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DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Pb2CCl2O3 by Materials Project

Pb2Cl2CO3 crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are eight inequivalent Pb2+ sites. In the first Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to five O2- and one Cl1- atom. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.42–2.86 Å. The Pb–Cl bond length is 2.93 Å. In the second Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two O2- and five Cl1- atoms. There are one shorter (2.43 Å) and one longer (3.20 Å) Pb–O bond lengths. There are a spread of Pb–Cl bond distances ranging from 2.76–3.62 Å. In the third Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two O2- and four Cl1- atoms. There are one shorter (2.39 Å) and one longer (2.45 Å) Pb–O bond lengths. There are a spread of Pb–Cl bond distances ranging from 2.78–3.36 Å. In the fourth Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to four O2- and two Cl1- atoms. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.46–2.72 Å. There are one shorter (2.72 Å) and one longer (3.08 Å) Pb–Cl bond lengths. In the fifth Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded in a distorted square pyramidal geometry to two O2- and three Cl1- atoms. There are one shorter (2.56 Å) and one longer (2.97 Å) Pb–O bond lengths. There are a spread of Pb–Cl bond distances ranging from 2.66–2.87 Å. In the sixth Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to five O2- and two Cl1- atoms. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.48–2.86 Å. There are one shorter (3.04 Å) and one longer (3.50 Å) Pb–Cl bond lengths. In the seventh Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two O2- and three Cl1- atoms. There are one shorter (2.41 Å) and one longer (2.50 Å) Pb–O bond lengths. There are a spread of Pb–Cl bond distances ranging from 2.87–3.12 Å. In the eighth Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to three O2- and three Cl1- atoms. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.49–2.63 Å. There are a spread of Pb–Cl bond distances ranging from 2.73–3.32 Å. There are four inequivalent C4+ sites. In the first C4+ site, C4+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O2- atoms. There are a spread of C–O bond distances ranging from 1.27–1.33 Å. In the second C4+ site, C4+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O2- atoms. There are a spread of C–O bond distances ranging from 1.27–1.35 Å. In the third C4+ site, C4+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O2- atoms. There is two shorter (1.29 Å) and one longer (1.30 Å) C–O bond length. In the fourth C4+ site, C4+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three O2- atoms. There are a spread of C–O bond distances ranging from 1.29–1.31 Å. There are twelve inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Pb2+ and one C4+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Pb2+ and one C4+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two Pb2+ and one C4+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two Pb2+ and one C4+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two Pb2+ and one C4+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two Pb2+ and one C4+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two Pb2+ and one C4+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three Pb2+ and one C4+ atom. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three Pb2+ and one C4+ atom. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two Pb2+ and one C4+ atom. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to three Pb2+ and one C4+ atom. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to two Pb2+ and one C4+ atom. There are eight inequivalent Cl1- sites. In the first Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three Pb2+ atoms. In the second Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two Pb2+ atoms. In the third Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four Pb2+ atoms. In the fourth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to four Pb2+ atoms. In the fifth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three Pb2+ atoms. In the sixth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to three Pb2+ atoms. In the seventh Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to two Pb2+ atoms. In the eighth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to two Pb2+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Cu(Cl2O)2 by Materials Project

CuCl4O2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Fddd space group. The structure is three-dimensional. Cu is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to four equivalent O and four equivalent Cl atoms. All Cu–O bond lengths are 2.18 Å. All Cu–Cl bond lengths are 2.64 Å. O is bonded in a distorted square co-planar geometry to two equivalent Cu and two equivalent Cl atoms. Both O–Cl bond lengths are 2.07 Å. Cl is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Cu, one O, and one Cl atom. The Cl–Cl bond length is 2.34 Å.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on K2Mo6H2Cl14O by Materials Project

K2Mo6H2OCl14 crystallizes in the monoclinic Cc space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent K1+ sites. In the first K1+ site, K1+ is bonded to six Cl1- atoms to form distorted KCl6 pentagonal pyramids that share corners with two equivalent MoCl5 square pyramids, corners with two equivalent MoCl5 trigonal bipyramids, and edges with two equivalent KCl6 pentagonal pyramids. There are a spread of K–Cl bond distances ranging from 3.19–3.38 Å. In the second K1+ site, K1+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to one O2- and four Cl1- atoms. The K–O bond length is 2.79 Å. There are a spread of K–Cl bond distances ranging from 3.16–3.49 Å. There are six inequivalent Mo2+ sites. In the first Mo2+ site, Mo2+ is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to three Cl1- atoms. There are a spread of Mo–Cl bond distances ranging from 2.46–2.57 Å. In the second Mo2+ site, Mo2+ is bonded to five Cl1- atoms to form edge-sharing MoCl5 trigonal bipyramids. There are a spread of Mo–Cl bond distances ranging from 2.43–2.60 Å. In the third Mo2+ site, Mo2+ is bonded to five Cl1- atoms to form MoCl5 square pyramids that share corners with two equivalent KCl6 pentagonal pyramids and an edgeedge with one MoCl5 trigonal bipyramid. There are a spread of Mo–Cl bond distances ranging from 2.42–2.61 Å. In the fourth Mo2+ site, Mo2+ is bonded to five Cl1- atoms to form distorted MoCl5 trigonal bipyramids that share corners with two equivalent KCl6 pentagonal pyramids and an edgeedge with one MoCl5 trigonal bipyramid. There are a spread of Mo–Cl bond distances ranging from 2.48–3.01 Å. In the fifth Mo2+ site, Mo2+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five Cl1- atoms. There are a spread of Mo–Cl bond distances ranging from 2.46–3.13 Å. In the sixth Mo2+ site, Mo2+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to five Cl1- atoms. There are a spread of Mo–Cl bond distances ranging from 2.46–3.07 Å. There are two inequivalent H1+ sites. In the first H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. In the second H1+ site, H1+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one O2- atom. The H–O bond length is 0.98 Å. O2- is bonded in a distorted water-like geometry to one K1+ and two H1+ atoms. There are fourteen inequivalent Cl1- sites. In the first Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three Mo2+ atoms. In the second Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three Mo2+ atoms. In the third Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a distorted L-shaped geometry to three Mo2+ atoms. In the fourth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three Mo2+ atoms. In the fifth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a distorted L-shaped geometry to two Mo2+ atoms. In the sixth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three Mo2+ atoms. In the seventh Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a distorted L-shaped geometry to two Mo2+ atoms. In the eighth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to three Mo2+ atoms. In the ninth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to two equivalent K1+ and one Mo2+ atom. In the tenth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to two equivalent K1+ and one Mo2+ atom. In the eleventh Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two equivalent K1+ and one Mo2+ atom. In the twelfth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two equivalent K1+ and one Mo2+ atom. In the thirteenth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one K1+ and one Mo2+ atom. In the fourteenth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a bent 120 degrees geometry to one K1+ and one Mo2+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Cs8Na4Y3HoCl24 by Materials Project

Cs8Na4HoY3Cl24 is (Cubic) Perovskite-derived structured and crystallizes in the tetragonal P4/mmm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Cs1+ sites. In the first Cs1+ site, Cs1+ is bonded to twelve Cl1- atoms to form CsCl12 cuboctahedra that share corners with twelve CsCl12 cuboctahedra, faces with six CsCl12 cuboctahedra, faces with four NaCl6 octahedra, and faces with four YCl6 octahedra. All Cs–Cl bond lengths are 3.85 Å. In the second Cs1+ site, Cs1+ is bonded to twelve Cl1- atoms to form CsCl12 cuboctahedra that share corners with twelve CsCl12 cuboctahedra, faces with six CsCl12 cuboctahedra, faces with two equivalent HoCl6 octahedra, faces with two equivalent YCl6 octahedra, and faces with four NaCl6 octahedra. All Cs–Cl bond lengths are 3.85 Å. There are three inequivalent Na1+ sites. In the first Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded to six Cl1- atoms to form NaCl6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one HoCl6 octahedra, corners with five YCl6 octahedra, and faces with eight CsCl12 cuboctahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. There are five shorter (2.80 Å) and one longer (2.82 Å) Na–Cl bond lengths. In the second Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded to six Cl1- atoms to form NaCl6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent YCl6 octahedra, corners with four equivalent HoCl6 octahedra, and faces with eight equivalent CsCl12 cuboctahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. There are two shorter (2.80 Å) and four longer (2.82 Å) Na–Cl bond lengths. In the third Na1+ site, Na1+ is bonded to six equivalent Cl1- atoms to form NaCl6 octahedra that share corners with six YCl6 octahedra and faces with eight equivalent CsCl12 cuboctahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. All Na–Cl bond lengths are 2.80 Å. Ho3+ is bonded to six Cl1- atoms to form HoCl6 octahedra that share corners with six NaCl6 octahedra and faces with eight equivalent CsCl12 cuboctahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. All Ho–Cl bond lengths are 2.63 Å. There are two inequivalent Y3+ sites. In the first Y3+ site, Y3+ is bonded to six Cl1- atoms to form YCl6 octahedra that share corners with six NaCl6 octahedra and faces with eight CsCl12 cuboctahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. All Y–Cl bond lengths are 2.65 Å. In the second Y3+ site, Y3+ is bonded to six Cl1- atoms to form YCl6 octahedra that share corners with six NaCl6 octahedra and faces with eight equivalent CsCl12 cuboctahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 0°. All Y–Cl bond lengths are 2.65 Å. There are six inequivalent Cl1- sites. In the first Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to four equivalent Cs1+, one Na1+, and one Y3+ atom. In the second Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to four equivalent Cs1+, one Na1+, and one Y3+ atom. In the third Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to four equivalent Cs1+, one Na1+, and one Ho3+ atom. In the fourth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to four equivalent Cs1+, one Na1+, and one Y3+ atom. In the fifth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to four Cs1+, one Na1+, and one Y3+ atom. In the sixth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to four equivalent Cs1+, one Na1+, and one Ho3+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Bi12Pb2Cl6O17 by Materials Project

Pb2Bi12O17Cl6 crystallizes in the monoclinic Cm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Pb2+ sites. In the first Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to seven O2- atoms. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.48–2.74 Å. In the second Pb2+ site, Pb2+ is bonded in a distorted body-centered cubic geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of Pb–O bond distances ranging from 2.41–3.11 Å. There are twelve inequivalent Bi3+ sites. In the first Bi3+ site, Bi3+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four O2- and two equivalent Cl1- atoms. There are a spread of Bi–O bond distances ranging from 2.11–2.48 Å. Both Bi–Cl bond lengths are 3.38 Å. In the second Bi3+ site, Bi3+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four O2- and four Cl1- atoms. There are a spread of Bi–O bond distances ranging from 2.29–2.33 Å. There are two shorter (3.17 Å) and two longer (3.25 Å) Bi–Cl bond lengths. In the third Bi3+ site, Bi3+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Bi–O bond distances ranging from 2.23–2.26 Å. In the fourth Bi3+ site, Bi3+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four O2- and two equivalent Cl1- atoms. There are a spread of Bi–O bond distances ranging from 2.14–2.47 Å. Both Bi–Cl bond lengths are 3.26 Å. In the fifth Bi3+ site, Bi3+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four O2- and four Cl1- atoms. There are a spread of Bi–O bond distances ranging from 2.19–2.38 Å. There are two shorter (3.07 Å) and two longer (3.33 Å) Bi–Cl bond lengths. In the sixth Bi3+ site, Bi3+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four O2- and four Cl1- atoms. There are one shorter (2.27 Å) and three longer (2.32 Å) Bi–O bond lengths. There are two shorter (3.14 Å) and two longer (3.20 Å) Bi–Cl bond lengths. In the seventh Bi3+ site, Bi3+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six O2- atoms. There are a spread of Bi–O bond distances ranging from 2.26–2.70 Å. In the eighth Bi3+ site, Bi3+ is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to five O2- and two equivalent Cl1- atoms. There are a spread of Bi–O bond distances ranging from 2.25–2.53 Å. Both Bi–Cl bond lengths are 3.08 Å. In the ninth Bi3+ site, Bi3+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Bi–O bond distances ranging from 2.20–2.35 Å. In the tenth Bi3+ site, Bi3+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four O2- atoms. There are a spread of Bi–O bond distances ranging from 2.17–2.35 Å. In the eleventh Bi3+ site, Bi3+ is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three O2- and two equivalent Cl1- atoms. There are one shorter (2.07 Å) and two longer (2.29 Å) Bi–O bond lengths. Both Bi–Cl bond lengths are 3.45 Å. In the twelfth Bi3+ site, Bi3+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form distorted corner-sharing BiO4 tetrahedra. There are a spread of Bi–O bond distances ranging from 2.19–2.22 Å. There are seventeen inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded to two Pb2+ and two equivalent Bi3+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing OBi2Pb2 tetrahedra. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded to two Pb2+ and two equivalent Bi3+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing OBi2Pb2 tetrahedra. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded to two equivalent Pb2+ and two Bi3+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing OBi2Pb2 tetrahedra. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded to two equivalent Pb2+ and two Bi3+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing OBi2Pb2 tetrahedra. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded to one Pb2+ and three Bi3+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing OBi3Pb tetrahedra. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded to one Pb2+ and three Bi3+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing OBi3Pb tetrahedra. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to four Bi3+ atoms. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Bi3+ atoms to form OBi4 tetrahedra that share corners with four OBi2Pb2 tetrahedra and edges with four OBi4 tetrahedra. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Bi3+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing OBi4 tetrahedra. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Bi3+ atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing OBi4 tetrahedra. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three Bi3+ atoms. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Bi3+ atoms to form OBi4 tetrahedra that share corners with four OBi3Pb tetrahedra and edges with four OBi4 tetrahedra. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Pb2+ and two Bi3+ atoms. In the fourteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Pb2+ and two Bi3+ atoms. In the fifteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to one Pb2+ and three Bi3+ atoms. In the sixteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three Bi3+ and one Cl1- atom. The O–Cl bond length is 3.37 Å. In the seventeenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three Bi3+ atoms. There are six inequivalent Cl1- sites. In the first Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four Bi3+ atoms. In the second Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Bi3+ atoms. In the third Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four Bi3+ atoms. In the fourth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 12-coordinate geometry to four Bi3+ and one O2- atom. In the fifth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Bi3+ atoms. In the sixth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four Bi3+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Cu7Se2(Cl3O4)2 by Materials Project

Cu7Se2(O4Cl3)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2_1/c space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are eight inequivalent Cu2+ sites. In the first Cu2+ site, Cu2+ is bonded in a distorted square co-planar geometry to four O2- and one Cl1- atom. There is three shorter (1.93 Å) and one longer (1.94 Å) Cu–O bond length. The Cu–Cl bond length is 2.93 Å. In the second Cu2+ site, Cu2+ is bonded to three O2- and three Cl1- atoms to form distorted CuCl3O3 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent CuCl2O3 trigonal bipyramids and edges with two equivalent CuCl3O2 square pyramids. There are a spread of Cu–O bond distances ranging from 1.92–2.01 Å. There are a spread of Cu–Cl bond distances ranging from 2.45–2.75 Å. In the third Cu2+ site, Cu2+ is bonded to two O2- and three Cl1- atoms to form distorted CuCl3O2 square pyramids that share a cornercorner with one CuCl4O2 octahedra, a cornercorner with one CuCl2O3 trigonal bipyramid, and edges with two equivalent CuCl3O3 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 64°. There are one shorter (1.95 Å) and one longer (2.05 Å) Cu–O bond lengths. There are a spread of Cu–Cl bond distances ranging from 2.24–2.71 Å. In the fourth Cu2+ site, Cu2+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two O2- and two Cl1- atoms. There is one shorter (1.97 Å) and one longer (1.99 Å) Cu–O bond length. There are one shorter (2.21 Å) and one longer (2.25 Å) Cu–Cl bond lengths. In the fifth Cu2+ site, Cu2+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two O2- and four Cl1- atoms. There are one shorter (1.93 Å) and one longer (2.07 Å) Cu–O bond lengths. There are a spread of Cu–Cl bond distances ranging from 2.28–3.16 Å. In the sixth Cu2+ site, Cu2+ is bonded to four O2- and two equivalent Cl1- atoms to form distorted edge-sharing CuCl2O4 octahedra. There is two shorter (1.94 Å) and two longer (1.97 Å) Cu–O bond length. Both Cu–Cl bond lengths are 2.78 Å. In the seventh Cu2+ site, Cu2+ is bonded to three O2- and two Cl1- atoms to form distorted CuCl2O3 trigonal bipyramids that share corners with two equivalent CuCl3O3 octahedra, a cornercorner with one CuCl3O2 square pyramid, and an edgeedge with one CuCl2O4 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 38–65°. There are a spread of Cu–O bond distances ranging from 1.96–2.23 Å. There are one shorter (2.19 Å) and one longer (2.42 Å) Cu–Cl bond lengths. In the eighth Cu2+ site, Cu2+ is bonded to two equivalent O2- and four Cl1- atoms to form distorted corner-sharing CuCl4O2 octahedra. Both Cu–O bond lengths are 1.94 Å. There are two shorter (2.33 Å) and two longer (2.94 Å) Cu–Cl bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Se4+ sites. In the first Se4+ site, Se4+ is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three O2- atoms. There are a spread of Se–O bond distances ranging from 1.69–1.81 Å. In the second Se4+ site, Se4+ is bonded in a trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three O2- atoms. There is one shorter (1.72 Å) and two longer (1.76 Å) Se–O bond length. There are eight inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Cu2+ atoms to form corner-sharing OCu4 tetrahedra. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Cu2+ atoms to form corner-sharing OCu4 tetrahedra. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 120 degrees geometry to one Cu2+ and one Se4+ atom. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Cu2+ and one Se4+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Cu2+ and one Se4+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two Cu2+ and one Se4+ atom. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to two Cu2+ and one Se4+ atom. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to two Cu2+ and one Se4+ atom. There are six inequivalent Cl1- sites. In the first Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to three Cu2+ atoms. In the second Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three Cu2+ atoms. In the third Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in an L-shaped geometry to two Cu2+ atoms. In the fourth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to four Cu2+ atoms. In the fifth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three Cu2+ atoms. In the sixth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three Cu2+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Re2P3N2(Cl5O)3 by Materials Project

(RePNOCl6)2POCl3 crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of four phosphorus oxychloride molecules and two RePNOCl6 clusters. In one of the RePNOCl6 clusters, there are two inequivalent Re6+ sites. In the first Re6+ site, Re6+ is bonded to two N3-, one O2-, and three Cl1- atoms to form distorted ReN2Cl3O octahedra that share a cornercorner with one PCl3O tetrahedra. There is one shorter (1.72 Å) and one longer (2.04 Å) Re–N bond length. The Re–O bond length is 2.38 Å. There are one shorter (2.31 Å) and two longer (2.33 Å) Re–Cl bond lengths. In the second Re6+ site, Re6+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to two N3-, one O2-, and three Cl1- atoms. There is one shorter (1.71 Å) and one longer (2.01 Å) Re–N bond length. The Re–O bond length is 2.55 Å. There are a spread of Re–Cl bond distances ranging from 2.31–2.34 Å. There are two inequivalent P5+ sites. In the first P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to one O2- and three Cl1- atoms to form PCl3O tetrahedra that share a cornercorner with one ReN2Cl3O octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 27°. The P–O bond length is 1.49 Å. There is two shorter (1.99 Å) and one longer (2.00 Å) P–Cl bond length. In the second P5+ site, P5+ is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to one O2- and three Cl1- atoms. The P–O bond length is 1.49 Å. There is two shorter (1.99 Å) and one longer (2.00 Å) P–Cl bond length. There are two inequivalent N3- sites. In the first N3- site, N3- is bonded in a linear geometry to two Re6+ atoms. In the second N3- site, N3- is bonded in a linear geometry to two Re6+ atoms. There are two inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Re6+ and one P5+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Re6+ and one P5+ atom. There are twelve inequivalent Cl1- sites. In the first Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Re6+ atom. In the second Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one P5+ atom. In the third Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one P5+ atom. In the fourth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one P5+ atom. In the fifth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Re6+ atom. In the sixth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Re6+ atom. In the seventh Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Re6+ atom. In the eighth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one P5+ atom. In the ninth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one P5+ atom. In the tenth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one P5+ atom. In the eleventh Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Re6+ atom. In the twelfth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Re6+ atom. In one of the RePNOCl6 clusters, there are two inequivalent Re6+ sites. In the first Re6+ site, Re6+ is bonded to two N3-, one O2-, and three Cl1- atoms to form distorted ReN2Cl3O octahedra that share corners with two equivalent ReN2Cl3O octahedra and a cornercorner with one PCl3O tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 4–8°. There is one shorter (1.71 Å) and one longer (2.01 Å) Re–N bond length. The Re–O bond length is 2.42 Å. There are a spread of Re–Cl bond distances ranging from 2.32–2.34 Å. In the second Re6+ site, Re6+ is bonded to two N3-, one O2-, and three Cl1- atoms to form distorted ReN2Cl3O octahedra that share corners with two equivalent ReN2Cl3O octahedra and a cornercorner with one PCl3O tetrahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 4–8°. There is one shorter (1.71 Å) and one longer (2.02 Å) Re–N bond length. The Re–O bond length is 2.40 Å. There are one shorter (2.32 Å) and two longer (2.33 Å) Re–Cl bond lengths. There are two inequivalent P5+ sites. In the first P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to one O2- and three Cl1- atoms to form PCl3O tetrahedra that share a cornercorner with one ReN2Cl3O octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 27°. The P–O bond length is 1.49 Å. There is two shorter (1.99 Å) and one longer (2.00 Å) P–Cl bond length. In the second P5+ site, P5+ is bonded to one O2- and three Cl1- atoms to form PCl3O tetrahedra that share a cornercorner with one ReN2Cl3O octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 22°. The P–O bond length is 1.48 Å. There is one shorter (1.99 Å) and two longer (2.00 Å) P–Cl bond length. There are two inequivalent N3- sites. In the first N3- site, N3- is bonded in a linear geometry to two Re6+ atoms. In the second N3- site, N3- is bonded in a linear geometry to two Re6+ atoms. There are two inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted single-bond geometry to one Re6+ and one P5+ atom. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Re6+ and one P5+ atom. There are twelve inequivalent Cl1- sites. In the first Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Re6+ atom. In the second Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Re6+ atom. In the third Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Re6+ atom. In the fourth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one P5+ atom. In the fifth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Re6+ atom. In the sixth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one P5+ atom. In the seventh Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one P5+ atom. In the eighth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one P5+ atom. In the ninth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Re6+ atom. In the tenth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one Re6+ atom. In the eleventh Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one P5+ atom. In the twelfth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one P5+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on La2ThTa(ClO2)3 by Materials Project

ThLa2Ta(O2Cl)3 crystallizes in the monoclinic Pm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Th4+ sites. In the first Th4+ site, Th4+ is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to six O2- and four Cl1- atoms. There are a spread of Th–O bond distances ranging from 2.33–2.62 Å. There are a spread of Th–Cl bond distances ranging from 3.08–3.12 Å. In the second Th4+ site, Th4+ is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to six O2- and four Cl1- atoms. There are a spread of Th–O bond distances ranging from 2.30–2.73 Å. There are one shorter (3.05 Å) and three longer (3.12 Å) Th–Cl bond lengths. There are four inequivalent La3+ sites. In the first La3+ site, La3+ is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to six O2- and four Cl1- atoms. There are a spread of La–O bond distances ranging from 2.44–2.77 Å. There are three shorter (3.08 Å) and one longer (3.09 Å) La–Cl bond lengths. In the second La3+ site, La3+ is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to six O2- and four Cl1- atoms. There are a spread of La–O bond distances ranging from 2.44–2.60 Å. There are a spread of La–Cl bond distances ranging from 3.02–3.10 Å. In the third La3+ site, La3+ is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to six O2- and four Cl1- atoms. There are a spread of La–O bond distances ranging from 2.44–2.69 Å. There are a spread of La–Cl bond distances ranging from 2.98–3.10 Å. In the fourth La3+ site, La3+ is bonded in a 10-coordinate geometry to six O2- and four Cl1- atoms. There are a spread of La–O bond distances ranging from 2.41–2.73 Å. There are two shorter (3.05 Å) and two longer (3.10 Å) La–Cl bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Ta5+ sites. In the first Ta5+ site, Ta5+ is bonded in a distorted pentagonal pyramidal geometry to six O2- atoms. There are two shorter (2.00 Å) and four longer (2.02 Å) Ta–O bond lengths. In the second Ta5+ site, Ta5+ is bonded in a distorted pentagonal pyramidal geometry to six O2- atoms. There are two shorter (1.99 Å) and four longer (2.02 Å) Ta–O bond lengths. There are six inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Th4+, two La3+, one Ta5+, and one Cl1- atom. The O–Cl bond length is 3.08 Å. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Th4+, two La3+, and one Ta5+ atom. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded to three La3+ and one Ta5+ atom to form distorted OLa3Ta tetrahedra that share corners with two equivalent OLa2ThTaCl tetrahedra and edges with three OLa3Ta tetrahedra. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two Th4+, one La3+, and one Ta5+ atom. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Th4+, two La3+, and one Ta5+ atom. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded to one Th4+, two La3+, one Ta5+, and one Cl1- atom to form distorted OLa2ThTaCl tetrahedra that share corners with two equivalent OLa3Ta tetrahedra, edges with two OLa3Ta tetrahedra, and a faceface with one OLa2ThTaCl tetrahedra. The O–Cl bond length is 3.05 Å. There are six inequivalent Cl1- sites. In the first Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Th4+ and three La3+ atoms. In the second Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two Th4+ and two equivalent La3+ atoms. In the third Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to one Th4+ and three La3+ atoms. In the fourth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Th4+ and two La3+ atoms. In the fifth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four La3+ atoms. In the sixth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Th4+, two La3+, and four O2- atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Ag4Hg4S4BrCl3 by Materials Project

Ag4Hg4S4BrCl3 crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are four inequivalent Ag1+ sites. In the first Ag1+ site, Ag1+ is bonded to two equivalent S2- and two Cl1- atoms to form distorted AgS2Cl2 trigonal pyramids that share corners with eight HgS2Cl4 octahedra, corners with two equivalent AgS2Cl2 trigonal pyramids, edges with two equivalent HgS2Br2Cl2 octahedra, and an edgeedge with one AgS2Cl2 trigonal pyramid. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 45–81°. There are one shorter (2.54 Å) and one longer (2.56 Å) Ag–S bond lengths. There are one shorter (2.55 Å) and one longer (3.14 Å) Ag–Cl bond lengths. In the second Ag1+ site, Ag1+ is bonded to two equivalent S2- and two Cl1- atoms to form distorted AgS2Cl2 trigonal pyramids that share corners with eight HgS2Br2Cl2 octahedra, corners with two equivalent AgS2Cl2 trigonal pyramids, edges with two equivalent HgS2Cl4 octahedra, and an edgeedge with one AgS2Cl2 trigonal pyramid. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 45–80°. There are one shorter (2.54 Å) and one longer (2.56 Å) Ag–S bond lengths. There are one shorter (2.54 Å) and one longer (3.13 Å) Ag–Cl bond lengths. In the third Ag1+ site, Ag1+ is bonded to two equivalent S2-, one Br1-, and one Cl1- atom to form distorted AgS2BrCl trigonal pyramids that share corners with eight HgS2Br2Cl2 octahedra, corners with two equivalent AgS2BrCl trigonal pyramids, edges with two equivalent HgS2Br2Cl2 octahedra, and an edgeedge with one AgS2BrCl trigonal pyramid. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 45–79°. There are one shorter (2.57 Å) and one longer (2.59 Å) Ag–S bond lengths. The Ag–Br bond length is 3.12 Å. The Ag–Cl bond length is 2.56 Å. In the fourth Ag1+ site, Ag1+ is bonded to two equivalent S2-, one Br1-, and one Cl1- atom to form distorted AgS2BrCl trigonal pyramids that share corners with eight HgS2Br2Cl2 octahedra, corners with two equivalent AgS2BrCl trigonal pyramids, edges with two equivalent HgS2Cl4 octahedra, and an edgeedge with one AgS2BrCl trigonal pyramid. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 43–80°. There are one shorter (2.52 Å) and one longer (2.55 Å) Ag–S bond lengths. The Ag–Br bond length is 2.65 Å. The Ag–Cl bond length is 3.17 Å. There are four inequivalent Hg2+ sites. In the first Hg2+ site, Hg2+ is bonded to two S2-, two equivalent Br1-, and two equivalent Cl1- atoms to form HgS2Br2Cl2 octahedra that share corners with four equivalent HgS2Br2Cl2 octahedra, corners with eight AgS2Cl2 trigonal pyramids, edges with two equivalent HgS2Br2Cl2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent AgS2Cl2 trigonal pyramids, and faces with two equivalent HgS2Br2Cl2 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 58–60°. There are one shorter (2.42 Å) and one longer (2.43 Å) Hg–S bond lengths. There are one shorter (3.22 Å) and one longer (3.25 Å) Hg–Br bond lengths. There are one shorter (3.34 Å) and one longer (3.35 Å) Hg–Cl bond lengths. In the second Hg2+ site, Hg2+ is bonded to two S2- and four Cl1- atoms to form distorted HgS2Cl4 octahedra that share corners with four equivalent HgS2Cl4 octahedra, corners with eight AgS2Cl2 trigonal pyramids, edges with two equivalent HgS2Cl4 octahedra, edges with two equivalent AgS2Cl2 trigonal pyramids, and faces with two equivalent HgS2Cl4 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 57–59°. Both Hg–S bond lengths are 2.41 Å. There are a spread of Hg–Cl bond distances ranging from 3.16–3.36 Å. In the third Hg2+ site, Hg2+ is bonded to two S2-, two equivalent Br1-, and two equivalent Cl1- atoms to form distorted HgS2Br2Cl2 octahedra that share corners with four equivalent HgS2Br2Cl2 octahedra, corners with eight AgS2Cl2 trigonal pyramids, edges with two equivalent HgS2Br2Cl2 octahedra, edges with two equivalent AgS2BrCl trigonal pyramids, and faces with two equivalent HgS2Br2Cl2 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 58–60°. Both Hg–S bond lengths are 2.42 Å. There are one shorter (3.37 Å) and one longer (3.42 Å) Hg–Br bond lengths. There are one shorter (3.17 Å) and one longer (3.21 Å) Hg–Cl bond lengths. In the fourth Hg2+ site, Hg2+ is bonded to two S2- and four Cl1- atoms to form distorted HgS2Cl4 octahedra that share corners with four equivalent HgS2Cl4 octahedra, corners with eight AgS2Cl2 trigonal pyramids, edges with two equivalent HgS2Cl4 octahedra, edges with two equivalent AgS2BrCl trigonal pyramids, and faces with two equivalent HgS2Cl4 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 57–59°. Both Hg–S bond lengths are 2.41 Å. There are a spread of Hg–Cl bond distances ranging from 3.19–3.41 Å. There are four inequivalent S2- sites. In the first S2- site, S2- is bonded to two equivalent Ag1+ and two Hg2+ atoms to form corner-sharing SAg2Hg2 trigonal pyramids. In the second S2- site, S2- is bonded to two equivalent Ag1+ and two Hg2+ atoms to form corner-sharing SAg2Hg2 trigonal pyramids. In the third S2- site, S2- is bonded to two equivalent Ag1+ and two Hg2+ atoms to form corner-sharing SAg2Hg2 trigonal pyramids. In the fourth S2- site, S2- is bonded to two equivalent Ag1+ and two Hg2+ atoms to form corner-sharing SAg2Hg2 trigonal pyramids. Br1- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two Ag1+ and four Hg2+ atoms. There are three inequivalent Cl1- sites. In the first Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two Ag1+ and four Hg2+ atoms. In the second Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two Ag1+ and four Hg2+ atoms. In the third Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two Ag1+ and four Hg2+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on InHg7S6Cl5 by Materials Project

Hg7InS6Cl5 crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are eight inequivalent Hg2+ sites. In the first Hg2+ site, Hg2+ is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to two equivalent S2- and four Cl1- atoms. Both Hg–S bond lengths are 2.41 Å. There are two shorter (3.34 Å) and two longer (3.44 Å) Hg–Cl bond lengths. In the second Hg2+ site, Hg2+ is bonded to two S2- and four Cl1- atoms to form distorted HgS2Cl4 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent HgS3Cl3 octahedra and edges with two equivalent InS2Cl4 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 57–71°. There are one shorter (2.41 Å) and one longer (2.42 Å) Hg–S bond lengths. There are a spread of Hg–Cl bond distances ranging from 3.13–3.36 Å. In the third Hg2+ site, Hg2+ is bonded to three S2- and three Cl1- atoms to form distorted HgS3Cl3 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent HgS2Cl4 octahedra and corners with two equivalent InS2Cl4 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 34–71°. There are a spread of Hg–S bond distances ranging from 2.40–3.23 Å. There are a spread of Hg–Cl bond distances ranging from 3.00–3.35 Å. In the fourth Hg2+ site, Hg2+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to two S2- and two equivalent Cl1- atoms. Both Hg–S bond lengths are 2.41 Å. There are one shorter (3.19 Å) and one longer (3.28 Å) Hg–Cl bond lengths. In the fifth Hg2+ site, Hg2+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three S2- and two Cl1- atoms. There are a spread of Hg–S bond distances ranging from 2.47–2.62 Å. There are one shorter (3.30 Å) and one longer (3.39 Å) Hg–Cl bond lengths. In the sixth Hg2+ site, Hg2+ is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to three S2- and one Cl1- atom. There are a spread of Hg–S bond distances ranging from 2.42–3.30 Å. The Hg–Cl bond length is 2.84 Å. In the seventh Hg2+ site, Hg2+ is bonded in a 5-coordinate geometry to three S2- and two Cl1- atoms. There are a spread of Hg–S bond distances ranging from 2.43–2.77 Å. There are one shorter (3.18 Å) and one longer (3.45 Å) Hg–Cl bond lengths. In the eighth Hg2+ site, Hg2+ is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to two equivalent S2- atoms. Both Hg–S bond lengths are 2.40 Å. In3+ is bonded to two S2- and four Cl1- atoms to form InS2Cl4 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent HgS3Cl3 octahedra and edges with two equivalent HgS2Cl4 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 34–40°. There are one shorter (2.66 Å) and one longer (2.76 Å) In–S bond lengths. There are a spread of In–Cl bond distances ranging from 2.51–2.57 Å. There are six inequivalent S2- sites. In the first S2- site, S2- is bonded in a 4-coordinate geometry to four Hg2+ atoms. In the second S2- site, S2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three Hg2+ atoms. In the third S2- site, S2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to three Hg2+ atoms. In the fourth S2- site, S2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to four Hg2+ atoms. In the fifth S2- site, S2- is bonded in a distorted trigonal non-coplanar geometry to two Hg2+ and one In3+ atom. In the sixth S2- site, S2- is bonded in a 3-coordinate geometry to two Hg2+ and one In3+ atom. There are five inequivalent Cl1- sites. In the first Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three Hg2+ and one In3+ atom. In the second Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to four Hg2+ and one In3+ atom. In the third Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to two Hg2+ and one In3+ atom. In the fourth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 2-coordinate geometry to four Hg2+ atoms. In the fifth Cl1- site, Cl1- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to three Hg2+ and one In3+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

Effect of the Selective Halogenation of Small Molecule Acceptors on the Blend Morphology and Voltage Loss of High-Performance Solar Cells

Herein, the impacts of the selective halogenation at two different positions of dicyanomethylene-3-indanone (IC) end groups and inner side chains of small molecular acceptors (SMAs) on the P D :SMA interfacial interactions, blend morphology, and resulting photovoltaic properties are described. In this study, four different SMAs (A1, A2, A3, and A4) with the same molecular backbone, but with different degrees of halogenation, are synthesized. The IC end groups on the backbones of the A1 and A3, and A2 and A4 SMAs are chlorinated and fluorinated, respectively; in addition, 6-phenoxyhexyl inner side chains of the A3 and A4 are chlorinated. The SMAs are paired with a chlorinated PBDT-Cl PD to construct organic solar cells (OSCs). The PBDT-Cl:A4-based OSC exhibits the highest power conversion efficiency of 17.2%, outperforming the PBDT-Cl:A1-(13.3%), PBDT-Cl:A2-(15.6%), and PBDT-Cl:A3-based OSC (16.5%). The Cl atoms on the side chains in the A3 and A4 SMAs enhance the molecular/energetic interactions at the P D :SMA interfaces and improve the blend morphology in terms of domain purity and spacing. These effects lead to the improved fill factors and reduced voltage loss of the PBDT-Cl:A3- and PBDT-Cl:A4-based OSCs. This study demonstrates the importance of appropriate halogenation of SMAs in optimizing the blend morphology, reducing voltage loss, and improving OSC performance.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Accuracy and precision of ESI-Orbitrap-IRMS observations of hours to tens of hours via reservoir injection

Here, orbitrap isotope ratio mass spectrometry (Orbitrap-IRMS) has recently been applied to high-precision, natural-abundance isotope ratio measurements of a diverse range of compounds, including amino acids, oxyanions, fatty acids, and metals. These measurements can characterize many isotope ratios simultaneously at high (≈1.0‰) precision. In a successful experiment, observed precision will track the shot-noise limit and be limited by experimental time. Some isotope ratios, for example those involving 17 O in organic compounds or multiply-substituted (‘clumped’) isotopologues, require experimental times of hours to tens of hours to achieve desired precision, while current sample introduction techniques focus on observations on the order of seconds to tens of minutes. In this study, we characterize Orbitrap-IRMS performance for three long duration measurements (individual acquisitions ≥1 h and as long as 24 h) using an automated reservoir injection system coupled to a Q Exactive HF Orbitrap with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source. First, we characterize long-term intra-measurement stability through a 24-h long measurement of acetone. We report the following isotope ratios and precisions (as acquisition errors, errors on the observed ratio within this measurement (σ AE )): 13 C/ 12 C (σ AE = 0.07‰), 17 O/ 16 O (σ AE = 1.1‰), 18 O/ 16 O (σ AE = 0.3‰), and 13 C 13 C/ 12 C (σ AE = 0.65‰). The σ AE of each tracks the shot noise limit throughout and is limited by the challenging conditions (high resolution and low numbers of ions per scan) required for 17 O/ 16 O measurement in the presence of 13 C via Orbitrap. Second, we characterize inter-measurement stability via a sequence of seven 75-min analyses of perchlorate. We observe the following ratios and acquisition errors: 37 Cl/ 35 Cl (σ AE = 0.09‰); 17 O/ 16 O (σ AE = 1.6‰); 18 O/ 16 O (σ AE = 0.7‰), 37 Cl 17 O/ 35 Cl 16 O (σ AE = 2.7‰), and 37 Cl 18 O/ 35 Cl 16 O (σ AE = 1.2‰). However, we find that inter-measurement drift between acquisitions limits our accuracy and precision for standardized measurements (i.e., error on reported δ values) to ≈1‰ for the 37 Cl/ 35 Cl measurement. Hence, the benefits of low σ AE may not be fully realized. Third, we demonstrate accuracy via sample/standard comparisons of a methionine sample with 13 C enrichment of ≈20‰ relative to a known standard. Using a sequence of seven 60-min analyses, we recover the following isotope ratios and standardized precisions (i.e., error on reported δ values, denoted propagated acquisition errors, σ PAE ): 33 S/ 32 S (σ PAE = 1.0‰), 34 S/ 32 S (σ PAE = 0.7‰), 15 N/ 14 N (σ PAE = 2.1‰), 2 H/ 1 H (σ PAE = 3.2‰), 13 C/ 12 C (σ PAE = 0.4‰), 18 O/ 16 O (σ PAE = 1.6‰), & 13 C 13 C/ 12 C (σ PAE = 2.8‰) with confirmation of accurate results for the known 13 C/ 12 C and 13 C 13 C/ 12 C enrichments. Together, our results demonstrate the viability of Orbitrap-IRMS for long duration measurements of diverse sample types via an automated reservoir injection system. Inter-measurement stability remains a challenge; we expect our methods to be most applicable to extended measurements of hard-to-observe properties, such as 17 O in organics and clumped isotopologues.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Optimizing spectral and morphological match of nonfullerene acceptors toward efficient indoor organic photovoltaics with enhanced light source adaptability

High-performance indoor organic photovoltaics (IOPV) require large-bandgap material systems to absorb visible light efficiently and reduce energy loss. However, state-of-the-art non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) have absorptions in the near-infrared region and are thus not suitable for IOPV applications. Herein, we report a series of large-bandgap (>1.70 eV) NFAs named FCC-Cl-C8, FCC-Cl-4Ph and FCC-Cl-6Ph by modifying the alkyl side chains with alkylphenyl chains partially or completely. Results show that the bulky alkylphenyl side chains can finely tune the absorption properties of the NFAs and also affect their morphological properties. Interestingly, the best-performing NFA is the one (named FCC-Cl-4Ph) with partial alkyl and alkylphenyl substitutions, which blue-shift the absorption of the NFAs while minimizing the negative morphological effect of the bulky alkylphenyl chains. As a result, FCC-Cl-4Ph can achieve excellent indoor efficiencies over 29% under a 3000 K LED lamp at 1000 lux and show better solution processability over FCC-Cl-C8. More importantly, FCC-Cl-4Ph can maintain high indoor performance (29.7–26.8% at 1000 lux) under a wide range of indoor lighting spectra (2600, 3000, 4000, and 6500 K LED lamps), which should be due to the blue-shifted spectra of FCC-Cl-4Ph and better matching with various indoor conditions. Finally, this work reveals an interesting structure-property relationship and offers useful strategies for the further design of NFAs toward efficient IOPV devices.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

Chlorination of Hydrogenated Silicon Nanosheets Revealed by Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

We report two-dimensional silicon nanosheets (Si-NS) synthesized by topotactic deintercalation of CaSi 2 are hypothesized to consist of buckled layers of sp 3 -hybridized silicon atoms that are bonded to three other framework Si atoms and a terminal atom or functional group such as H, Cl, or OH. Here, we apply 1 H{ 35 Cl} and 29 Si{ 35 Cl} Resonance-Echo Saturation-Pulse DOuble-Resonance (RESPDOR) solid-state NMR experiments to directly confirm the presence of chlorinated Si atoms within Si-NS. Plotting the 1 H{ 35 Cl} RESPDOR dephasing as a function of the 35 Cl saturation pulse offset reveals that the 35 Cl quadrupolar coupling constant (C Q ) is 38 MHz, consistent with Cl atoms that are covalently bonded to silicon. Modeling the 1 H{ 35 Cl} RESPDOR dephasing curve shows that the Si–Si interlayer spacing is approximately 6 Å. Plane-wave density functional theory (DFT) calculations show that the direct band gap transition of the Si-NS decreases with increasing chlorination and hydroxylation, suggesting that the band gap of Si-NS can be tuned by modifying the terminal atoms or functional groups.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Understanding the Dissolution and Passivation of an Aluminum Electrode during Electrocoagulation of Groundwater Using Neutron and X-ray Reflectometry

An aluminum (Al)-based electrocoagulation (EC) system can effectively remove dissolved silica and hardness in groundwater. The effectiveness of Al-EC in terms of pollutant removal, Faradaic efficiency, and energy consumption depends on the interfacial electrolysis or passivation of the electrode in water. Thus, understanding the electrolysis reaction at the liquid/electrode interface during operation is important for sustainable EC deployment. Here, a continuous flow-through Al-EC system was tested with various groundwater simulants, i.e., chloride (Cl – )-based, sulfate (SO 4 2– )-based, and mixed solutions. High pollutant removal with low energy consumption was observed in Cl – -based groundwater treatment, while low pollutant removal with high energy consumption was observed in SO 4 2– -based groundwater. For example, the required energy per unit mass of Al dosing in SO 4 2– -based groundwater is three times higher than that in Cl – -based groundwater at 10 mA/cm 2 . However, increasing the Cl – concentration significantly reduces this energy demand. In SO 4 2– -based groundwater, the silicate removal efficiency drops from 85.1% to 24.0% compared to that for Cl – -based groundwater, while Mg 2+ and Ca 2+ removal efficiencies decrease to 0.6% from 15.8% and 5.7% from 44.8%, respectively. To better understand this EC performance, we used in situ neutron reflectometry (NR) to examine the interfacial dynamics of Al dissolution and passivation at a 100 nm scale occurring on the surface of the sacrificial Al electrodes during EC. Ex situ X-ray reflectometry (XRR) was also used to support the in situ NR results. Both NR and XRR results revealed that Al dissolution is influenced by the presence of Cl – in the simulants, while a passivating layer forms on the electrode in a SO 4 2– -based solution. In the Cl – -based solution, anodic Al dissolution occurred locally and inhomogeneously across the surface of the Al anode film, resulting in a localized thickness reduction over time. In the SO 4 2– -based solution, no apparent dissolution of the Al anode was identified. Instead, Al underwent oxidation, forming an amorphous Al 2 O 3 surface layer within the Al electrode film that increased in thickness over time. In the mixed solution, both anodic Al dissolution and surface Al 2 O 3 layer formation occurred, indicating that Al dissolution and surface Al 2 O 3 layer formation are attributable to the Cl – and SO 4 2– ions, respectively.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2024

Surface chlorination of IrO2(110) by HCl

The ability to controllably chlorinate metal-oxide surfaces can provide opportunities for designing selective oxidation catalysts. In the present study, we investigated the surface chlorination of IrO2(110) by HCl using temperature programmed reaction spectroscopy (TPRS), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. We find that exposing IrO2(110) to HCl, followed by heating to 650 K in ultrahigh vacuum, produces nearly equal quantities of on-top and bridging Cl atoms on the surface, Clt and Clbr, where the Clbr atoms replace O-atoms that are removed from the surface by H2O formation. After HCl adsorption at 85 K, only H2O desorbs at low Cl coverages during TPRS, but HCl begins to desorb in increasing yields as the Cl coverage is increased above about 0.5 monolayer (ML). The desorption of Cl2 was not observed under any conditions, in good agreement with the high barrier for this reaction predicted by DFT. A maximum Cl coverage of 1 ML, with nearly equal coverages of Clt and Clbr atoms, could be generated by reacting HCl with IrO2(110) in UHV. Our results suggest that a kinetic competition between recombinative HCl and H2O desorption under the conditions studied limits the saturation Cl coverage to a value less than the 2 ML maximum predicted by thermodynamics. XPS further shows that the partitioning of Cl between the Clt and Clbr states can be altered by subjecting partially chlorinated IrO2(110) to reductive or oxidative treatments, demonstrating that the Cl site population can change dynamically in response to the gas environment. Our results provide insights for understanding the chlorination of IrO2(110) by HCl and can enable future experimental studies to determine how Cl-modification alters the surface chemical reactivity of IrO2(110) and potentially enhances selectivity toward partial oxidation chemistry.

Chemistry↗
DOE OSTI2026

Bypassing the yellow phase for extremely stable formamidinium lead iodide perovskite solar cells

INTRODUCTION Formamidinium lead iodide (FAPI) emerged as an ideal material for single-junction perovskite solar cells owing to its near optimal bandgap of 1.45 to 1.5 eV and outstanding thermal stability. However, the photoactive cubic α-phase (3C-FAPI) of FAPI is structurally unstable and undergoes a reconstructive phase transition to the nonperovskite yellow hexagonal δ-phase (2H-FAPI) at ambient temperature. The phase reconstruction from 3C-FAPI to 2H-FAPI could be prevented by alloying methylammonium (MA) or Cs or both at the A-site and Br at the halide site, but this limits long-term durability owing to phase segregation or materials instability. Addressing these challenges requires a rational design strategy to stabilize 3C-FAPI by restricting lattice reconstruction without compromising thermal stability. RATIONALE Two main strategies have emerged to improve the phase stability and film quality of FAPI. Here, the first is a lattice-templating approach, which enables the slow formation of perovskite but it eventually degrades through the formation of yellow phases. The second approach, which has been widely explored, involves additive engineering, using alkyl ammonium halide or mostly chloride-based additives, which provide better control over the crystallization route. However, the FAPI films fabricated using these additives are often alloyed and compromise long-term stability. Moreover, the exact role of Cl has been unclear and speculative, specifically when Cl-based additives are used. Even after using a high additive concentration, the incorporation of Cl in perovskite lattice is rare. RESULTS Guided by synergistic modeling and experimental studies, we developed a coadditive strategy using 15 mol % FACl and 0.5 mol % BA 2 PbI 4 perovskites in combination (where BA is butylammonium) to enable a highly oriented (100) Cl-doped FAPI film with exceptional durability. Synchrotron-based in situ wide-angle x-ray scattering revealed a favorable transition for the coadditive-treated FAPI (FAPI-CA) to the corner-sharing 3C black phase through a progressive transformation through the 2H, 4H, 6H, and 8H phases. Moreover, solid-state 35 Cl nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) revealed Cl incorporation in the perovskite lattice and, as predicted by modeling, indicated that Cl plays a key role in altering the energetics of both the formation and degradation pathways. The Cl-doped perovskite can completely bypass the expected and energetically favorable degradation pathway via the yellow phase or the 2H-PbI 2 phase. Instead, it undergoes degradation only upon exposure to harsh conditions such as 15-sun illumination and 90°C through the energetically uphill 3R-PbI 2 phase path. A p-i-n device fabricated with FAPI-CA film demonstrated a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.1% with an average of 24.1% (40 devices). The notable film stability translated to other devices and retained 98% of its initial PCE under open-circuit conditions at 85° ± 5°C for 1200 hours. CONCLUSION Our study highlights the decisive role of chloride in regulating both the formation and degradation pathways. This regulation is critical for creating a perovskite film with commercially relevant durability.

Garai, Rabindranath [Rice Univ., Houston, TX (Unit↗
DOE OSTI2023

Observations of Boundary Layer Convergence Lines and Associated Updrafts in the U.S. Southern Great Plains

Abstract Boundary layer convergence lines (CLs) are highly effective at deep-convection initiation (DCI), suggesting that their associated updraft properties differ from those of more widespread turbulent updrafts in the planetary boundary layer (PBL). This study exploits observations at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Southern Great Plains (ARM SGP) observatory in Oklahoma from 2011 to 2016 to quantify CL properties and their relation to turbulent PBL eddies preceding CL arrival. Two independent methods for estimating CL properties are developed at two locations in the SGP region, both relying on the assumption of a 2D circulation in the CL-normal plane but using different combinations of instruments. The first (the radar method) relies mainly on scanning radar data and is applied to 61 CLs passing near a high-resolution scanning radar based in Nardin, Oklahoma, while the second (the surface method) relies mainly on surface wind data and is applied to 68 CLs crossing the SGP facility in nearby Lamont, Oklahoma. Mean daytime (1000–1900 LST) CL width (∼2 km) and convergence magnitude (∼0.003 s −1 ) are similar for both methods, and mean daytime CL depth is ∼0.75 km. The two methods disagree at night (0000–1000 and 1900–2400 LST), where the surface method estimates wider and weaker CLs than the radar method. This difference may stem from the radar beam overshooting the shallow, highly stable nocturnal PBL. The largest CL updrafts are slightly wider (∼20%) and stronger (∼40%) than the largest PBL updrafts in the pre-CL period, generating 50%–100% larger updraft mass fluxes over most of the PBL depth. Significance Statement Deep convection is commonly initiated by boundary layer convergence lines (CLs), which are associated with intense surface-based wind convergence and strong updrafts that may lift air to saturation. Although CLs form regularly, they are far less common than ordinary, short-lived turbulent thermals in the daytime boundary layer. To better understand why CLs are so effective at deep-convection initiation, we observationally quantify their morphologies and strengths and compare these properties to those of surrounding turbulent updrafts. Perhaps surprisingly, the CLs are found to exhibit only slightly larger scales and strengths as the turbulent updrafts. Although these marginal increases help to explain the preference for storms to initiate along CLs, they likely are not the whole story.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗