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At least 667 records · Page 37

Topotaxial growth of α-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} nanowires on iron substrate

α-Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} (hematite) nanowires have been grown by simple thermal oxidation of iron foil at 700°C in a moist oxygen flow. It was observed that the growth of nanowires highly depends on the texture of the iron substrate, in particular the presence of [110] oriented iron grains. Cross-sectional Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) investigation of as-grown sample revealed that the growth of nanowires has definite orientation relation with the underlying oxide grains Fe{sub 3}O{sub 4} (magnetite) and FeO (wustite), which can be interpreted by the primary orientation relationships of topotaxial growth of iron oxides. The observation can pave the way for patterning of the nanowire growth by controlling the texture of original substrate. Samples were also characterized with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD).

77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY↗

Dynamic crystallization of a eucrite basalt

The textural features produced in Stannern, a non-porpyritic representative of the eucrite basaltic achondrite class of meteorite, at differing cooling rates and various degrees of initial superheating were studied. Textures produced from mildly superheated melts were found to be fasciculate rather than porphyritic as the result of the cosaturated bulk chemistry of Stannern. The qualitative type of texture apparently depends mainly on the degree of initial superheating, whereas cooling rate exerts a strong influence on the coarseness of texture. Increasing the degree of superheating produces textures from intergranular/subophitic to fasciculate/porphyritic. With initial superheating to 1200 deg C the transition to quasi-porphyritic is controlled by cooling rate, but the development of phenocrysts is merely an overprint on the fasciculate background texture of the groundmass. The suppression of fasciculate texture is completed by a decrease of the degree of initial superheating below the plagioclast entry and suppression of quasi-porphyritic texture is completed by decrease of the degree of initial superheating below pyroxene entry; these qualitative changes do not seem to be produced by changes of cooling rate. A grain size/cooling rate dependence has been used to deduce the cooling rate of fasciculate-textured Stannern clasts (10.1 to 100 deg C/hr).

Walker, D.↗

The Effect of Chemical Composition and Processing Technology on the Microstructure, Texture and Earing Behavior of DR Tinplate

The influence of alloying elements and processing technology on the microstructure, crystallographic texture and earing propensity has been investigated in two kinds of DR tinplate differing in Ti content: steel A, no Ti addition, and steel B 0.015% added. The cementite distribution, second-phase particles and the content of dissolved carbon and nitrogen atoms were obtained by SEM, TEM and XPS, respectively. Since the two steels develop both a partial 〈110〉//RD fiber and a {111}//ND fiber, the relative intensities of the several vital texture components seem to differ visibly. There are three types of strengthening mechanisms involved here: strengthening by grain size reduction, solution strengthening and strain hardening. That the tensile strength of steel B is greater than A implies the third mode plays a dominant role in the strength increasing for the DR tinplate. The crystallographic texture of materials not only results in a “preferential orientation” of the mechanical property, but also takes the primary responsibility for ears forming during drawing. Increasing the second cold-rolled reduction is not favorable to reduce the ear height, but this situation seems to be ameliorable. The average ears height of steel B is smaller than that of A, which demonstrated a low level of solute atoms and an ideal texture characteristic before deformation could alleviate the adverse effect caused by an elevated second cold reduction.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Predicting intragranular misorientation distributions in polycrystalline metals using the viscoplastic self-consistent formulation

In a recent paper, we reported the methodology to calculate intragranular fluctuations in the instantaneous lattice rotation rates in polycrystalline materials within the mean-field viscoplastic self-consistent (VPSC) model. Here, this paper is concerned with the time integration and subsequent use of these fluctuations to predict orientation-dependent misorientation distributions developing inside each grain representing the polycrystalline aggregate. To this end, we propose and assess two approaches to update the intragranular misorientation distribution within the VPSC framework. To illustrate both approaches, we calculate intragranular misorientations in face-centered cubic polycrystals deformed in tension and plane-strain compression. These predictions are tested by comparison with corresponding experiments for polycrystalline copper and aluminum, respectively, and with full-field calculations. It is observed that at sufficiently high strains some grains develop large misorientations that may lead to grain fragmentation and/or act as driving forces for recrystallization. Finally, the proposed VPSC-based prediction of intragranular misorientations enables modeling of grain fragmentation, as well as a more accurate modeling of texture using a computationally efficient mean-field approach, as opposed to computationally more expensive full-field approaches.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Quantitative characterization of gradient microstructures: A study on friction stir spot processing of pure cobalt

Heterogeneous microstructures in polycrystalline metals can enhance the strength and ductility, outperforming homogeneous structures of similar composition. This study investigates deformed cobalt via friction stir spot processing with varying dwell times to uncover the effects of plastic deformation and heat generation on the formation of morphological, phase, and grain boundary character gradients. A new approach to quantify the morphological gradients in materials, which describes grain morphology in terms of density followed by parametric regression, enables direct quantification of processing depth and gradient sharpness. Results show that longer processing times increase the steepness of morphological gradients and reduce the deformation depth for friction stir spot processing with low plunge depths and high tool rotational speeds. The amount of retained FCC is increased in the shorter processing conditions, primarily due to refined grain size, increased defect content, and reduced heat generation. Crystallographic texture analysis of the HCP phase indicated a dominant B-fiber described by (0001) ∥ shear plane normal in the extreme processing conditions and the formation of a P-fiber, shear direction ∥ ⟨11$\bar2$0⟩ for intermediate dwell times. The texture of the FCC phase for low processing times was a C texture {100}⟨011⟩ where longer processing times were dominated by a [001] fiber texture with a main {110}⟨100⟩ orientation and emergence of a slight [111] fiber in the longest processing condition. The approaches outlined in this work give insight into quantifying gradients and improve the understanding of highly deformed cobalt.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Influence of current density on microstructure of pulse electrodeposited tin coatings

Pulse electrodeposited tin coatings on copper substrate have been synthesized from an aqueous solution containing sodium stannate (Na{sub 2}SnO{sub 3}.3H{sub 2}O) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The effect of current density on surface morphology of the deposits has been investigated. As deposited coatings are characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, and line profile analysis. The X-ray diffraction analysis shows that the deposits consist of tetragonal ({beta}-Sn) structure with microcrystalline grains. The deposits plated at lower current density exhibit (110) texture which decreases with increasing current densities. The effects of current density on Cu-Sn diffusion and whisker growth of the electrodeposited tin coatings are also reported here. - Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Pulse electrodeposition of Sn from aqueous alkaline solution without adding any organic additive. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Effect of current density on morphology and whisker growth in tin coatings aged for 1 year. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Solution bath is stable and can be operated over a wide range of current density.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Characterization of Shocked Beryllium

Beryllium metal has many excellent structural properties in addition to its unique radiation characteristics, including: high elastic modulus, low Poisson's ratio, low density, and high melting point. However, it suffers from several major mechanical drawbacks: 1) high anisotropy - due to its hexagonal lattice structure and its susceptibility to crystallographic texturing; 2) susceptibility to impurity-induced fracture - due to grain boundary segregation; and 3) low intrinsic ductility at ambient temperatures thereby limiting fabricability. While large ductility results from deformation under the conditions of compression, the material can exhibit a brittle behavior under tension. Furthermore, there is a brittle to ductile transition at approximately 200 C under tensile conditions. While numerous studies have investigated the low-strain-rate constitutive response of beryllium, the combined influence of high strain rate and temperature on the mechanical behavior and microstructure of beryllium has received limited attention over the last 40 years. Prior studies have focused on tensile loading behavior, or limited conditions of dynamic strain rate and/or temperature. The beryllium used in this study was Grade S200-F (Brush Wellman, Inc., Elmore, OH) material. The work focused on high strain rate deformation and examine the validity of constitutive models in deformation rate regimes, including shock, the experiments were modeled using a Lagrangian hydrocode. Two constitutive strength (plasticity) models, the Preston-Tonks-Wallace (PTW) and Mechanical Threshold Stress (MTS) models, were calibrated using the same set of quasi-static and Hopkinson bar data taken at temperatures from 77K to 873K and strain rates from 0.001/sec to 4300/sec. In spite of being calibrated on the same data, the two models give noticeably different results when compared with the measured wave profiles. These high strain rate tests were conducted using both explosive drive and a gas gun to accelerate the material. Preliminary analysis of the results appears to indicate that, if fractured by the initial shock loading, the S200F Be remains sufficiently intact to support a shear stress following partial release and subsequent shock re-loading of the material. Additional 'arrested' drive shots were designed and tested to minimize the reflected tensile pulse in the sample. These tests were done to both validate the model and to put large shock induced compressive loads into the beryllium sample.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Superconductivity in Nb-Sn Thin Films of Stoichiometric and Off-Stoichiometric Compositions

Binary Nb-Sn thin film samples were fabricated and characterized in terms of their composition, morphology, and superconducting properties. Nb-Sn was magnetron-sputtered onto heated R-plane sapphire substrates at 700 °C, 800 °C, and 900 °C, using a custom-built heater assembly. Samples were cut into strips, where each strip has a unique composition. For a subset of the samples, Nb-Sn was selectively etched away at an etching rate of 6 ± 1 nm/s using an aqueous solution of 3 vol. % hydrofluoric and 19 vol. % nitric acid. The sample composition was investigated with a scanning electron microscope with an X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy detector. Surface and cross-section morphologies were investigated using scanning electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy, revealing a dense columnar poly-crystalline grain structure. X-ray diffraction measurements indicate a highly textured film that is (100) oriented out-of-plane and random in-plane. The critical temperature Tc (ranging from 9.8 to 17.9 K), critical magnetic field μ-0 H c2 (ranging from 12.5 to 31.3 T), residual resistivity ratio (RRR), and normal state resistivity ρ 0 were measured and found to be broadly consistent with literature data on bulk Nb- 3 Sn.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Delayed demagnetization jumps in (NdDy)(FeCo)B magnets in a steady-state magnetic field

Spontaneous demagnetization jumps are observed in sintered magnets (Nd{sub 0.6}Dy{sub 0.4}){sub 16}(Fe{sub 0.77}Co{sub 0.23}){sub 78}B{sub 6} in a constant magnetic field after a sharp decrease in an external magnetic field from the value corresponding to the saturation to a value close to the coercive force. It is shown that the number of the magnetization jumps is proportional to their amplitudes. A low value of the autocorrelation coefficient between the jump amplitude and the time of its appearance (R < 0.1) demonstrate the stochasticity of the jumps. It is found that the spectral jump density is independent of the frequency, i.e., a white magnetic noise is observed. The distribution of the magnetic field gradient has been obtained near the sample surface that makes it possible to distinguish domains and the grain magnetization in the dependence on the direction of the texturing of the sintered magnet.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗

Long-term irradiation growth In zirconium alloys - 2016-0034

This paper reviews the experimental research program on irradiation growth in zirconium alloys performed by the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority between 1975 and 1988. The original technological objectives of the program, key aspects of rig and test specimen design, experiments aimed at improving fundamental understanding of the growth process, and key final results on long-term growth behavior are described. Our recollections of the program are given in relation to the understanding of irradiation growth mechanisms that prevailed at the beginning and end of the research program. (authors)

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗

Actualistic and Geochemical Modeling of Reservoir Rock, CO 2 and Formation Fluid Interaction, Citronelle Oil Field, Alabama

This report includes description of the Citronelle field study area and the work carried out in the project to characterize the geology and composition of reservoir rock material and to collect an analyze the geochemical composition of produced fluid waters from the Citronelle field. Reservoir rock samples collected from well bore core were made into thin-sections and assessed for textural properties, including pore types and porosity distribution. Compositional framework grain modal data were collected via point-counting, and grain and cement mineralogy was assessed using SEM-EDS. Geochemistry of fluid samples is described and modeled using PHREEQC. Composition of rock and produced fluids were used as inputs for TOUGHREACT reactive transport modeling, which determined the rock-fluid system was in disequilibrium.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗

Local Thermomechanical Processing for Improving Formability of High Strength Aluminum Sheets

Limited room temperature formability hinders the wide-spread use of high strength aluminum alloys in structural body-in-white parts. Stamping or extrusion at warm temperatures or from softer tempers are the current solutions. In this work, our approach is to start with age-hardened sheets from 7xxx and 6xxx family of alloys and improve their formability using local thermomechanical processing only in the regions demanding highest ductility in the forming processes. We achieved local formability improvements with friction stir processing and introduce another process named roller-bending as a concept and showed its feasibility through finite element simulations. Initial results from FSP indicated significant deformation in the processed zones with minimal sheet distortion. FSP also resulted in dynamically recrystallized, fine grained (d < 5 µm) microstructures in the processed regions with textures significantly different from the base material. This resulted in formability improvements of > 30% in 7085-T76 and > 50% in 6111-T6 alloys as measured by minimum bend radius (r/t) ratios established with V-bending tests performed at 90° and 180° bend angles. Based on the encouraging initial results, we envision applicability of these processes in both pre- and post-stamping stages through integration of the process tools as end-effectors to robotic arms.

Nasim, Wahaz↗

Study of a columnar grain structure produced in a superalloy by gradient-annealing prealloyed powder extrusions

Annealing in a temperature gradient was used to produce a structure of continuous columnar grains in alloy 713 C made by extrusion of prealloyed powder. The columnar-grained specimens had tensile strengths within plus or minus 5 percent of those of the as-cast alloy at 760 C and 980 C but were significantly stronger at room temperature. Stress-rupture tests at 760 C and 980 C showed lives scattered from 17 to 376 percent of those of as-cast 713 C tested under the same conditions. X-ray diffraction studies showed the large grains formed upon annealing to have a well-defined texture, although the as-extruded material had none.

Miner, R. V., Jr.↗

A pristine eucrite-like gabbro from Descartes and its exotic kindred

A coarse-grained plagioclase-pyroxene gabbro (61224,6) with a cumulate texture suggestive of a slowly cooled plutonic rock was recovered from the 4-10 mm fraction of an Apollo 16 soil. The rock is uncommonly poor in feldspar and rich in Na for a lunar highlands lithology. Trace element analyses show extremely low siderophile element concentrations which confirm the pristine character indicated by the texture. The composition of 61224,6 is compared with those of 3 other pristine, exceptionally mafic, nonmare gabbros and of certain eucrites. 61224,6 and the three other gabbros have notable chemical differences but share relatively high ratios of Ti/Sm and Sc/Sm which suggest a possible genetic relationship. We conclude that 61224,6 represents a Na-rich cumulate from a layered intrusion within the highlands crust.

Marvin, U. B.↗

Compositions and textures of relic forsterite in carbonaceous and unequilibrated ordinary chondrites

The compositions and textures of olivines in equilibrated ordinary chondrites, C1, C2, and C3 meteorites are described. The olivines are classified by color into blue, red, or dark olivines. The characteristic features of blue olivines are examined. It is observed that the texture of the olivine: (1) forms cores in single olivine grains; (2) shows subhedral to euhedral boundaries against rim olivines; (3) rarely contains inclusions; (4) has embayments containing olivines similar to that of the rim; and (5) occurs within chondrules. The mode of formation for blue olivines, the relation between blue olivine and high temperature compounds, and modifications in the features of blue olivines are analyzed. It is noted that the olivine is a product of condensation, has been modified by additions of olivine formed from a liquid, and that these olivines represent relic grains that are similar to olivines found in cosmic particles and in cores of some deep sea particles.

Steele, I. M.↗

Chondrule formation by clumpy accretion onto the solar nebula

Chondrule textures and compositions appear to require rapid heating of precursor grain aggregates to temperatures in the range 1500 K to 2100 K, cooling times on the order of hours, and episodic and variable intensity events in order to produce chondrule rims and chemically distinct groups. Nebula shock waves have been proposed by Hood and Horanyi as a physical mechanism that may be capable of meeting the meteoritical constraints. Motivated by astronomical observations of the close environments of young stars, we suggest that the source of the nebula shock waves may be clumpy accretion onto the solar nebula - that is, episodic impacts onto the nebula by discrete cloud clumps with masses of at least 10(exp 22) g. If the cloud clumps are massive enough (10(exp 26) g), the resulting shockwave may be able to propagate to the midplane and process precursor aggregates residing in a dust sub-disk.

Boss, A. P.↗

Phosphate Textural Diversity in CI Chondrites and C-Type Asteroids

Introduction: Apatite, Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 (CL/F/OH-), is a ubiquitous phosphate found throughout the solar system, including the most primitive solids, CI-chondrites [1,2] and related samples of carbonaceous asteroids Ryugu [3] and Bennu [4], returned by JAXA’s Hayabusa2 and NASA’s OSIRIS-REx missions, respectively. Apatite in these primitive solids is found as individual grains or mineral clusters and has been inferred to form from the hydrothermal sequence during cooling of their respective parent body or bodies. To better understand the formation history and reworking of these early phosphates we have undertaken a highly coordinated study of phosphate microstructures, geochemistry and U/Pb geochronology from a suite of CI meteorites and carbonaceous asteroid samples. These data have identified novel phosphate microstructures and complex relationships across a suite of apatite grains from the early solar system, indicating multiple episodes of growth and modification on the CI parent body(ies). Methods: Samples of CI chondrites, Alais, Ivuna, Orgueil, Oued Chebeika 002, Yamato (Y) 82162, Y980115, Y980134, and two chips of Hayabusa2 Ryugu particles (A0262 and C0263) have been acquired for analysis. The bulk texture of the samples were first scanned by X-ray Computed Tomography (XCT) using the Nikon XT H 320 within the XFACT facility at NASA JSC or the Xradia 620 Versa at the UTCT facility. Based on the identification of petrofabrics or features of interest from the XCT data, samples were chipped, oriented, potted in epoxy and thick sections were prepared. After anhydrously polishing the samples with silicon carbide and dry diamond powder down to 1 µm, the samples were ion polished using a Hitachi ArBlade. Energy dispersive Xray spectrometry (EDS) maps were collected to ID phosphates of interest using a JEOL 7900F SEM. The internal microstructures of identified phosphates were then mapped by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) using the JEOL 7900F. Based on the EDS and EBSD data, domains of interest were targeted for quantitative chemical analyses using a JEOL 8530 EPMA. Subsequently, in situ U-Pb and 207 Pb/ 206 Pb ages will be collected using a Cameca ims1290 secondary ion mass spectrometer at UCLA across a range of microstructures. Results: Apatite grains are ubiquitous throughout the CI chondrites and carbonaceous asteroid materials, found as individual grains, disseminated clusters or grain aggregates. Apatite grains are associated with serpentine, magnet-ite, and/or carbonate. Of particular interest, we have identified individual and aggregate polycrystalline grains ex-hibiting an internal ‘honeycomb’ texture (Fig. 1). Some of these grains appear overprinted by subsequent alteration while others remain unaltered. Apatite halogen sites are dominated by the missing component, assumed to be OH, and F, comparable to published values from Bennu, Ryugu and CM-chondrites [3-5]. However, the Yamato CI-like meteorites show a broader range of Cl values, and one grain from Alais is dominated by CL. Summary: Apatite growth features indicate a protracted and complex growth history, consistent with precipitation from an evolving fluid system. The ‘honeycomb’ texture identified in some CI meteorites is, to the best of our knowledge, the first report of such a microstructure in meteoritic phosphate. The microtextures and zoning will guide subsequent age analyses, to better constrain the formation and reworking of phosphate in CI(-like) materials. Acknowledgments: We thank the National Institute of Polar Research, Japan for samples of Y82162, 980115 and 980134 meteorites, ASU’s Buseck Center for Meteorite Studies for samples of Ivuna and Alais meteorites, and JAXA curation for chips of Ryugu material. This work was funded by NASA ROSES LARS grant 24-LARS24-0014. References: [1] Morlok et al., 2016, GCA 70:5371-5394. [2] Alfin g et al., 2019, Geochemistry 79:125532. [3] Nakamura et al. (2022) Science 379:1-15. [4] Seifert et al. (2026) MAPS 61:504-521. [5] Piralla et al. (2021) MAPS 56:809-828.

CI chondrites↗