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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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NASA NTRS1989

A Transversely Isotropic Thermoelastic Theory

A continuum theory is presented for representing the thermoelastic behavior of composites that can be idealized as transversely isotropic. This theory is consistent with anisotropic viscoplastic theories being developed presently at NASA Lewis Research Center. A multiaxial statement of the theory is presented, as well as plane stress and plane strain reductions. Experimental determination of the required material parameters and their theoretical constraints are discussed. Simple homogeneously stressed elements are examined to illustrate the effect of fiber orientation on the resulting strain distribution. Finally, the multiaxial stress-strain relations are expressed in matrix form to simplify and accelerate implementation of the theory into structural analysis codes.

Arnold, S. M.↗

NASA NTRS1988

Hot-wire accuracy in supersonic turbulence from comparisons with laser-induced fluorescence

A hot-wire anemometer and a new, nonintrusive, laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) technique are used to survey a turbulent boundary layer in a supersonic channel flow at Mach no. 2.06. The purpose is to test the accuracy of using the hot wire to measure the fluctuation amplitudes of static temperature and density in a compressible turbulent flow by comparing the results with independent and direct LIF measurements. Several methods of hot-wire calibration and analysis are applied. With each method, the hot-wire response can be related primarily to fluctuations of mass flux and total temperature, from which fluctuations of static temperature and density are calculated. However, these calculations are shown to be valid only if the fluctuations in static pressure are negligible. The acquisition and the analysis of the hot-wire data are often simplified further by neglecting the effects of fluctuations in total temperature. Comparisons of the fluctuation amplitudes of temperature and density obtained by hot-wire and LIF measurements demonstrate that such assumptions might not always be warranted, even in apparently simple flows.

Logan, Pamela↗

NASA NTRS1991

Designing Accelerated Tests Of Electromigration

Method for design of accelerated tests of electromigration (as in microscopic conductors in integrated circuits) based partly on simplified mathematical model of electromigration and partly on error analysis. Objective to determine quickly operating life of tested components under normal operating conditions by extrapolation from lifetime measurements at operating stresses greater than normal. Involves compromise between reducing testing time by increasing stresses and reducing uncertainty in extrapolated lifetime by decreasing stresses.

Buehler, Martin G.↗

NASA NTRS1932

Airplane stability in taxying

The stability analysis of an airplane while rolling is much more simplified to the extent that it can be obtained for numerical data which can be put to practical use in the design of landing gear dimensions. Every landing gear type attains to a critical ground friction coefficient that decides the beginning of instability, i.e., nosing over. This study has, in addition, a certain interest for the use of wheel brakes.

Anderlik, E↗

NASA NTRS1994

Designing Bolted Joints Between Composite Plates

Simplified methods developed for use in preliminary design and analysis of bolted joints between flat composite-material plates loaded in tension. Analysis also applicable to joints between composite and metal plates. Methods based on approximate equations for limiting stresses in single-bolt joint in five modes of failure: local-bearing-failure, net tension, wedge-type splitting, shear-out, and tension with shear-out.

Chamis, Christos C.↗

NASA NTRS2012

Acoustics Reflections of Full-Scale Rotor Noise Measurements in NFAC 40- by 80-Foot Wind Tunnel

The objective of current research is to identify the extent of acoustic time history distortions due to wind tunnel wall reflections. Acoustic measurements from the recent full-scale Boeing-SMART rotor test (Fig. 2) will be used to illustrate the quality of noise measurement in the NFAC 40- by 80-Foot Wind Tunnel test section. Results will be compared to PSU-WOPWOP predictions obtained with and without adjustments due to sound reflections off wind tunnel walls. Present research assumes a rectangular enclosure as shown in Fig. 3a. The Method of Mirror Images7 is used to account for reflection sources and their acoustic paths by introducing mirror images of the rotor (i.e. acoustic source), at each and every wall surface, to enforce a no-flow boundary condition at the position of the physical walls (Fig. 3b). While conventional approach evaluates the "combined" noise from both the source and image rotor at a single microphone position, an alternative approach is used to simplify implementation of PSU-WOPWOP for this reflection analysis. Here, an "equivalent" microphone position is defined with respect to the source rotor for each mirror image that effectively renders the reflection analysis to be a one rotor, multiple microphones problem. This alternative approach has the advantage of allowing each individual "equivalent" microphone, representing the reflection pulse from the associated wall surface, to be adjusted by the panel absorption coefficient illustrated in Fig. 1a. Note that the presence of parallel wall surfaces requires an infinite number of mirror images (Fig. 3c) to satisfy the no-flow boundary conditions. In the present analysis, up to four mirror images (per wall surface) are accounted to achieve convergence in the predicted time histories

Barbely, Natasha Lydia↗

NASA NTRS2015

Spinoff 2015

Topics covered include: 3D Endoscope to Boost Safety, Cut Cost of Surgery; Audio App Brings a Better Night's Sleep Liquid Cooling Technology Increases Exercise Efficiency; Algae-Derived Dietary Ingredients Nourish Animals; Space Grant Research Launches Rehabilitation Chair; Vision Trainer Teaches Focusing Techniques at Home; Aircraft Geared Architecture Reduces Fuel Cost and Noise; Ubiquitous Supercritical Wing Design Cuts Billions in Fuel Costs; Flight Controller Software Protects Lightweight Flexible Aircraft; Cabin Pressure Monitors Notify Pilots to Save Lives; Ionospheric Mapping Software Ensures Accuracy of Pilots' GPS; Water Mapping Technology Rebuilds Lives in Arid Regions; Shock Absorbers Save Structures and Lives during Earthquakes; Software Facilitates Sharing of Water Quality Data Worldwide; Underwater Adhesives Retrofit Pipelines with Advanced Sensors; Laser Imaging Video Camera Sees through Fire, Fog, Smoke; 3D Lasers Increase Efficiency, Safety of Moving Machines; Air Revitalization System Enables Excursions to the Stratosphere; Magnetic Fluids Deliver Better Speaker Sound Quality; Bioreactor Yields Extracts for Skin Cream; Private Astronaut Training Prepares Commercial Crews of Tomorrow; Activity Monitors Help Users Get Optimum Sun Exposure; LEDs Illuminate Bulbs for Better Sleep, Wake Cycles; Charged Particles Kill Pathogens and Round Up Dust; Balance Devices Train Golfers for a Consistent Swing; Landsat Imagery Enables Global Studies of Surface Trends; Ruggedized Spectrometers Are Built for Tough Jobs; Gas Conversion Systems Reclaim Fuel for Industry; Remote Sensing Technologies Mitigate Drought; Satellite Data Inform Forecasts of Crop Growth; Probes Measure Gases for Environmental Research; Cloud Computing Technologies Facilitate Earth Research; Software Cuts Homebuilding Costs, Increases Energy Efficiency; Portable Planetariums Teach Science; Schedule Analysis Software Saves Time for Project Planners; Sound Modeling Simplifies Vehicle Noise Management; Custom 3D Printers Revolutionize Space Supply Chain; Improved Calibration Shows Images' True Colors; Micromachined Parts Advance Medicine, Astrophysics, and More; Metalworking Techniques Unlock a Unique Alloy; Low-Cost Sensors Deliver Nanometer-Accurate Measurements; Electrical Monitoring Devices Save on Time and Cost; Dry Lubricant Smooths the Way for Space Travel, Industry; and Compact Vapor Chamber Cools Critical Components.

Source record↗

NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Icing Formation Strains on Airfoil Skin

Aircraft icing has long presented a safety hazard to the aerospace industry. One problem inherent to aircraft icing is predicting the adhesive properties of the ice-aircraft interface; values commonly reported span multiple orders of magnitude, making shedding prediction and surface evaluation difficult. An effort has been undertaken at the NASA Glenn Research Center to understand the cause of the scatter in the data. Geometry dependencies, variation in testing procedures, and residual stresses in ice samples have previously been identified as significant contributors to the problem. Residual stresses were singled out for this study, which investigated the strains at the leading edge of a Common Research Model (CRM) wind tunnel model in the NASA Glenn Icing Research Tunnel. Sprays were conducted at a particle size median volumetric diameter (MVD) of 20 µm, with liquid water contents (LWC) spanning from 0.4 to 3.0 g/m3. Total temperatures were varied between 0 and -25 °C, and test section velocity between 51 and 118 m/s. The leading edge was instrumented with custom strain gages, resistance temperature detectors (RTDs), optical fibers, and a pressure mat. Results indicate Δ strains, which were the difference between recorded strains and those predicted from isotropic thermal expansion of aluminum, below -400 µε with consistent patterns of strain across a wide variety of tunnel conditions. Isotropic, linear elastic finite element analysis (FEA) was conducted by varying the temperature of simplified airfoil and ice geometries, producing similar strains to those observed in testing. This allowed induced stresses to be predicted. Predicted stresses were above the expected tensile strength for ice, and suggest a source for previously observed cracking in tunnel ice.

Ice Adhesion↗

DOE OSTI2021

Experiment Simulation Configurations Approximating DUNE TDR

The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is a next-generation long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment consisting of a high-power, broadband neutrino beam, a highly capable near detector located on site at Fermilab, in Batavia, Illinois, and a massive liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) far detector located at the 4850L of Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota. The long-baseline physics sensitivity calculations presented in the DUNE Physics TDR, and in a related physics paper, rely upon simulation of the neutrino beam line, simulation of neutrino interactions in the near and far detectors, fully automated event reconstruction and neutrino classification, and detailed implementation of systematic uncertainties. The purpose of this posting is to provide a simplified summary of the simulations that went into this analysis to the community, in order to facilitate phenomenological studies of long-baseline oscillation at DUNE. Simulated neutrino flux files and a GLoBES configuration describing the far detector reconstruction and selection performance are included as ancillary files to this posting. A simple analysis using these configurations in GLoBES produces sensitivity that is similar, but not identical, to the official DUNE sensitivity. DUNE welcomes those interested in performing phenomenological work as members of the collaboration, but also recognizes the benefit of making these configurations readily available to the wider community.

Abi, B↗

NASA NTRS1976

A mathematical analysis of the theory of interplanetary scintillation in the weak scattering approximation

A simplified analytical technique is presented for modeling the interplanetary scintillation of radio sources of finite angular size with a power-law electron-density-fluctuation power spectrum. The simplification results from the representation of the scintillation spectrum in confluent hypergeometric functions. The approximations presented allow fast numerical evaluation of a spectrum for a weakly scattering but extended medium with less than 10% error over the entire spectrum. Parameters describing anisotropic electron irregularities as well as anisotropic source structure are included, and the dependence of the spectrum normalization on the scales of the medium is derived explicitly. The parametric description of the domains of convergence of the approximate expansions also provides a simple conceptualization of the relative contributions of the scattered radiation along the line of sight to the observed spectrum. This is particularly useful for sources of finite angular size. This technique is applied to previously published observations.

Mitchell, D. G.↗

NASA NTRS1979

Application of upwind convective finite elements to practical conduction/forced convection thermal analysis

Three practical problems in conduction/forced convection heat transfer are analyzed using a simplified engineering formulation of convective finite elements. Upwind and conventional finite element solutions are compared for steady-state and transient applications.

Thornton, E. A.↗

NASA NTRS2012

Analysis of Opportunities for Intercalibration Between Two Spacecraft

There is currently a strong interest in obtaining highly accurate measurements of solar radiation reflected by Earth. For example, the Traceable Radiometry Underpinning Terrestrial- and Helio- Studies (TRUTHS) satellite mission has been under consideration in Europe for several years, and planning is now under way for the Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory (CLARREO) spacecraft in the United States. Such spacecraft will provide measurements whose high accuracy is traceable to SI standards; these measurements will be useful as a reference for calibrating similar instruments on board other spacecraft. Hence, analysis of opportunities for intercalibration between two spacecraft plays an important role in the planning of future missions. In order for intercalibration to take place, the measurements obtained from two spacecraft must have similar viewing geometry and be taken within a few minutes of one another. Viewing geometry is characterized in terms of viewing zenith angle, solar zenith angle, and relative azimuth angle. Opportunities for intercalibration are greater in number and longer in duration if the sensor with high accuracy can be aimed at points on the surface of the Earth other than the nadir or sub-satellite point. Analysis of intercalibration over long periods is rendered tractable by making several simplifying assumptions regarding orbital motions of the two spacecraft about Earth, as well as Earth s orbit about the Sun. The shape of the Earth is also considered. A geometric construction called a tent is introduced to facilitate analysis. It is helpful to think of an intercalibration opportunity as the passage of one spacecraft through a tent that has a fixed shape and moves with the spacecraft whose measurements are to be calibrated. Selection of points on Earth s surface as targets for measurement is discussed, as is aiming the boresight of a steerable instrument. Analysis results for a pair of spacecraft in typical low Earth orbits are provided.

Roithmayr, Carlos M.↗

NASA NTRS1981

Flight evaluation of a simplified gross thrust calculation technique using an F100 turbofan engine in an F-15 airplane

A simplified gross thrust calculation technique was evaluated in flight tests on an F-15 aircraft using prototype F100-PW-100 engines. The technique relies on afterburner duct pressure measurements and empirical corrections to an ideal one-dimensional analysis to determine thrust. In-flight gross thrust calculated by the simplified method is compared to gross thrust calculated by the engine manufacturer's gas generator model. The evaluation was conducted at Mach numbers from 0.6 to 1.5 and at altitudes from 6000 meters to 13,700 meters. The flight evaluation shows that the simplified gross thrust method and the gas generator method agreed within plus or minus 3 percent. The discrepancies between the data generally fell within an uncertainty band derived from instrumentation errors and recording system resolution.

Kurtenbach, F. J.↗

NASA NTRS2017

Archive Management of NASA Earth Observation Data to Support Cloud Analysis

NASA collects, processes and distributes petabytes of Earth Observation (EO) data from satellites, aircraft, in situ instruments and model output, with an order of magnitude increase expected by 2024. Cloud-based web object storage (WOS) of these data can simplify the execution of such an increase. More importantly, it can also facilitate user analysis of those volumes by making the data available to the massively parallel computing power in the cloud. However, storing EO data in cloud WOS has a ripple effect throughout the NASA archive system with unexpected challenges and opportunities. One challenge is modifying data servicing software (such as Web Coverage Service servers) to access and subset data that are no longer on a directly accessible file system, but rather in cloud WOS. Opportunities include refactoring of the archive software to a cloud-native architecture; virtualizing data products by computing on demand; and reorganizing data to be more analysis-friendly.

Lynnes, Christopher↗

NASA NTRS2017

Archive Management of NASA Earth Observation Data to Support Cloud Analysis

Lynnes, Christopher↗

NASA NTRS1988

Development and experimental test of an analytical model of the orifice pulse tube refrigerator

An analytical model for the orifice pulse tube is developed, in which the system is described in terms of average enthalpy flow with such simplifying assumptions as an ideal gas and sinusoidal pressure variation. Phasor analysis is used to represent temperature, pressure, and mass-flow rate waves in vector form. The model predictions, namely, that the refrigeration power of a pulse-tube refrigerator is proportional to the average pressure, the pulse frequency, the mass-flow ratio, and the square of the dynamic pressure ratio, were verified by experimental measurements. It was found that, as a result of the simplifying assumptions, the magnitudes of the refrigeration power predicted by the model were between three and five times greater than experimental values.

Storch, Peter J.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Simplified calculation of wave-coupling between lines in high-speed integrated circuits

The construction of time-domain solutions by the superposition of modes is explained for the general case, which may not have any symmetry in the lines or terminations. This simplified method requires that the logic-gate terminal impedances be approximated by linear effective resistances that can be adequately determined by SPICE analysis of the actual logic gates. Several examples of results of crosstalk calculations made by the simplified method are presented and compared with corresponding results obtained using the SPICE transmission-line methods of Tripathi and Rettig (1985) along with full SPICE models of the logic gates. The simplified approach is shown to give satisfactory agreement for most purposes.

Matthaei, George L.↗

NASA NTRS2021

A Mathematical Analysis of an Example Delay Tolerant Network using the Theory of Sheaves

NASA’s High-Data Rate Architecture (HiDRA) project is working towards a general yet practical toolkit and knowledge base to help usher in the era of new technologies for space systems communications, such as optical links. The High-Rate Delay Tolerant Networking (HDTN) implementation falls under the umbrellas of both the toolkit and the knowledge base, as its advancements illuminate more general areas of Delay Tolerant Networking (DTN) that need growth. The goal of this paper is to explore the usage of particular mathematical machineries, namely temporal flow networks and sheaves, to identify fundamental, underlying structures in DTN for space systems. Satellites, space assets, ground stations, etc. give rise to a disconnected network, and it is the goal of DTN to glue disparate links together into a cohesive system, that is, a network. Depending on a given link, the latencies might be beyond that which the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) can handle, and contact times might have one-way light times in excess of minute (sometimes significantly longer). Some links might be periodic (say, due to orbital mechanics) or they might not be. This diversity has made it difficult to probe the underlying structure. An immediate consequence is that DTNs in practice today are controlled by globally distributed contact plans (schedules), which are the input to the contact graph routing (CGR) algorithm. While this is effective for smaller networks, it will be very difficult to scale for future networks. Deeper and more rigorous theory is needed to bring DTN to the next evolutionary step. To this end, this paper introduces and suggests a mathematical framework for DTN, and applies it to a space network that is simulated using an orbital analysis toolkit. The tag-line for the structure known as sheaves is that they are the mathematically precise way of gluing local data together into unique, global data. If we consider routing, we see that networking is a “sheafy” science. We then discuss a simplified sheaf model, known as the cellular sheaf. The sheaf-theoretic analysis is presented and discussed, as it is hoped that this and related papers will help form the primordial ooze of DTN theory. Finally there is a section of future work suggesting follow-on research.

Delay Tolerant Networking↗