SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “Charging Data”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 685 records · Page 38

All sources NASA NTRS DOE OSTI

DOE OSTI2025

Ca X ML: Chemistry‐informed machine learning explains mutual changes between protein conformations and calcium ions in calcium‐binding proteins using structural and topological features

Proteins' flexibility is a feature in communicating changes in cell signaling instigated by binding with secondary messengers, such as calcium ions, associated with the coordination of muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, and gene expression. When binding with the disordered parts of a protein, calcium ions must balance their charge states with the shape of calcium-binding proteins and their versatile pool of partners depending on the circumstances they transmit. Accurately determining the ionic charges of those ions is essential for understanding their role in such processes. However, it is unclear whether the limited experimental data available can be effectively used to train models to accurately predict the charges of calcium-binding protein variants. Here, we developed a chemistry-informed, machine-learning algorithm that implements a game theoretic approach to explain the output of a machine-learning model without the prerequisite of an excessively large database for high-performance prediction of atomic charges. We used the ab initio electronic structure data representing calcium ions and the structures of the disordered segments of calcium-binding peptides with surrounding water molecules to train several explainable models. Network theory was used to extract the topological features of atomic interactions in the structurally complex data dictated by the coordination chemistry of a calcium ion, a potent indicator of its charge state in protein. Our design created a computational tool of Ca X ML, which provided a framework of explainable machine learning model to annotate ionic charges of calcium ions in calcium-binding proteins in response to the chemical changes in an environment. Our framework will provide new insights into protein design for engineering functionality based on the limited size of scientific data in a genome space.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗

NASA NTRS1983

Space radiation interaction mechanisms in materials

Models of charged-particle impact under conditions typical of the space environment are reported, with a focus on impact excitation and nuclear reactions, especially for heavy ions. Impact excitation is studied by using a global model for electronic excitation based on formal relations through the classical dielectric function to derive an approximation related to the local plasma (electron density distribution) within the atoms and molecules; and corrections to the model resulting from the nonfluid nature of this plasma are discussed. Nuclear reactions are studied by reducing quantum-mechanical treatment of this general N-body problem to an equivalent two-body problem that is solvable, and by comparing the results with experimental data. The equations for heavy-charged-particle transport are derived and solution techniques demonstrated. Finally, these methods of analysis are applied to study the change in the electrical properties of a GaAs semiconductor for photovoltaic applications; proton damage to GaAs crystals is found to arise from stable replacement defects and to be nonannealable, in contrast to electron-induced damage.

Wilson, J. W.↗

DOE OSTI2025

Recommendations for Minimum Required Diagnostics Information for Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure

The rapid growth of electrified transportation, including light- and medium-duty electric vehicles (EVs) as a mobility solution requires a reliable EV charging infrastructure. To advance charging reliability, the ChargeX Consortium reports “Recommendations for Minimum Required Error Codes for Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure” and “Implementation Guide for Minimum Required Error Codes in Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure” have provided recommendations for a set of minimum required error codes (MRECs), their functional and responsibility classifications, and a guide for their implementation using OCPP versions 1.6J and 2.0.1. These reports outline a recommended practice for consistent error reporting and interpretation, which is essential for communicating issues uniformly across the complex and diverse EV charging ecosystem. However, MRECs are just one part of diagnosing issues, another critical part is obtaining enough information about the current state and performance of the various charging components to identify root causes for each of the error codes. This additional diagnostics data can be used by technicians or automated systems to understand the context around an issue, allowing for timely resolution, decreased maintenance costs, and increased charging reliability. During everyday operations, data is regularly collected and analyzed across the ecosystem. Although sharing of all that available data would be great for diagnostics, concerns on data ownership, privacy, and OEM intellectual property pose a challenge. To overcome this obstacle, this report proposes a set of Minimum Required Diagnostic Information (MRDI) and recommends that the industry implement these uniformly across the North American EV charging ecosystem. MRDI provides a means to exchange only data deemed necessary for root cause determination.

32 - ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZA↗

NASA NTRS1985

Does Saturn have rings outside 10 R(s)?

Voyager ion and electron data in the energy range 30-1000 keV as measured by the Low Energy Charged Particle experiment are reviewed to check suggestions based on star occultation data that there are additional tenuous rings of Saturn beyond 10 Saturn radii from that planet. In the Voyager data, there is no convincing evidence for such ring matter. Features in the charged particle fluxes in the regions in question are more readily explained by temporal variations and/or spatial structure unrelated to ring matter, such as the mantle on the dayside and/or detached plasma sheets.

Cheng, A. F.↗

DOE OSTI2023

Tracing baryon and electric charge transport in isobar collisions

It is of fundamental interest to understand the carrier of conserved quantum charges within protons and nuclei at high energy. Preliminary data from isobar collisions at RHIC reveal a scaled net-baryon to net-electric charge ratio (B/ΔQ × ΔZ/A) at midrapidity between 1.2 and 2, consistent with string junction model predictions. Here, we compute the initial stage scaled net baryon to net-electric charge ratio for isobar collisions. Our model incorporates a realization of the string junction model and models the nuclear structure. Our predictions identify the baseline expectations for such measurement and quantify the impact of the nuclear structure.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

DOE OSTI2023

Cross Sections for Coherent Elastic and Inelastic Neutrino-Nucleus Scattering

The prospects of extracting new physics signals in coherent elastic neutrino–nucleus scattering (CEνNS) processes are limited by the precision with which the underlying nuclear structure physics, embedded in the weak nuclear form factor, is known. We present calculations of charge and weak nuclear form factors and CEνNS cross sections on 12C, 16O, 40Ar, 56Fe and 208Pb nuclei. We obtain the proton and neutron densities, and charge and weak form factors by solving Hartree–Fock (HF) equations with a Skyrme (SkE2) nuclear potential. We validate our approach by comparing 208Pb and 40Ar charge form factor predictions with available elastic electron scattering data. Since CEνNS experiments at stopped-pion sources are also well suited to measure inelastic charged–current and neutral–current neutrino–nucleus cross sections, we also present calculations for these processes, incorporating a continuum Random Phase Approximation (CRPA) description on top of the HF–SkE2 picture of the nucleus. Providing both coherent as well as inelastic cross sections in a consistent framework, we aim at obtaining a reliable and detailed comparison of the strength of these processes in the energy region below 100 MeV. Furthermore, we attempt to gauge the level of theoretical uncertainty pertaining to the description of the 40Ar form factor and CEνNS cross sections by comparing relative differences between recent microscopic nuclear theory and widely-used phenomenological form factor predictions. Future precision measurements of CEνNS will potentially help in constraining these nuclear structure details that will in turn improve prospects of extracting new physics.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2025

Reduction in Nuclear Size and Quadrupole Deformation of High-Spin Isomers of 127,129 In

We employed laser spectroscopy of atomic transitions to measure the nuclear charge radii and electromagnetic properties of the high-spin isomeric states in neutron-rich indium isotopes (𝑍 =49) near the closed proton and neutron shells at 𝑍 = 50 and 𝑁 = 82. Our data reveal a reduction in the nuclear charge radius and intrinsic quadrupole moment when protons and neutrons are fully aligned in 129 In ⁢(𝑁 = 80), to form the high spin isomer. Such a reduction is not observed in 127 In ⁢(𝑁 = 78), where more complex configurations can be formed by the existence of four neutron holes. These observations are not consistently described by nuclear theory.

high spin states↗

NASA NTRS1994

Origins of energetic ions in the Earth's magnetosheath

This final report describes activities under NASA contract NAS5-31213 to Lockheed Missiles and Space Company. The report covers the entire contract period from 8 May 1991 to 7 Jun. 1994. This is a contract under the NASA Guest Investigator Program for the analysis and interpretation of the combined scientific data from the Hot Plasma Composition Experiment (HPCE) and the Charge Energy Mass (CHEM) spectrometer on the AMPTE/Charge Composition Explorer (CCE) spacecraft. These combined data sets have been used to survey the energetic ion environment in the earth's magnetosheath to determine the origins and relative strengths of the energetic ion populations found there.

Source record↗

DOE OSTI2021

Towards a reliable assessment of charging effects during surface analysis: Accurate spectral shapes of ZrO 2 and Pd/ZrO 2 via X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy of large bandgap or insulating material surfaces relies on an effective mechanism that compensates for the emission (loss) of electrons by maintaining the material surface at a steady-state uniform potential. While a steady-state may be attained by utilizing an active compensation, such as low power electron emitting filament, there is the possibility that the surface potential is not uniform over the area analyzed, leading to peak shifts and incorrect spectral interpretation. Here, in this work, a spectral data processing method based on mapping the ZrO 2 and Pd/ZrO 2 surfaces utilizing photoemission peak binding energy is proposed, which provides information about the response of specific material surfaces to charge compensation. Spectromicroscopy of ZrO 2 and Pd/ZrO 2 surfaces without spatial information is used to monitor the efficacy of charge compensation. Exploiting counts distributed over many bins require the use of procedures and algorithms essential to practical mapping peak positions. Iterative singular value decomposition is therefore introduced and utilized as a means of efficiently delivering spatially resolved spectra from which binding energy for peaks is computed. The concepts developed in this work result in robust and accurate peak models of ZrO 2 and Pd/ZrO 2 that can be applied in XPS analysis of not only ZrO 2 but other large bandgap or insulating material surfaces. Supporting arguments for a peak model representing signal from Zr 3p and Pd 3d are developed within this work are presented.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

NASA NTRS1988

Design guide: Designing and building high voltage power supplies, volume 2

This report contains an accumulation of publications and analyses aimed at developing guidelines for improving both high voltage and low voltage power supplies for the U.S. Air Force systems command. It is the intent of the report to supply good design and manufacturing techniques for the packaging and the building of high quality, reliable, long-life power supplies. These data are based on the wealth of engineering practices established by design and manufacturing engineers. The contents are: Fundamentals of Insulation: Gases, Liquid Dielectrics, Solid Insulation; Environment: Pressure, Particulates, Environmental Interactions with Space Power Systems, Surface Charging, System Design Criteria; Configuration and Design Data: Designs, Transients, Grounding and Bonding, Thermal Control; Materials and Processes: Insulation, Processes, Process Variables; Manufacturing: Yield, Government and Industrial Survey, Analysis, Problem Areas and Suggested Solutions, Designs That Have Worked in High Voltage Equipment, Manufacturing Summary; and Tests: Performance, Insulation Tests, Materials Testing, Component and Equipment Tests, Performance Testing, Facility and Environment, Accelerated Life Test; Maintenance and Repair: Maintenance, Test Sets, Pilots and Crewmen, Air Logistic Centers, Design Problem Recommendations.

W G Dunbar↗

DOE OSTI2025

Indications for Freeze-Out of Charge Fluctuations in the Quark-Gluon Plasma at the LHC

The D-measure of net-charge fluctuations quantifies the variance of net charge in strongly interacting matter. It was introduced over 20 years ago as a potential signal of quark-gluon plasma (QGP) in heavy-ion collisions, where it is expected to be suppressed due to the fractional electric charges of quarks. Measurements have been performed at RHIC and LHC, but the conclusion has been elusive in the absence of quantitative calculations for both scenarios. We address this issue by employing a recently developed formalism of density correlations and incorporate resonance decays, local charge conservation, and experimental kinematic cuts. We find that the hadron gas scenario is in fair agreement with the ALICE data for $\sqrt{{𝑠}_{\textrm{NN}}}$ = 2.76 TeV Pb–Pb collisions only when a very short rapidity range of local charge conservation is enforced, while the QGP scenario is in excellent agreement with experimental data and largely insensitive to the range of local charge conservation. A Bayesian analysis of the data utilizing different priors yields moderate evidence for the freeze-out of charge fluctuations in the QGP phase relative to hadron gas. The upcoming high-fidelity measurements from LHC Run 2 will serve as a precision test of the two scenarios.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗

NASA NTRS1973

Observation of cosmic-ray particles with Z of 50 or greater and interpretation of the charge spectrum.

Large areas of plastic detectors and nuclear emulsions were exposed to the primary cosmic radiation on two high-altitude balloon flights in May 1968 and September 1969. From measurements on the tracks found in the scanning of the plastic detectors, events with charges Z greater than 50 were selected, and these data were consolidated with those from our earlier flights. Several conclusions can be drawn from the observed charge spectrum. The detection of trans-bismuth nuclei confirms earlier observations of these particles in the cosmic rays. However, no trans-uranium particles were observed. Detailed features of the charge spectrum cannot be explained by nuclei from r-process nucleosynthesis alone. Although the addition of particles following s-process abundances yields improved agreement, the spectrum appears more complicated than would result from a simple combination of r- and s-process abundances with identical propagation histories.

Blanford, G. E., Jr.↗

NASA NTRS2004

Heavy ion observations by MARIE in cruise phase and Mars orbit

The charged particle spectrum for nuclei from protons to neon, (charge Z=10) was observed during the cruise phase and orbit around Mars by the MARIE charged particle spectrometer on the Odyssey spacecraft. The cruise data were taken between April 23, 2001 and mid-August 2001. The Mars orbit data were taken March 5, 2002 through May 2002 and are scheduled to continue until August 2004. Charge peaks are clearly separated for charges up to Z=10. Especially prominent are the carbon and oxygen peaks, with boron and nitrogen also clearly visible. Although heavy ions are much less abundant than protons in the cosmic ray environment, it is important to determine their abundances because their ionization energy losses (proportional to Z2) are far more dangerous to humans and to instruments. Thus the higher charged nuclei make a significant contribution to dose and dose equivalent received in space. Results of the charged particle spectrum measurements will be reported. c2003 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

NASA Center JSC↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Voyager 1 and 2 Preliminary Observations Within Interplanetary Space of Upstream Suprathermal < 6 KeV Electrons Evidently Connected to Jupiter’s Bow Shock

We present for the first time the Voyager 1 and 2 plasma instrument observations within the interplanetary space of upstream suprathermal E < 6 keV electrons during times when close < 100 RJ from Jupiter’s bow shock. These measurements are a biproduct of our recovery of the Voyager Jupiter flyby measurements of the plasma electrons made by the Plasma Science Experiment (PLS) (Bridge et al., 1977). The initial ion and electron plasma observations were first reported by Bridge et al. (1979a, b). The periods were chosen to follow those reported by Zwickl et al. (1981) using energetic particle data with E ≥ 30 keV from the Low Energy Charged Particle (LECP) instrument (Krimigis et al., 1977). For this study we also use Voyager magnetic field data (Ness et al., 1979a, b) which is critical for this study. Basically, whenever the interplanetary magnetic field is nearly radially aligned relative to the spacecraft sun line, connection to the Jovian bow shock is believed to occur and one would expect those times when the keV suprathermal electron would be observed, but we also see them when the field is not radial but close to Jupiter’s bow shock. Whenever the magnetic field is radial the plasma instrument’s D cup or side sensor, which makes the electron observations (10 eV ≤ E ≤ 6 keV), is viewing ∼ 90 degree pitch angle electrons but evidently its wide field-of-view (FOV) allows one to see the keV electrons assumed to be field aligned. So, we will be looking into FOV alignment issues relative to the local magnetic field vector and any evidence for pitch angle scattering by plasma waves (see Scarf et al., 1981) that might broaden their width in pitch angle and allow their detection.

E C Sittler, Jr↗

DOE OSTI2023

Charging Needs for Battery Electric Semi Trucks

Battery-electric vehicles provide a pathway to decarbonize heavy-duty trucking, but the market for electric trucks is nascent, and specific charging requirements remain uncertain. This paper summarizes methods and findings from Charging Needs for Electric Semi-Trailer Trucks [1] wherein we leverage large-scale vehicle telematics data (>205 million miles of driving) to estimate the charging behaviors and infrastructure requirements for U.S. battery-electric semi-trailer trucks within three operating segments: local, regional, and long-haul. We model two types of charging - mid-shift (fast en-route charging) and off-shift (slow depot charging) - and show that off-shift charging at speeds compatible with current light-duty charging infrastructure (i.e., =350 kW) can supply 35% to 77% of total energy demand for local and regional trucks with =300-mile range. Megawatt-level speeds are required for mid-shift charging, which make up 44% to 57% of energy demand for long-haul trucks with =500-mile range. However, the role of off-shift charging increases as the range for battery-electric trucks increases and when off-shift charging is widely available.

ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗

DOE OSTI2020

Search for physics beyond the standard model in events with jets and two same-sign or at least three charged leptons in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}=$ 13 TeV

A data sample of events from proton-proton collisions with at least two jets, and two isolated same-sign or three or more charged leptons, is studied in a search for signatures of new physics phenomena. The data correspond to an integrated luminosity of $137{\,{\text {fb}}^{-1}} $ at a center-of-mass energy of $13\,{\text {TeV}} $, collected in 2016–2018 by the CMS experiment at the LHC. The search is performed using a total of 168 signal regions defined using several kinematic variables. The properties of the events are found to be consistent with the expectations from standard model processes. Exclusion limits at 95% confidence level are set on cross sections for the pair production of gluinos or squarks for various decay scenarios in the context of supersymmetric models conserving or violating R parity. The observed lower mass limits are as large as $2.1\,{\text {TeV}} $ for gluinos and $0.9\,{\text {TeV}} $ for top and bottom squarks. To facilitate reinterpretations, model-independent limits are provided in a set of simplified signal regions.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗

DOE OSTI2023

Charge Carrier Transport in Iron Pyrite Thin Films: Disorder-Induced Variable-Range Hopping

Here, the origin of p-type conductivity and the mechanism responsible for low carrier mobility were investigated in pyrite (FeS 2 ) thin films. Temperature-dependent resistivity measurements (10-400 K) were performed on polycrystalline and nanostructured thin films prepared by three different methods: (1) spray pyrolysis, (2) hot-injection synthesized and spin-coated nanocubes, and (3) pulsed laser deposition. The films have a high hole density (10 18 -10 19 ) cm -3 and low mobility (0.1-4 cm 2 V -1 s -1 ) regardless of the method used for their preparation. The charge transport mechanism is determined to be thermally activated conduction (TAC) at near room temperature, with Mott-type variable-range hopping (VRH) of holes via localized states occurring at lower temperatures. The density functional theory (DFT) predicts that sulfur vacancy induces localized defect states within the band gap and the charge remains localized around the defect. The data indicates that the electronic properties including hopping transport in pyrite thin films can be correlated to sulfur vacancy-related defects. The results provide insights into the electronic properties of pyrite thin films and their implications for charge transport.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

NASA NTRS1980

Cycles till failure of silver-zinc cells with completing failures modes: Preliminary data analysis

One hundred and twenty nine cells were run through charge-discharge cycles until failure. The experiment design was a variant of a central composite factorial in five factors. Preliminary data analysis consisted of response surface estimation of life. Batteries fail under two basic modes; a low voltage condition and an internal shorting condition. A competing failure modes analysis using maximum likelihood estimation for the extreme value life distribution was performed. Extensive diagnostics such as residual plotting and probability plotting were employed to verify data quality and choice of model.

Sidik, S. M.↗