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At least 667 records · Page 37
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2015

Regulatory inspection of the provision of disposability assessment and waste packaging advice in the UK to provide confidence that higher activity waste stored on licensed sites will be suitable for safe handling, transport and disposal - 15088

Radioactive Waste Management Limited (RWM), the developer and future operator of a geological disposal facility (GDF) in the United Kingdom, operates a disposability assessment process to minimise the risk that current conditioning and packaging of higher activity wastes (HAW) will result in packages incompatible with geological disposal in the future. Specialists in nuclear and environmental safety from the Office for Nuclear Regulation (ONR) and the Environment Agency (EA) in 2013/14 completed an inspection of the RWM's process of disposability assessment. The inspection gave the regulators confidence that RWM has in place a systematic process to provide an important means of reducing risks associated with waste packaging in advance of an operational GDF and that the process of disposability assessment is providing the necessary information for licensees to assure future HAW disposal to the GDF. This work forms part of our continuing programme to review RWM's work related to geological disposal of higher activity radioactive waste (HAW). (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2023

Techniques for storing data to enhance recovery and detection of data corruption errors

Often there are errors when reading data from computer memory. To detect and correct these errors, there are multiple types of error correction codes. Disclosed is an error correction architecture that creates a codeword having a data portion and an error correction code portion. Swizzling rearranges the order of bits and distributes the bits among different codewords. Because the data is redistributed, a potential memory error of up to N contiguous bits, where N for example equals 2 times the number of codewords swizzled together, only affects up to, at most, two bits per swizzled codeword. This keeps the error within the error detecting capabilities of the error correction architecture. Furthermore, this can allow improved error correction and detection without requiring a change to error correcting code generators and checkers.

Mills, Peter↗
DOE OSTI2018

Evaluation of Stored Reducing Capacity to Optimize Operations and Maintenance for In Situ Biological Treatment of Cr(VI) in Groundwater - 18534

Injection of organic carbon substrates to stimulate in situ biologically mediated reduction of dissolved hexavalent chromium (Cr[VI]) from groundwater by reduction of this oxidized form to the essentially insoluble trivalent form (Cr[III]) is an established remedial technology. The key to successful implementation of in situ biological Cr(VI) reduction is the distribution of electrons from the oxidation of the organic carbon substrates throughout the saturated subsurface to establish robust In Situ Reactive Zones (IRZs). Once IRZs are established, reduction of Cr(VI) is often observed to persist over relatively long time frames (months to years) after the injected organic carbon substrates are degraded or flux of non-amended water flows through the IRZ. The longevity of Cr(VI) treatment is attributed to the establishment of residual-reducing capacity created by the storage of electrons in ferrous iron and sulfide-bearing minerals present in the aquifer matrix, and microbial biomass generated by the injection of organic carbon substrates. In this paper, more than 10 years of data collected from operations and maintenance of IRZ systems for remediation of a large-scale Cr(VI) plume were evaluated to examine the factors that influence the longevity of residual-reducing capacity. The durations that residual-reducing capacity has resulted in sustained Cr(VI) treatment were variable, ranging from months to more than 6 years between carbon amendment events. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2020

Drying Wet Stored and Corroded Magnox Fuel for Interim Dry Storage - 20187

To investigate the feasibility of drying corroded Magnesium alloy clad nuclear fuel, the corrosion products of inactive and unirradiated Magnox simulant dry corrosion product and dried corroded Magnox sludge were characterised by X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis. XRD identified brucite in the dried corrosion product and both brucite and hydromagnesite in the sludge. TGA identified mass loss on dehydration of ∼9.1% up to 250 deg. C and 27.9% from dehydroxylation up to 440 deg. C, with total mass loss of 41.9% up to 800 deg. C for the dried corrosion product. The sludge TGA showed 8.3% mass loss up to 250 deg. C from dehydration, 7.5% up to 330 deg. C from dehydroxylation and 31.4% mass loss up to 47.2% for decarbonation, with total mass loss of 49.2% up to 800 deg. C. Water removal up to 1.8 g was performed by cold vacuum drying (40 deg. C-120 deg. C) on a ≅14.8 g (wet) corroded Magnox sample. The process was monitored by observing pressure, dew point, temperature and gas flow changes supported by measuring the sample mass loss as water is removed. From these tests, it was observed that the dried corroded Magnox displayed some hygroscopic capacity which has implications for water retention following vacuum drying and the length of exposure required to achieve the desired dryness. Whilst at higher temperatures the water was removed faster, the increased temperature also risks the fuel cladding undergoing unwanted chemical reactions with the residual water during the process. However, at lower temperatures the achievable levels of dryness were reduced. Therefore, from these observations this work has identified that there is a temperature balance that may be necessary to optimise the drying process with respect to allowing the greatest level of dryness whilst restricting unwanted chemical reactions. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2020

The Long-term Storage of ILW: Building Stores with the Appropriate Environmental Controls - 20294

In the UK, containers for the storage and disposal of intermediate level radioactive waste (ILW) typically use stainless steel due to its excellent mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. The period of interim storage before a disposal facility is available, however, is longer than available engineering experience with stainless steels in relevant environmental conditions. Additionally, after disposal the ability of ILW containers to withstand further periods of exposure to the environment is expected to provide substantial benefits to the operation of a disposal facility and the safety case underpinning its closure. For these reasons, although there have been no instances of failure of stainless steels in indoor storage conditions, a focused R and D programme has been carried out to identify the environmental envelope over which the material does not significantly degrade. In this study we summarise experimental and modelling studies carried out over the last decade to build a solid mechanistic understanding of the corrosion behaviour of stainless steels in indoor atmospheric conditions. We then identify suitable environmental regimes to minimise the risk of degradation processes and explore approaches to monitoring the storage conditions to gain confidence in the long-term performance of the system. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2024

The Computational Analysis of a Generic Hypersonic Store Separation

Many current hypersonic vehicles involve a main vehicle from which components separate during flight and presents simulation challenges such as shock-shock interactions, highly nonlinear interactions, and shock wave boundary layer interactions. These aerodynamic phenomena influence the attitude and trajectory of each object, which needs to be understood before large-scale experiments can be run. To gain a generic understanding of the process, high-fidelity Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes solutions are performed on a conical vehicle geometry passing through an oblique shock wave that is representative of different configurations and scenarios. Trajectory and applied forces are tracked and show the vehicle’s dynamics are predominantly the result of differential flow incidence angles causing a strong shock; this leads to a large pressure increase over a fraction of the vehicle, which influences pitch. The vehicle appears to follow conventional stability theory with detached eddy simulation and small disturbances in initial attitude shown to have minimal influence on the scenario.

Savery, Ryan↗
DOE OSTI2023

U.S. Incentives to Capture and Store CO 2

Fact sheet on the 45Q tax credit. 45Q was created in 2008 as a tax credit to incentivize the development of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) projects.

01 COAL, LIGNITE, AND PEAT↗
DOE OSTI2024

Destructive Examination Protocol for 3013-Container-Package Storing Plutonium-Bearing Materials

The 3013-container-package consists of a convenience, inner and outer container and is used for long-term storage of plutonium-bearing materials. A destructive examination (DE) protocol has been developed to examine the container package visually and with microscopic aid to find any corrosion conditions that could result in the loss of the integrity of the container package over its lifetime. The DE protocol contains three main steps: initial container examination, helium (He) leak testing, and detailed imaging and analysis of the inner container closure weld region (ICCWR). The ICCWR has been determined to be bounding, defined as exhibiting worst case conditions for stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of the inner container. To assess SCC in the ICCWR, the inner container lid is cut into quarters and the weld and He-leak testing gasket are removed. Then a citric acid wash is performed to remove adherent chlorides from the ICCWR. The wash is then sent for analysis to determine the concentration of chlorides in the ICCWR. While the analysis for chloride concentration is being performed, the quarter sections are further sectioned into 1/8th subsections by cutting each section in half. These subsections are washed using nitric acid to remove corrosion products. Then each subsection is imaged using a Wide Angle 3-D Measurement System (WAMS). After analysis of microscope images for potential SCC, additional imaging can be performed, including subsurface imaging. After review, a determination is made of whether the container integrity may potentially affect the safe storage of the material.

container↗
DOE OSTI2011

Storage Rings

Storage rings are circular machines that store particle beams at a constant energy. Beams are stored in rings without acceleration for a number of reasons (Tab. 1). Storage rings are used in high-energy, nuclear, atomic, and molecular physics, as well as for experiments in chemistry, material and life sciences. Parameters for storage rings such as particle species, energy, beam intensity, beam size, and store time vary widely depending on the application. The beam must be injected into a storage ring but may not be extracted (Fig. 1). Accelerator rings such as synchrotrons are used as storage rings before and after acceleration. Particles stored in rings include electrons and positrons; muons; protons and anti-protons; neutrons; light and heavy, positive and negative, atomic ions of various charge states; molecular and cluster ions, and neutral polar molecules. Spin polarized beams of electrons, positrons, and protons were stored. The kinetic energy of the stored particles ranges from 10{sup -6} eV to 3.5 x 10{sup 12} eV (LHC, 7 x 10{sup 12} eV planned), the number of stored particles from one (ESR) to 1015 (ISR). To store beam in rings requires bending (dipoles) and transverse focusing (quadrupoles). Higher order multipoles are used to correct chromatic aberrations, to suppress instabilities, and to compensate for nonlinear field errors of dipoles and quadrupoles. Magnetic multipole functions can be combined in magnets. Beams are stored bunched with radio frequency systems, and unbunched. The magnetic lattice and radio frequency system are designed to ensure the stability of transverse and longitudinal motion. New technologies allow for better storage rings. With strong focusing the beam pipe dimensions became much smaller than previously possible. For a given circumference superconducting magnets make higher energies possible, and superconducting radio frequency systems allow for efficient replenishment of synchrotron radiation losses of large current electron or positron beams. Storage rings have instrumentation to monitor the electrical and mechanical systems, and the beam quality. Computers are used to control the operation. Large storage rings have millions of control points from all systems. The time dependent beam intensity I(t) can often be approximated by an exponential function I(t) = I(0) exp(-t/{tau}) (1) where the decay time {tau} and, correspondingly, the store time ranges from a few turns to 10 days (ISR). {tau} can be dominated by a variety of effects including lattice nonlinearities, beam-beam, space charge, intrabeam and Touschek scattering, interaction with the residual gas or target, or the lifetime of the stored particle. In this case, the beam lifetime measurement itself can be the purpose of a storage ring experiment. The main consideration in the design of a storage ring is the preservation of the beam quality over the store length. The beam size and momentum spread can be reduced through cooling, often leading to an increase in the store time. For long store times vacuum considerations are important since the interaction rate of the stored particles with the residual gas molecules is proportional to the pressure, and an ultra-high vacuum system may be needed. Distributed pumping with warm activated NEG surfaces or cold surfaces in machines with superconducting magnets are ways to provide large pumping speeds and achieve low pressures even under conditions with dynamic gas loads. The largest application of storage rings today are synchrotron light sources, of which about 50 exist world wide. In experiments where the beam collides with an internal target or another beam, a storage ring allows to re-use the accelerated beam many times if the interaction with the target is sufficiently small. In hadron collider and ion storage rings store times of many hours or even days are realized, corresponding to up to 1011 turns and thereby target passages. Ref. [3] is the first proposal for a collider storage ring. A number of storage rings exist where the beam itself or its decay products are the object of study.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Evaluation of the Indoor Air Quality Procedure for Use in Retail Buildings

California's building efficiency standards (Title 24) mandate minimum prescribed ventilation rates (VRs) for commercial buildings. Title 24 standards currently include a prescriptive procedure similar to ASHRAE’s prescriptive “ventilation rate procedure”, but does not include an alternative procedure, akin to ASHRAE’s non-prescriptive “indoor air quality procedure” (IAQP). The IAQP determines minimum VRs based on objectively and subjectively evaluated indoor air quality (IAQ). The first primary goal of this study was to determine, in a set of California retail stores, the adequacy of Title 24 VRs and observed current measured VRs in providing the level of IAQ specified through an IAQP process, The second primary goal was to evaluate whether several VRs implemented experimentally in a big box store would achieve adequate IAQ, assessed objectively and subjectively. For the first goal, a list of contaminants of concern (CoCs) and reference exposure levels (RELs) were selected for evaluating IAQ. Ventilation rates and indoor and outdoor CoC concentrations were measured in 13 stores, including one “big box” store. Mass balance models were employed to calculate indoor contaminant source strengths for CoCs in each store. Using these source strengths and typical outdoor air contaminant concentrations, mass balance models were again used to calculate for each store the “IAQP” VR that would maintain indoor CoC concentrations below selected RELs. These IAQP VRs were compared to the observed VRs and to the Title 24- prescribed VRs. For the second goal, a VR intervention study was performed in the big box store to determine how objectively assessed indoor contaminant levels and subjectively assessed IAQ varied with VR. The three intervention study VRs included an approximation of the store’s current VR [0.24 air changes per hour (ACH)], the Title 24-prescribed VR [0.69 ACH], and the calculated IAQPbased VR [1.51 ACH]). Calculations of IAQP-based VRs showed that for the big box store and 11 of the 12 other stores, neither current measured VRs nor the Title 24-prescribed VRs would be sufficient to maintain indoor concentrations of all CoCs below RELs. In the intervention study, with the IAQP-based VR applied in the big box store, all CoCs were controlled below RELs (within margins of error). Also, at all three VRs in this store, the percentage of subjects reporting acceptable air quality exceeded an 80% criterion of acceptability. The IAQP allows consideration of outdoor air ventilation as just one of several possible tools for achieving adequate IAQ. In two of the 13 surveyed buildings, applying the IAQP to allow lower VRs could have saved energy whilst still maintaining acceptable indoor air quality. In the remaining 11 buildings, saving energy through lower VRs would require combination with other strategies, either reducing indoor sources of CoCs such as formaldehyde, or use of gas phase air cleaning technologies. Based on the findings from applying the IAQP calculations to retail stores and the IAQP-based intervention study, recommendations are made regarding the potential introduction of a comparable procedure in Title 24.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
NASA NTRS2007

Analog Nonvolatile Computer Memory Circuits

In nonvolatile random-access memory (RAM) circuits of a proposed type, digital data would be stored in analog form in ferroelectric field-effect transistors (FFETs). This type of memory circuit would offer advantages over prior volatile and nonvolatile types: In a conventional complementary metal oxide/semiconductor static RAM, six transistors must be used to store one bit, and storage is volatile in that data are lost when power is turned off. In a conventional dynamic RAM, three transistors must be used to store one bit, and the stored bit must be refreshed every few milliseconds. In contrast, in a RAM according to the proposal, data would be retained when power was turned off, each memory cell would contain only two FFETs, and the cell could store multiple bits (the exact number of bits depending on the specific design). Conventional flash memory circuits afford nonvolatile storage, but they operate at reading and writing times of the order of thousands of conventional computer memory reading and writing times and, hence, are suitable for use only as off-line storage devices. In addition, flash memories cease to function after limited numbers of writing cycles. The proposed memory circuits would not be subject to either of these limitations. Prior developmental nonvolatile ferroelectric memories are limited to one bit per cell, whereas, as stated above, the proposed memories would not be so limited. The design of a memory circuit according to the proposal must reflect the fact that FFET storage is only partly nonvolatile, in that the signal stored in an FFET decays gradually over time. (Retention times of some advanced FFETs exceed ten years.) Instead of storing a single bit of data as either a positively or negatively saturated state in a ferroelectric device, each memory cell according to the proposal would store two values. The two FFETs in each cell would be denoted the storage FFET and the control FFET. The storage FFET would store an analog signal value, between the positive and negative FFET saturation values. This signal value would represent a numerical value of interest corresponding to multiple bits: for example, if the memory circuit were designed to distinguish among 16 different analog values, then each cell could store 4 bits. Simultaneously with writing the signal value in the storage FFET, a negative saturation signal value would be stored in the control FFET. The decay of this control-FFET signal from the saturation value would serve as a model of the decay, for use in regenerating the numerical value of interest from its decaying analog signal value. The memory circuit would include addressing, reading, and writing circuitry that would have features in common with the corresponding parts of other memory circuits, but would also have several distinctive features. The writing circuitry would include a digital-to-analog converter (DAC); the reading circuitry would include an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). For writing a numerical value of interest in a given cell, that cell would be addressed, the saturation value would be written in the control FFET in that cell, and the non-saturation analog value representing the numerical value of interest would be generated by use of the DAC and stored in the storage FFET in that cell. For reading the numerical value of interest stored in a given cell, the cell would be addressed, the ADC would convert the decaying control and storage analog signal values to digital values, and an associated fast digital processing circuit would regenerate the numerical value from digital values.

MacLeod, Todd↗
DOE OSTI2021

Bulk Storage of Hydrogen

The technical aspects and economics of bulk hydrogen storage in underground pipes, lined rock caverns (LRC) and salt caverns are analyzed. Hydrogen storage in underground pipes is more economical than in geological caverns for useable amounts <20-t-H2. However, because the pipe material is a major cost factor, the capital and operating costs for this storage method do not decrease appreciably with an increase in the amount of stored H2. Unlike underground pipes, the installed capital cost of salt caverns decreases appreciably from ~$95/kg-H2 at 100 t-H2 stored to <$19/kg-H2 at 3000 t-H2 stored. Over the same scale, the annual storage cost decreases from ~$17/kg-H2 to ~$3/kg-H2. Like salt caverns, the installed capital cost of lined rock caverns decreases from ~$160/kg-H2 at 100 t-H2 stored to <$44/kg-H2 at 3000 t-H2 stored. Storing >750-t useable H2 requires multiple caverns. The cost of salt caverns scales more favorably with size because the salt caverns are larger than lined rock caverns and need to be added at a slower rate as the storage capacity is increased.

Bulk storage of hydrogen↗
DOE OSTI2025

Electricity Baseline 2021 Background Data and Log File

The ElectricityLCI v2 Python package (https://github.com/USEPA/ElectricityLCI/tree/v2.0) was used to generate the 2021 electricity baseline: a regionalized life cycle inventory model of U.S. electricity generation, consumption, and distribution using standardized facility and generation data. ElectricityLCI implements a local data store for downloading and accessing public data on an individual's computer. The data store follows the folder definition provided by USEPA's esupy Python package (https://github.com/USEPA/esupy), which utilizes the appdirs Python dependency (https://pypi.org/project/appdirs/). An overview of the ElectricityLCI data stores may be found on the README (https://github.com/USEPA/ElectricityLCI/blob/v2.0/README.md#data-store). This submission includes the background data used to generate the 2021 electricity baseline inventory. Each zip archive stores the source files as found in their data stores. Sub-folders in each of the data stores are archived separately. For example, stewi.zip contains the JSON files, while stewi.facility.zip is the 'facility' sub-folder of stewi data store that stores the parquet files. To reproduce the data store, extract each zip file and drag-and-drop sub-folders in to their appropriate root folders to recreate the data stores, then copy the root folders to your data store folder (as returned by running the following on the command line: python -c "import appdirs; print(appdirs.user_data_dir())"). The main five data stores include: 'electricitylci', 'facilitymatcher', 'fedelemflowlist', 'stewi', and 'stewicombo'. The log file generated by the 2021 model run is also included, which contains the statements at the DEBUG level and above.

Electricity; LCA; LCI; Life Cycle; data inventory↗
DOE OSTI2025

Electricity Baseline 2020 Background Data and Log File

The ElectricityLCI v2 Python package (https://github.com/USEPA/ElectricityLCI/tree/v2.0) was used to generate the 2020 electricity baseline: a regionalized life cycle inventory model of U.S. electricity generation, consumption, and distribution using standardized facility and generation data. ElectricityLCI implements a local data store for downloading and accessing public data on an individual's computer. The data store follows the folder definition provided by USEPA's esupy Python package (https://github.com/USEPA/esupy), which utilizes the appdirs Python dependency (https://pypi.org/project/appdirs/). An overview of the ElectricityLCI data stores may be found on the README (https://github.com/USEPA/ElectricityLCI/blob/v2.0/README.md#data-store). This submission includes the background data used to generate the 2020 electricity baseline inventory. Each zip archive stores the source files as found in their data stores. Sub-folders in each of the data stores are archived separately. For example, stewi.zip contains the JSON files, while stewi.facility.zip is the 'facility' sub-folder of stewi data store that stores the parquet files. To reproduce the data store, extract each zip file and drag-and-drop sub-folders in to their appropriate root folders to recreate the data stores, then copy the root folders to your data store folder (as returned by running the following on the command line: python -c "import appdirs; print(appdirs.user_data_dir())"). The main five data stores include: 'electricitylci', 'facilitymatcher', 'fedelemflowlist', 'stewi', and 'stewicombo'. The log file generated by the 2020 model run is also included, which contains the statements at the DEBUG level and above.

Electricity; LCA; LCI; Life Cycle; data inventory↗
DOE OSTI2025

Electricity Baseline 2022 Background Data and Log File

The ElectricityLCI v2 Python package (https://github.com/USEPA/ElectricityLCI/tree/v2.0) was used to generate the 2022 electricity baseline: a regionalized life cycle inventory model of U.S. electricity generation, consumption, and distribution using standardized facility and generation data. ElectricityLCI implements a local data store for downloading and accessing public data on an individual's computer. The data store follows the folder definition provided by USEPA's esupy Python package (https://github.com/USEPA/esupy), which utilized the appdirs Python dependency (https://pypi.org/project/appdirs/). This submission includes the background data used to generate the 2022 electricity baseline inventory. Each zip archive stores the source files as found in their data stores. Sub-folders in each of the data stores are archived separately. For example, stewi.zip contains the JSON files, while stewi.facility.zip is the 'facility' sub-folder of stewi data store that stores the parquet files. To reproduce the data store, extract each zip file and drag-and-drop sub-folders in to their appropriate root folders to recreate the data stores, then copy the root folders to your data store folder (as returned by running the following on the command line: `python -c "import appdirs; print(appdirs.user_data_dir())"`). The main five data stores include: 'electricitylci', 'facilitymatcher', 'fedelemflowlist', 'stewi', and 'stewicombo'. The log file generated by the 2022 model run is also included, which contains the statements at the DEBUG level and above.

Electricity; LCA; data inventory↗
DOE OSTI2012

Generalized Nuclear Data: A New Structure (with Supporting Infrastructure) for Handling Nuclear Data

The Evaluated Nuclear Data File (ENDF) format was designed in the 1960s to accommodate neutron reaction data to support nuclear engineering applications in power, national security and criticality safety. Over the years, the scope of the format has been extended to handle many other kinds of data including charged particle, decay, atomic, photo-nuclear and thermal neutron scattering. Although ENDF has wide acceptance and support for many data types, its limited support for correlated particle emission, limited numeric precision, and general lack of extensibility mean that the nuclear data community cannot take advantage of many emerging opportunities. More generally, the ENDF format provides an unfriendly environment that makes it difficult for new data evaluators and users to create and access nuclear data. The Cross Section Evaluation Working Group (CSEWG) has begun the design of a new Generalized Nuclear Data (or &#x27;GND&#x27;) structure, meant to replace older formats with a hierarchy that mirrors the underlying physics, and is aligned with modern coding and database practices. In support of this new structure, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) has updated its nuclear data/reactions management package Fudge to handle GND structured nuclear data. Fudge provides tools for converting both the latest ENDF format (ENDF-6) and the LLNL Evaluated Nuclear Data Library (ENDL) format to and from GND, as well as for visualizing, modifying and processing (i.e., converting evaluated nuclear data into a form more suitable to transport codes) GND structured nuclear data. GND defines the structure needed for storing nuclear data evaluations and the type of data that needs to be stored. But unlike ENDF and ENDL, GND does not define how the data are to be stored in a file. Currently, Fudge writes the structured GND data to a file using the eXtensible Markup Language (XML), as it is ASCII based and can be viewed with any text editor. XML is a meta-language, meaning that it has a primitive set of definitions for representing hierarchical data/text in a file. Other meta-languages, like HDF5 which stores the data in binary form, can also be used to store GND in a file. In this paper, we will present an overview of the new GND data structures along with associated tools in Fudge.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2013

Consistent quantification of climate impacts due to biogenic carbon storage across a range of bio-product systems

Temporary and permanent carbon storage from biogenic sources is seen as a way to mitigate climate change. The aim of this work is to illustrate the need to harmonize the quantification of such mitigation across all possible storage pools in the bio- and anthroposphere. We investigate nine alternative storage cases and a wide array of bio-resource pools: from annual crops, short rotation woody crops, medium rotation temperate forests, and long rotation boreal forests. For each feedstock type and biogenic carbon storage pool, we quantify the carbon cycle climate impact due to the skewed time distribution between emission and sequestration fluxes in the bio- and anthroposphere. Additional consideration of the climate impact from albedo changes in forests is also illustrated for the boreal forest case. When characterizing climate impact with global warming potentials (GWP), we find a large variance in results which is attributed to different combinations of biomass storage and feedstock systems. The storage of biogenic carbon in any storage pool does not always confer climate benefits: even when biogenic carbon is stored long-term in durable product pools, the climate outcome may still be undesirable when the carbon is sourced from slow-growing biomass feedstock. For example, when biogenic carbon from Norway Spruce from Norway is stored in furniture with a mean life time of 43 years, a climate change impact of 0.08 kg CO{sub 2}eq per kg CO{sub 2} stored (100 year time horizon (TH)) would result. It was also found that when biogenic carbon is stored in a pool with negligible leakage to the atmosphere, the resulting GWP factor is not necessarily − 1 CO{sub 2}eq per kg CO{sub 2} stored. As an example, when biogenic CO{sub 2} from Norway Spruce biomass is stored in geological reservoirs with no leakage, we estimate a GWP of − 0.56 kg CO{sub 2}eq per kg CO{sub 2} stored (100 year TH) when albedo effects are also included. The large variance in GWPs across the range of resource and carbon storage options considered indicates that more accurate accounting will require case-specific factors derived following the methodological guidelines provided in this and recent manuscripts. -- Highlights: • Climate impacts of stored biogenic carbon (bio-C) are consistently quantified. • Temporary storage of bio-C does not always equate to a climate cooling impact. • 1 unit of bio-C stored over a time horizon does not always equate to − 1 unit CO{sub 2}eq. • Discrepancies of climate change impact quantification in literature are clarified.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗