 contingencies and 2) in IBR-only scenarios, differential protection (87L) continues to operate reliably, whereas local protection elements, such as distance and directional elements, fail because of the lack of regulated negative sequence current contributed by IBRs. These findings provide utilities with valuable insights for improving their protection systems in high-IBRs.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2024

PWM for Simultaneous Minimization of Switching Losses and CM Voltage in Current Source Inverters

This article proposes a new pulsewidth modulation (PWM) scheme that reduces common-mode (CM) voltage and switching losses simultaneously in CSI. The proposed PWM [i.e., reduced voltages PWM (RVM)] reduces CM voltages and switching losses by selecting the optimal zero current vector and PWM sequence based on the CSI output voltage conditions. This article also proves the proposed RVM achieves both objectives (i.e., reduced CM voltage and switching losses) simultaneously for all CSI operating conditions without compromising the other objective. The proposed RVM inherently achieves zero-voltage switching (ZVS) conditions during the zero current vector transitions, further reducing the switching losses. Experimental results demonstrate significant reductions in CM voltage, reaching up to approximately 95%, accompanied by an increase of up to about 5.5% in CSI efficiency across a wide operating range compared to alternative PWM methods, confirming the predicted advantages of the proposed RVM.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2023

PV Inverter Systems Enabled by Monolithically Integrated SiC based Four Quadrant Power Switch (4-QPS) [BiDFET]

The purpose of this project was to develop a new breed of Power Conversion Systems (PCS) for PV integration that is enabled by the newly developed 4-Quadrant Single Die SiC Power Semiconductor Switches (4-QPS) or also referred to as “Bidirectional FET (BIDFET)”. This work includes semiconductor die development, advanced packaging, converter design, development, and testing of 4-QPS enabled hardware prototypes at 1 kW (for single phase residential application) and 10 kW (for three phase commercial application). The BiDirectional Field-Effect Transistor (BiDFET) can enable circuit topologies requiring four-quadrant switches, that were earlier designed using discrete combinations of MOSFETs, IGBTs, GaN HEMTs, and PiN diodes. The monolithic nature of the BiDFET allows lower device count, smaller switch volume, lower inductance, and simpler packaging, and hence more reliable and commercially viable implementation in power electronics converters. The matrix converter topologies, now feasible using BiDFETs, can eliminate the bulky and unreliable dc link capacitors or inductors required for conventional voltage-source or current-source converters in ac–ac and ac–dc applications. The 1.2 kV BiDFET has the potential to disrupt all the applications utilizing 1.2 kV switches, including electric vehicle (EV) drivetrain, bidirectional EV chargers, industrial motor drives, solid-state transformers, datacenter power supplies, elevator drives, dc microgrids, energy storage grid integration, solid-state breakers, etc.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2026

Study of the Protection Improvements for a Weak Grid Area With High Inverter-Based Resources (IBRs)

This project designs enhanced protection scheme for the real-world weak grid area with a high penetration of IBRs. As the existing protection schemes are originally designed for traditional synchronous machines, we first evaluate if the protection scheme will continue to operate reliably in systems with high levels of IBRs. Hardware relays are tested using a controller-hardware-in-the-loop setup. PSCAD electromagnetic transient simulation with IBR original equipment manufacturer black-box models is used to perform fault studies and generate COMTRADE data, which are replayed by a real-time digital simulator (RTDS) to feed input to the hardware relays. Three scenarios are analyzed: normal operation, an N-1 contingency, and an IBR-only scenario. The evaluation results reveal the following: 1) the protection scheme remains reliable under normal conditions and N-1 contingencies and 2) in IBR-only scenarios, differential protection (87L) continues to operate reliably, whereas local protection elements, such as distance and directional elements, fail because of the lack of regulated negative sequence current contributed by IBRs. Enhanced protection is designed to address the challenge of lack of negative sequence current from IBRs, including increased restraining factors a2 and k2 to block 32Q or using V instead QV ORDER for ground faults, enhanced mho distance element with voltage and phase angle supervision for L-L faults. The efficacy of enhanced protection logic is validated and proven to work reliably. Additionally, IEEE Std. 2800-2022 negative sequence current compliant GFL and GFM IBRs from another vendor are tested and proven to work reliably without need for enhanced logic. Therefore, this work provides valuable decision-making for utilities facing protection system challenges due to IBRs, either designing enhanced protection scheme or requesting their IBRs being IEEE Std. 2800-2022 compliant to produce regulated negative sequence current for protection relay to make correct decision.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2022

Benzimidazole Based Hole‐Transporting Materials for High‐performance Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells

Abstract Interfaces play a decisive role in perovskite solar cells’ power conversion efficiency and their long‐term durability. Small‐molecule hole‐transporting materials (HTMs) have grabbed enormous attention due to their structural flexibility, material properties, and stabilities, allowing for improved operational durability in perovskite photovoltaics. This study synthesizes and investigates a new class of benzimidazole‐based small molecules, named YJS001 and YJS003 , serving as the HTMs to enable high‐efficiency mixed‐cation mixed‐halide perovskite solar cells. The benzimidazole‐based materials are dopant‐free HTMs composed of donor and acceptor building blocks that are designed to engineer the energy level alignment near the HTM/perovskite interface. Mixed‐cation mixed‐halide perovskites can be grown uniformly on both HTMs with large crystalline grains. It is discovered that the donor‐rich YJS003 ‐based solar cell exhibits a high open‐circuit voltage of 1.09 V with a champion power conversion efficiency of over 20%. Power‐dependent current–voltage characteristics of the solar cells are analyzed, from which the high performance of YJS003's excellent hole mobility and well‐aligned energy level is attributed. This work introduces a new class of benzimidazole‐based small molecules as HTMs, that paves the path for dopant free interface material development for commercialization of perovskite solar cells.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗