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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 667 records · Page 37
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2020

Linking thermoset ink rheology to the stability of 3D-printed structures

Thermoset polymer composites show promise for additive manufacturing (AM) applications to address some of the limitations of the more widely used thermoplastic feedstock materials. Thermosets offer attractive mechanical properties while providing excellent interlayer bonding, high thermal and chemical stability, and reduced energy consumption as a result of deposition at room temperature. However, since thermoset resins rely on a crosslinking reaction to solidify, rather than quickly cooling like thermoplastics, viscoelastic properties must be relied upon to maintain deposited shape after deposition until crosslinking can occur. This fact has not impeded development and characterization of new thermoset feedstocks on the small scale, but recent efforts to increase scale of thermoset printing have highlighted issues with structural stability under self-weight. This study addresses issues of self-weight by investigating the mechanisms that cause collapse of tall, thin printed walls. Using nanoclay- and fumed silica-filled epoxy feedstocks, this work compares the collapse height for printed walls to stability models based on yielding and buckling mechanics. Inputs for these models – shear yield stress and storage modulus – were taken directly from parallel plate rheometry measurements. Model predictions were found to be in good agreement with experimental results, where both yielding and buckling behavior were observed, provided the rheological properties after a shear excursion were used as inputs. This work establishes a direct link between basic rheological properties of the feedstock, geometry of the printed object, and achievable height. Overall, the results presented highlight the importance of understanding recovery behavior in thermoset feedstocks and provide valuable guidance on the development of more effective direct-ink writing feedstock materials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1985

Viscoplastic constitutive relationships with dependence on thermomechanical history

Experimental evidence of thermomechanical history dependence in the cyclic hardening behavior of some common high-temperature structural alloys is presented with special emphasis on dynamic metallurgical changes. The inadequacy of formulating nonisothermal constitutive equations solely on the basis of isothermal testing is discussed. A representation of thermoviscoplasticity is proposed that qualitatively accounts for the observed hereditary behavior. This is achieved by formulating the scalar evolutionary equation in an established viscoplasticity theory to reflect thermomechanical path dependence. To assess the importance of accounting for thermomechanical history dependence in practical structural analyses, two qualitative models are specified: (1) formulated as if based entirely on isothermal information; (2) to reflect thermomechanical path dependence using the proposed thermoviscoplastic representation. Predictions of the two models are compared and the impact the calculated differences in deformation behavior may have on subsequent lifetime predictions is discussed.

Robinson, D. N.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Review of deformation behavior of tungsten at temperature less than 0.2 absolute melting temperature

The deformation behavior of tungsten at temperatures 0.2 T sub m is reviewed, with primary emphasis on the temperature dependence of the yield stress and the ductile-brittle transition temperature. It appears that a model based on the high Peierls stress of tungsten best accounts for the observed mechanical behavior at low temperatures. Recent research is discussed which suggests an important role of electron concentration and bonding on the mechanical behavior of tungsten. It is concluded that future research on tungsten should include studies to define more clearly the correlation between electron concentration and mechanical behavior of tungsten alloys and other transition metal alloys.

Stephens, J. R.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Shock interacting with a random array of stationary particles underwater

Accurately predicting the force experienced by particles within a random bed during shock traversal is a challenging problem. In this paper, particle-resolved inviscid simulations of shock propagation over randomly distributed beds are performed, with the goal of quantifying the force on individual particles. Water was considered the continuum material, and then results were compared with previous research completed in air and the differences resulting from these different mediums were examined. Simulations were conducted for four different combinations of incident Mach number and bed volume fraction with the particles remaining stationary. Additionally, time-resolved streamwise and transverse force coefficients were calculated for each particle in the bed. It was observed that while the average force coefficient was similar to that of an isolated particle, the force on individual particles was substantially different. An important observation was that the inviscid drag force on some particles remained consistently positive, but others consistently negative even long after the passage of the shock. This persistent force on the particle was attributed to the potential flow fields that result from neighbors' specific locations upstream and downstream. Similar behavior was observed in the transverse force, with particles experiencing sustained force in the same lateral direction. These persistent forces are inviscid quasisteady contributions which with the viscous counterpart will play an essential role in the particle's long-term dispersion if allowed to move in response to the force.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
NASA NTRS1973

Stress-corrosion cracking of titanium alloys.

In the light of research material published up to May 1970, the current understanding of the experimental variables involved in the stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) behavior of titanium and its alloys is reviewed. Following a brief summary of the metallurgy and electrochemistry of titanium alloys, the mechanical, electrochemical, and metallurgical parameters influencing SCC behavior are explored with emphasis on crack growth kinetics. Macro- and microfeatures of fractures are examined, and it is shown that many transgranular SCC failures exhibit morphological and crystallographic features similar to mechanical cleavage failures. Current SCC models are reviewed with respect to their ability to explain the observed SCC behavior of titanium and its alloys. Possible methods for eliminating or minimizing stress corrosion hazards in titanium or titanium alloy components are described.

Blackburn, M. J.↗
NASA NTRS1988

Analysis and interpretation of low gravity boiling experiments in the KC-135

Reduced gravity two phase flow boiling and condensing experiments were conducted in the NASA KC-135. In an attempt to gain a better understanding of two phase flow behavior in reduced gravity, the individual test runs were critically examined to determine their suitability to be taken as representative of two phase flow in microgravity. Selected runs were simulated using the two fluid thermal-hydraulic COBRA/TRAC computer code. The comparisons of these sophisticated codes with the observed flow behavior illustrate the generic shortcomings of current two phase modeling capabilities in application to reduced gravity conditions.

Cuta, Judith M.↗
NASA NTRS1994

An examination of global variations of sunset NO2 as measured by SAGE II

Global variations of sunset NO2 are examined for the period October 24, 1984 through May 28, 1991 using Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II data. Between 60 deg S and 60 deg N declining trends are observed at all latitudes and at all altitudes above 25 km. For the column NO2 above 25 km, the area-weighted integrated trend between these latitudes is -2.5%/year. The largest rates of decline (5%/year) are at mid to high latitudes in each hemisphere. Different temporal behavior is observed with latitude and in the two hemispheres. The largest percentage changes of NO2 from year to year are observed near 40 km at high latitudes and can be as large as 160%. These results and previously reported simulations suggest that a modulating polar source of NO(y) and variations in atmospheric temperature and advective transport both contribute to the observed NO2 variations.

Callis, L. B.↗
NASA NTRS1974

A review of the deformation behavior of tungsten at temperatures less than 0.2 of the melting point /K/

The deformation behavior of tungsten at temperatures below 0.2 times the absolute melting temperature is reviewed with primary emphasis on the temperature dependence of the yield stress and the ductile-brittle transition. It is concluded that a model based on the high Peierls stress of tungsten best accounts for the observed mechanical behavior at low temperatures. Recent research suggests an important role of electron concentration and bonding on the mechanical behavior of tungsten. Future research on tungsten should include studies to define more clearly the correlation between electron concentration and mechanical behavior of alloys of tungsten and other transition metal alloys.

Stephens, J. R.↗
NASA NTRS2020

Demonstrating Assurance of Model-Based Fault Diagnosis Systems on an Operational Mission

Developers of robotic scientific and commercial spacecraft are trending towards use of onboard autonomous capabilities for responding quickly to dynamic environments and rapidly changing situations. These capabilities need to know the state of the spacecraft’s health. Model-based fault diagnosis (MBFD) is an approach to estimating health by continuously verifying accurate behavior and diagnosing off-nominal behavior. Proper functioning of MBFD depends on 1) the quality of the diagnostic system model that is analyzed and compared to commands and onboard measurements to estimate a system’s health state, and 2) the correct functionality of the diagnosis engine interrogating the model and comparing its analyses to observed system behavior. Our goal is to develop Verification and Validation (V&V) techniques for MBFD to provide future missions sufficient confidence in its functionality and performance to deploy it on the systems they develop. Our work has been focused on infusing the techniques we developed earlier to an operational mission. First, we are constructing diagnostic models of a spacecraft attitude control system and updating our diagnostic engine so they can be demonstrated aboard the Arcsecond Space Telescope Enabling Research in Astrophysics (ASTERIA) mission, an operational spacecraft for which experiments in autonomy are being planned and executed, using the V&V techniques we have previously developed to assure they are both correct and complete. Since it is nearing the end of its life, ASTERIA provides a unique opportunity to demonstrate MBFD since the monitored components are expected to fail. Our demonstration will give system developers additional confidence to make timely, informed MBFD deployment decisions. Second, we will be completing performance assessments of the diagnostic engine/diagnostic model ensemble both on the flight system and ground-based testbeds to gain confidence in MBFD’s ability to run successfully in a spacecraft’s resource-constrained environment without adversely affecting other on-board activities. Finally, we are capturing our experience in preparing this demonstration in a set of checklists and guidance documents. Current practice includes high-level institutional guidance documents and standards, but at a high level of abstraction that does not necessarily address specific MBFD concerns. The purpose of the new checklists is to provide future mission developers clear, unambiguous, procedure-oriented guidance on assuring MBFD. This paper describes our work in these areas. For the first area, we describe the diagnostic models and updated diagnostic engine that will be used for the on-board demonstration. We describe how the V&V techniques we developed earlier are used to assure model and engine correctness and completeness. For the second area, we identify the performance measurement and assessment techniques used to characterize the diagnostic engine and diagnostic models, and discuss the effect of measured performance on overall mission operation. Finally, we present the checklist and guidance documents and describe how they meet the goals of providing system developers with clear, unambiguous, procedure-oriented guidance on MBFD assurance. We show how the techniques we have developed map into those artifacts.

Nikora, Allen↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

The Measurement of Shear Strain in Impact Ice Using a Modified Lap Joint Test and Digital Image Correlation

The results of ice adhesion testing efforts are typically quantified using the maximum shear stress sustained at the interface before the ice detaches from the underlying substrate. While this singular value can be useful for understanding the role icing wind tunnel conditions and substrate surface properties have on the strength of the ice-substrate interface, it does not capture the mechanical behavior of the ice during an experiment. To better understand the deformation of the ice sample and ice-substrate interface during testing, digital image correlation was applied to the lap-joint shear test methodology utilized at NASA Glenn Research Center. Preparation of the sample surface for digital image correlation, initial parsing of the correlation data, and the time synchronization of data from multiple sources are discussed. Using the directional components of deformation measured via digital image correlation, a novel approach to calculating the interfacial shear strain is presented. Results from analyzing several impact ice samples consistently reveals a non-linear response in the ice during mechanical loading which occurs prior to sample delamination, a behavior not observable in the force and displacement data gathered from the testing apparatus. Both the full and small angle forms of the engineering shear strain are evaluated, with the full shear strain form providing considerably lower noise levels. The transition of sample response from near the interface to the bulk behavior of the ice under shear loading is discussed with results from several samples being presented.

Ice adhesion↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

The Measurement of Shear Strain in Impact Ice Using a Modified Lap Joint Test and Digital Image Correlation

The results of ice adhesion testing efforts are typically quantified using the maximum shear stress sustained at the interface before the ice detaches from the underlying substrate. While this singular value can be useful for understanding the role icing wind tunnel conditions and substrate surface properties have on the strength of the ice-substrate interface, it does not capture the mechanical behavior of the ice during an experiment. To better understand the deformation of the ice sample and ice-substrate interface during testing, digital image correlation was applied to the lap-joint shear test methodology utilized at NASA Glenn Research Center. Preparation of the sample surface for digital image correlation, initial parsing of the correlation data, and the time synchronization of data from multiple sources are discussed. Using the directional components of deformation measured via digital image correlation, a novel approach to calculating the interfacial shear strain is presented. Results from analyzing several impact ice samples consistently reveals a non-linear response in the ice during mechanical loading which occurs prior to sample delamination, a behavior not observable in the force and displacement data gathered from the testing apparatus. Both the full and small angle forms of the engineering shear strain are evaluated, with the full shear strain form providing considerably lower noise levels. The transition of sample response from near the interface to the bulk behavior of the ice under shear loading is discussed with results from several samples being presented.

: Ice Adhesion, Digital Image Correlation, Experim↗
NASA NTRS1989

Near-Limit Flame Spread over a Thin Solid Fuel in Microgravity

Diffusion flame spread over a thin solid fuel in quiescent and slowly moving atmospheres is studied in microgravity. The flame behavior is observed to depend strongly on the magnitude of the relative velocity between the flame and the atmosphere. In particular, a low velocity quenching limit is found to exist in low oxgen environments. Using both the microgravity results and previously published data at high opposed-flow velocities, the flame spread behavior is examined over a wide velocity range. A flammability map using molar oxygen percentages and characteristic relative velocities as coordinates is constructed. Trends of flame spread rate are determined and mechanisms for flame extinction are discussed.

Olson, Sandra L.↗
DOE OSTI2021

Steam oxidation of chromium corrosion barrier coatings for sic-based accident tolerant fuel cladding

SiC-based materials are currently being considered for accident tolerant fuel (ATF) cladding, however, there are concerns regarding hydrothermal corrosion rates and hermeticity. These issues may be addressed with the utilization of a Cr corrosion barrier coating (CBC) but the interaction of Cr with SiC under loss of coolant accident (LOCA) conditions needs to be investigated. In the present work, Cr coatings were deposited onto chemically vapor deposited (CVD) SiC with either high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS), cathodic arc (CA), or a combination of both. Annealing and steam thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was used to study reaction product formation with and without oxidation. Additionally, after 1200 °C annealing, formation of a Cr x C y carbide layer at the ambient interface and a Cr x Si y C z silicide layer at the SiC interface was observed. After 1200 °C TGA exposure, similar carbide and silicide layers were observed but with a Cr 2 O 3 outer reaction layer and a Si and O rich interfacial layer forming between the carbide and silicide layers. Initial mass gain of the coatings during the 1200 °C TGA exposure was parabolic and were similar to reported rates of chromia formation. Mass gain behavior and observed transitions in chromia microstructure indicate that metallic Cr may be consumed within the first ~1 h at 1200 °C and that subsequent chromia formation occurs at the expense of the underlying Cr carbide layer. Overall, the results show no detrimental impact of Cr coatings on the steam oxidation resistance of SiC up to 4 h at 1200 °C.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2025

High-temperature nanoindentation creep studies on castable and sintered nanostructured low-activation ferritic-martensitic alloys

In this article, we present the creep characteristics of two reduced activation ferritic-martensitic steels of identical starting compositions formed by different fabrication routes: a nanostructured ferritic alloy commonly referred to as a castable nanostructured alloy (CNA) and a sintered nanostructured alloy (SNA) variant. Through a series of nanoindentation experiments spanning a temperature range of 25 °C to 650 °C, with a maximum load of 100 mN, we find creep behaviors in the cast and sintered materials to be remarkably similar. The creep stress exponent (n) for CNA and SNA were found to be in the range of 8–35 and the activation volume was ∼14–42b 3 , underscoring a dominance of dislocation-mediated mechanisms in both alloys. Notably, we observed a decline in the creep stress exponent with increasing temperature, attributable to the heightened influence of thermally activated dislocations. This phenomenon suggests a potential transition in the deformation mechanism towards a thermally activated dislocation climb process, significantly impacting the observed creep behavior.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1975

Functional and dynamics testing of the flexible solar array for the communications technology satellite

The test objectives, test methods, thermal environmental simulations, and test results are described, for a series of combined dynamic, thermal, and vacuum environmental tests on a Deployable Solar Array for the Communications Technology Satellite. Six major resonant structural modes were observed over an excitation range of 0.1-1.0 Hz. Corresponding modal damping factors were found to be between 0.001 and 0.01. Variation of temperature environments between -125 C and 42 C did not significantly affect the characteristics of the fundamental modes, but did influence some of the higher modes. Superharmonic response behavior was observed. The tests also verified functional mechanical performance of the solar array under thermal and vacuum conditions.

Harrison, T. D.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Fatigue-crack propagation behavior in a high-carbon chromium SUJ2 bearing steel: Role of microstructure

High-carbon chromium martensite steels are commonly selected for bearing components in the power generation, automotive and aerospace industries where fatigue failure is a major concern. Accordingly, it is of importance to elucidate the structure-property relationships governing the fatigue properties of such bearing steels. Here, the role of microstructure in influencing the fatigue-crack propagation behavior of a high-carbon chromium SUJ2 bearing steel is examined with emphasis on three martensitic structures: (i) a fine-grained (~10 μm) structure with intragranular (but no intergranular) carbides, (ii) a coarser-grained (~25 μm) structure with discontinuous grain-boundary carbides primarily near triple junctions, and (iii) a coarse-grained (~31 μm) structure with continuous grain-boundary carbides. Although growth rates were fairly similar above ~10 -8 m/cycle, significant differences in behavior were observed at lower, near-threshold growth rates; specifically at a load ratio of 0.1, the ΔKth fatigue threshold was increased from 3.8 MPa m ½ in the fine-grained structure to 5.9 to 6.3 MPa m ½ in the two coarser-grained structures. The dominant factor governing such near-threshold behavior was found to be crack-tip shielding from roughness-induced crack closure, which was most pronounced in the coarser-grained structures; additionally, shielding from crack deflection and branching was apparent in these structures as the crack propagated through the network of intersecting martensite lamellae within the coarse grains. Compared to high-strength stainless steels and low-strength carbon steels, the fine-grained SUJ2 steel displays an exceptional combination of high strength and fatigue-crack growth resistance and is considered to be a superior structural alloy for bearing applications.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS1990

Modeling of surface roughness effects on glaze ice accretion

A series of experimental investigations focused on studying the cause and effect of roughness on accreting glaze ice surfaces were conducted. Detailed microvideo observations were made of glaze ice accretions on 1 to 4 inch diameter cylinders in three icing wind tunnels (the Data Products of New England six inch test facility, the NASA Lewis Icing Research Tunnel, and the B. F. Goodrich Ice Protection Research Facility). Infrared thermal video recordings were made of accreting ice surfaces in the Goodrich facility. Distinct zones of surface water behavior were observed; a smooth wet zone in the stagnation region with a uniform water film; a rough zone where surface tension effects caused coalescence of surface water into stationary beads; a horn zone where roughness elements grow into horn shapes; a runback zone where surface water ran back as rivulets; and a dry zone where rime feathers formed. The location of the transition from the smooth to the rough zone was found to migrate with time towards the stagnation point. The behavior of the transition appeared to be controlled by boundary layer transition and bead formation mechanisms at the interface between the smooth and rough zones. Regions of wet ice growth and enhanced heat transfer were clearly visible in the infrared video recordings of glaze ice surfaces. A simple multi-zone modification to the current glaze ice accretion model was proposed to include spatial variability in surface roughness.

Hansman, R. John, Jr.↗