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NASA NTRS1983

Atomic nitrogen emissions from photodissociation of N2

Cross sections for the production of N I emissions at 1412, 1493, and 1743 A and the undispersed fluorescence in the range 1050-1800 A produced through photodissociative excitation of N2 have been determined at selected intense atomic emission lines and throughout the synchrotron radiation continuum from 500 to 620 A. The neutral excited atomic nitrogen fragments are produced through direct dissociation processes as well as predissociation from the well-known two-electron excited Rydberg states. The yield for photodissociative excitation processes is found to have the same magnitude as that for photodissociative ionization processes reported by other investigators. The Doppler shifts of the excited atomic fragments have been calculated, and the relevance to atmospheric observations is discussed.

Wu, C. Y. R.↗

NASA NTRS1983

Study of sulfur-containing molecules in the EUV region. III Photoexcitation of CS2

Using synchrotron radiation as a continuum background, the absorption cross section of CS2 has been measured using a double ionization chamber. The cross sections range from four to a maximum value of 65 Mb in the 175-760 A region. Two new Rydberg series X and XI have been identified and apparently converge to the D2Pi state of CS2(+) at 16.943 eV.

Wu, C. Y. R.↗

NASA NTRS1983

High-energy particles

It is pointed out that the magnetosphere of Jupiter is in many respects quite different from that of the earth. The energy required to drive the Jovian magnetosphere is apparently extracted from Jupiter's rotational energy rather than from the solar wind. Jupiter is a strong source of energetic charged particles which can be detected as far away as the orbit of Mercury. The structure and dynamics of the energetic particle distribution in the inner magnetosphere is discussed, taking into account observations, transport and losses in the inner magnetosphere, satellite interactions, and electron synchrotron radiation. The subsolar hemisphere is considered, giving attention to particle fluxes in the subsolar magnetosphere, conditions in the middle magnetosphere, and the characteristics of the outer magnetosphere. A description of the predawn magnetosphere is also provided.

Schardt, A. W.↗

NASA NTRS1983

Active galaxies and the diffuse gamma-ray background

Active galaxies are shown to account for the observed gamma ray background radiation if a steepening of the spectra above about 100 keV is present. An analytical model is discussed in which protons undergo Fermi acceleration at a shock in a spherical accretion flow onto a massive black hole. Relativistic protons with power law spectra, nuclear interactions producing gamma rays from neutal pion decay and electrons from pion-mu meson-electron decay, with a power law spectrum above several hundred MeV, synchrotron and inverse Compton losses steepening the electron spectrum, a photon spectrum close to the pion gamma spectrum and a high-energy gamma ray spectrum steepened by photon-photon pair production interactions with X rays are covered in the model. Comparisons are made with HEAO 2 data on active galaxies, which have estimated luminosities and radii consistent with the compactness necessary for producing the steepening predicted by the model. The active galaxies spectra would be described by a spherical accretion-shock model.

Kazanas, D.↗

NASA NTRS1983

Photodissociation of NH3 at 106-200 nm

The absorption and fluorescence cross sections for NH3 are measured in the 106-200 nm region using synchrotron radiation as the light source. The threshold wavelengths for the production of the NH (b to X) and NH (c to a) emissions from NH3 dissociation are measured and compared with previous measurements. The heat of formation of NH determined from these thresholds agrees well with the value determined from thermochemical data. The process of dissociation of NH3 into NH2(2AL) and H2(S) has a significant quantum yield whose maximum at 134 nm is about twice the NH(c) production yield. All the vibronic levels of the B and C states produce the NH2(2A1) emission, contrary to previous theoretical interpretations.

Suto, M.↗

NASA NTRS1983

In situ trace element microanalysis

The use of particle-track-radiography and X-ray- fluorescence techniques in the in situ measurement of trace (less than 1000 ppm) elements in single mineral phases of polished sections is surveyed, and examples of their application to ordinary, carbonaceous and enstatite chondrites are provided. Radiographic methods surveyed include fission-track radiography (for U, Th, and Pu-244), alpha radiography using nuclear reactions (for Li and B), alpha autoradiography (for Bi and Pb), and beta autoradiography (for several elements in synthetic or biological samples). Two X-ray-fluorescence methods are compared: (1) photon-induced X-ray emission (PIXE), and (2) the potential use of synchrotron radiation. The latter is shown to allow much greater sensitivity than current PIXE technology and a much broader range of elements than particle-track radiography: the ppm analysis of 10-micron grains for all elements heavier than Na. These advantages are seen as balancing the high cost of accelerator use.

Burnett, D. S.↗

NASA NTRS1983

On the nature of two gamma bursts with spectral evolutions observed by the KONUS experiment

Several unique features of the evolving spectra of the April 2, 1979B, and November 11, 1979 gamma-ray bursts observed by the Konus experiment can be used to determine a number of critical parameters of the sources, within the context of the thermal synchrotron model, including their luminosity distance. These results shed much light on the origin of these events and possibly gamma bursts in general. Previously announced in STAR as N83-14057

Liang, E. P.↗

NASA NTRS1983

The solar absolute spectral irradiance 1150-3173 A - May 17, 1982

The full-disk solar spectral irradiance in the spectral range 1150-3173 A was obtained from a rocket observation above White Sands Missile Range, NM, on May 17, 1982, half way in time between solar maximum and solar minimum. Comparison with measurements made during solar maximum in 1980 indicate a large decrease in the absolute solar irradiance at wavelengths below 1900 A to approximately solar minimum values. No change above 1900 A from solar maximum to this flight was observed to within the errors of the measurements. Irradiance values lower than the Broadfoot results in the 2100-2500 A spectral range are found, but excellent agreement with Broadfoot between 2500 and 3173 A is found. The absolute calibration of the instruments for this flight was accomplished at the National Bureau of Standards Synchrotron Radiation Facility which significantly improves calibration of solar measurements made in this spectral region.

Mount, G. H.↗

NASA NTRS1983

X-ray observations of 20 3CR radio galaxies and their environs

X-ray observations of 20 3CR radio galaxies using the Imaging Proportional Counter on the Einstein Observatory are reported. Fourteen of the 18 galaxies, plus two sources without optical identification, are detected with soft X-ray luminosities (Lx) ranging from 10 to the 40.9th to 10 to the 44.4th ergs/s. In four of the galaxies there is evidence for extended X-ray structure. Lx is statistically correlated with the radio power of the core, the lobe radio power (especially below 1 GHz), and the steepness of the lobe radio spectrum at high frequencies. The complex interrelations between X-ray luminosities and radio core, radio lobe, optical nuclei, and galaxy clustering are examined; and it is found that a cluster origin of the X-rays provides the best explanation of these effects. Constraints on synchrotron and inverse Compton production of X-rays in radio lobes and on mechanisms of lobe confinement are also discussed.

Feigelson, E. D.↗

NASA NTRS1983

2-165 keV observations of active galaxies and the diffuse background

HEAO 1 spectral observations of 12 active galaxies in the 12-165 keV and 2-50 keV ranges are reported. The spectra of these galaxies in the 2-165 keV range are well represented by a single power law model; within experimental uncertainties a narrow dispersion in power law index attributable to the individual galaxies is observed, while the 2-165 keV luminosities of these galaxies ranged from 3 x 10 to the 43rd to 3 x 10 to the 45th ergs/s. An apparent universality of the spectral form is found which can be interpreted as due to a common electron distribution with a temperature of tens of keV in the Compton scattering region or as a common nonthermal power-law distribution generating the observed flux through synchrotron-Compton processes. The data indicate that relativistic particles are likely to be responsible for the X-rays from cores of active galaxies through synchroton-Compton processes. In addition, it is noted that only weak number evolution, if any at all, is present in active galaxies.

Rothschild, R. E.↗

NASA NTRS1983

The Jovian magnetosphere

Research on Jovian magnetospheric physics from 1979 through 1982 is surveyed, with a focus on the observations of Voyagers 1 and 2. Jovian fields and plasmas are characterized in the order of their distance from the planet, and special emphasis is given to the Io plasma torus (IPT) in the 4.9-8-Jovian-radius region and to the extended Jovian magnetotail. Topics reviewed include synchrotron radiation, magnetic-field models, Na and S emissions in the IPT, aurora, the magnetic-anomaly model, IPT plasma diffusion-convection, Io-generated Alfven wave, plasma configuration beyond the IPT, low-energy charged particles, cosmic-ray-energy particles, particle acceleration, magnetic configuration, tail current sheet and plasma disc, magnetopause and magnetosheath, interplanetary ions of Jovian origin, and the Jovian magnetosphere at Saturnian distances.

Birmingham, T. J.↗

NASA NTRS1983

Radio and X-ray observations of the radio halo source in A1367

Radio and X-ray observations of the 'radio halo' in A1367 are presented. The radio spectral index distribution is derived combining data at 610 and 1415 MHz taken with the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT). A high-resolution Very Large Array (VLA) map allows us to discriminate between the extended cluster emission and a triple radio source associated with a background stellar object (most probably a QSO) which appears projected onto it. X-ray observations taken with the high-resolution imager on board the Einstein satellite reveal an X-ray source associated with this background object. A second weak X-ray enhancement is found projected onto the extended radio component. Inverse Compton scattering of the synchrotron-emitting particles provides a possible interpretation of such a source. The presence of large-scale magnetic fields and particle acceleration due to the turbulent motion of galaxies through the intergalactic medium is discussed in relationship to the observed peculiarities of the galaxies found in this region.

Gavazzi, G.↗

NASA NTRS1983

A search for X-ray emission from optically quiet, compact radio sources

A search for X-ray emission from optically quiet, compact radio sources reveals that such sources are significantly weaker X-ray emitters than are optically identified objects with comparable radio properties. For the radio samples examined here, the X-ray luminosity, relative to the radio, is typically at least 3 times lower in the optically quiet, compact radio sources than in the optically identified ones. Possible reasons for the distinction between optically quiet, compact radio sources and other compact radio sources are discussed. If strong nonthermal sources occur in the nuclei of dust-rich galaxies and do not eliminate the dust and gas of the interstellar medium, a few percent of such sources should be optically faint and red (due to extinction by dust) and X-ray weak (due to K-edge absorption). However, many optically quiet, compact radio sources are apparently 'blazars' with particularly sharp high-frequency breaks in their synchrotron spectra.

Ledden, J. E.↗

NASA NTRS1983

The solar absolute spectral irradiance at 1216 A and 1800-3173 A - January 12, 1983

The full-disk solar spectral irradiance in the spectral range 1800-3173 A and at Lyman-alpha was obtained from a rocket observation above White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, on January 12, 1983. Comparison with measurements made in May 1983 show no changes within the absolute errors of the experiment. The absolute calibration of the instruments for this flight was accomplished at the National Bureau of Standards Synchrotron Radiation Facility.

Mount, G. H.↗

NASA NTRS1983

Determination of the properties of magnetic turbulence in radio sources

The transport of polarized synchrotron radiation in a source possessing a highly irregular magnetic field, as proposed by Laing has been considered. The transport equation has been solved in a special case, relating the observable correlation functions in the Stokes parameters Q and U to the correlation functions of magnetic field and plasma density in the source. A rough application of the results to observations of the radio galaxy 3C 166 indicates that the turbulent scale length may be a few percent of the lobe size.

Spangler, S. R.↗

NASA NTRS1983

Pressure-induced phase transition of HgS

The high pressure phase transition of cinnabar (alpha-HgS) was studied by energy dispersive X-ray diffraction using a synchrotron X-ray source. The cinnabar crystal structure was found to transform to the sodium-chloride structure at about 130 kbar. The lattice parameter of the new phase was determined to be 5.070 + or - 0.005 A at 300 kbar. No further phase transition was observed up to 400 kbar.

Huang, T.↗

NASA NTRS1983

Earth's magnetic field as a radiator to detect cosmic ray electrons of energy greater than 10 to the 12th eV

Synchrotron emission by a high-energy electron in the geomagnetic field and its dependence upon different arrival directions over Palestine, Texas, where major balloon-borne experiments are being conducted, is studied. The dependence of detector response on the arrival direction of electron, the different criteria which are adopted to identify an electron event, the area of the detector, and the energy of the electron are discussed. An omnidirectional circular detector is used to examine whether it is possible to determine the energy of an electron without knowing its arrival direction. The collecting power of a detector is estimated as a function of the energy of electrons for different detector areas with different selection criteria, and this information is used to calculate the event rates expected by folding in the energy spectrum of cosmic ray electrons to show the viability of detecting cosmic ray electrons at energies greater than a few TeV.

Balasubrahmanyan, V. K.↗

NASA NTRS1983

The Spectral Properties of Gamma-ray Bursts: a Review of Recent Development

Developments in the spectroscopy of gamma ray bursts (GRB) are reviewed. The general question of the validity of the spectral results, particularly with regard to features in the spectrum, is discussed. Confirmations of these spectral features are summarized. Results from the KONUS experiments on Venera 13 and 14 are reviewed. The status of models of the continuum spectrum is summarized. A number of different radiation mechanisms appear capable of fitting the data. These include thermal bremsstrahlung, thermal synchrotron and inverse Compton. Rapid variability of the spectra shape on time scales 76] 0.25 sec. was reported. The characteristic energy of the spectrum was observed to vary over nearly an order of magnitude during individual events. A strong correlation between spectral hardness and luminosity was found. Low-energy (50 keV) absorption features and high-energy (400 keV) emission features continue to appear in GRB spectra. Understanding the origin of these lines in the context of the existing continuum models remains a difficult problem.

Teegarden, B. J.↗