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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 667 records · Page 37
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1974

Mare Serenitatis - A preliminary definition of surface units by remote observations

Mare Serenitatis is a ringed mare about 600 km in diameter situated in the northeast quadrant of the moon. The floor of the mare is comprised of several units. Remote observations of Mare Serenitatis are presented. Color difference photographs were produced by photographing the moon at two wavelength bands. Radar images were obtained by delay-Doppler mapping of radar echoes. The definition of surface units is discussed together with surface properties obtained from remote observations.

Thompson, T. W.↗
NASA NTRS1975

In situ spectroradiometric quantification of ERTS data

The author has identified the following significant results. Analyses of ERTS-1 photographic data were made to quantitatively relate ground reflectance measurements to photometric characteristics of the images. Digital image processing of photographic data resulted in a nomograph to correct for atmospheric effects over arid terrain. Optimum processing techniques to derive maximum geologic information from desert areas were established. Additive color techniques to provide quantitative measurements of surface water between different orbits were developed which were accepted as the standard flood mapping techniques using ERTS.

Yost, E. F.↗
NASA NTRS1986

Io

The present work reviews the history of Io studies and describes the current level of understanding of Io's physics, chemistry, geology, orbital dynamics, and geophysics. Consideration is given to the satellite's internal, superficial, atmospheric, plasma, and magnetospheric properties and how they interrelate. A pictorial map of Io's surface based on Voyager 1 and 2 images is presented. It is found that Io's surface color and spectra are dominated by sulfur compounds which may include various sulfur allotropes. Volcanic processes yielding three kinds of surface features (vent regions, plains, and mountains) dominate Io's surface geology. The Io plasma torus corotates with Jupiter's magnetic field in the plane of Jupiter's centrifugal equator centered at Io's orbital radius.

Nash, Douglas B.↗
NASA NTRS1997

Inherit Space

The objective of the proposed research was to begin development of a unique educational tool targeted at educating and inspiring young people 12-16 years old about NASA and the Space Program. Since these young people are the future engineers, scientists and space pioneers, the nurturing of their enthusiasm and interest is of critical importance to the Nation. This summer the basic infrastructure of the tool was developed in the context of an educational game paradigm. The game paradigm has achieved remarkable success in maintaining the interest of young people in a self-paced, student-directed learning environment. This type of environment encourages student exploration and curiosity which are exactly the traits that future space pioneers need to develop to prepare for the unexpected. The Inherit Space Educational Tool is an open-ended learning environment consisting of a finite-state machine classic adventure game paradigm. As the young person explores this world, different obstacles must be overcome. Rewards will be offered such as using the flight simulator to fly around and explore Titan. This simulator was modeled on conventional Earth flight simulators but has been considerably enhanced to add texture mapping of Titan's atmosphere utilizing the latest information from the NASA Galileo Space Probe. Additional scenery was added to provide color VGA graphics of a futuristic research station on Titan as well as an interesting story to keep the youngster's attention. This summer the game infrastructure has been developed as well as the Titan Flight Simulator. A number of other enhancements are planned.

Giarratano, Joseph C.↗
NASA NTRS2006

Multiwavelength Study of the Bright X-ray Source Population in the Interacting Galaxies NGC 5774/NGC 5775

The X-ray source population in the field of the interacting pair of galaxies NGC 5774/5775 is reported. A total of 49 discrete sources are detected, including 12 ultraluminous X-ray source candidates with lum inosities above 10(exp 39)erg/s in the 0.5 - 8.0 keV X-ray band. Several of these latter are transient X-ray sources that fall below detect ion levels in one of two X-ray observations spaced 15 months apart. X-ray source positions are mapped onto optical and radio images to sear ch for potential counterparts. Eleven sources have optically-bright c ounterparts. Optical colors are used to differentiate these sources, which are mostly located outside the optical extent of the interacting galaxies, as potential globular clusters (3 sources) and quasars (5) . Follow-up optical spectroscopy confirms two of the latter are background quasars.

Ghosh, Kajal K.↗
NASA NTRS2014

Retrieval, Inter-Comparison, and Validation of Above-Cloud Aerosol Optical Depth from A-train Sensors

Absorbing aerosols produced from biomass burning and dust outbreaks are often found to overlay lower level cloud decks and pose greater potentials of exerting positive radiative effects (warming) whose magnitude directly depends on the aerosol loading above cloud, optical properties of clouds and aerosols, and cloud fraction. Recent development of a 'color ratio' (CR) algorithm applied to observations made by the Aura/OMI and Aqua/MODIS constitutes a major breakthrough and has provided unprecedented maps of above-cloud aerosol optical depth (ACAOD). The CR technique employs reflectance measurements at TOA in two channels (354 and 388 nm for OMI; 470 and 860 nm for MODIS) to retrieve ACAOD in near-UV and visible regions and aerosol-corrected cloud optical depth, simultaneously. An inter-satellite comparison of ACAOD retrieved from NASA's A-train sensors reveals a good level of agreement between the passive sensors over the homogeneous cloud fields. Direct measurements of ACA such as carried out by the NASA Ames Airborne Tracking Sunphotometer (AATS) and Spectrometer for Sky-Scanning, Sun-Tracking Atmospheric Research (4STAR) can be of immense help in validating ACA retrievals. We validate the ACA optical depth retrieved using the CR method applied to the MODIS cloudy-sky reflectance against the airborne AATS and 4STAR measurements. A thorough search of the historic AATS-4STAR database collected during different field campaigns revealed five events where biomass burning, dust, and wildfire-emitted aerosols were found to overlay lower level cloud decks observed during SAFARI-2000, ACE-ASIA 2001, and SEAC4RS- 2013, respectively. The co-located satellite-airborne measurements revealed a good agreement (RMSE less than 0.1 for AOD at 500 nm) with most matchups falling within the estimated uncertainties in the MODIS retrievals. An extensive validation of satellite-based ACA retrievals requires equivalent field measurements particularly over the regions where ACA are often observed from satellites, i.e., south-eastern Atlantic Ocean, tropical Atlantic Ocean, northern Arabian Sea, South-East and North-East Asia.

validation↗
NASA NTRS1970

Geologic terrain mapping from earth-satellite and ultra-high aerial photographs

A proposal is made for mapping from aerial photographs from the EROS program. Three kinds of maps (geomorphic or landform, soil, and surficial deposit) are being prepared at 1:250,000 scale for an 8000-square-mile area between Tucson and Ajo, Arizona. Nine cameras used on NASA mission 101 provided color, color infrared, and multispectral air photos from about 60,000 feet above the terrain and with photo scales ranging from 1:60,000 to 1:240,000. This area was selected because it provides a good sample of desert terrain and is suited for improving and testing the photointerpretive techniques for mapping geologic terrain features with small-scale photos.

Morrison, R. B.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Local heat-transfer measurements on a large, scale-model turbine blade airfoil using a composite of a heater element and liquid crystals

Local heat transfer coefficients were experimentally mapped along the midchord of a five-time-size turbine blade airfoil in a static cascade operated at room temperature over a range of Reynolds numbers. The test surface consisted of a composite of commercially available materials: a mylar sheet with a layer of cholesteric liquid crystals, that change color with temperature, and a heater sheet made of a carbon-impregnated paper, that produces uniform heat flux. After the initial selection and calibration of the composite sheet, accurate, quantitative, and continuous heat transfer coefficients were mapped over the airfoil surface. The local heat transfer coefficients are presented for Reynolds numbers from 2.8 x 10 to the 5th power to 7.6 x 10 to the 5th power. Comparisons are made with analytical values of heat transfer coefficients obtained from the STAN5 boundary layer code. Also, a leading edge separation bubble was revealed by thermal and flow visualization.

Hippensteele, S. A.↗
NASA NTRS1985

Local heat-transfer measurements on a large scale-model turbine blade airfoil using a composite of a heater element and liquid crystals

Local heat transfer coefficients were experimentally mapped along the midchord of a five-time-size turbine blade airfoil in a static cascade operated at room temperature over a range of Reynolds numbers. The test surface consisted of a composite of commercially available materials: a mylar sheet with a layer of cholesteric liquid crystals, that change color with temperature, and a heater sheet made of a carbon-impregnated paper, that produces uniform heat flux. After the initial selection and calibration of the composite sheet, accurate, quantitative, and continuous heat transfer coefficients were mapped over the airfoil surface. The local heat transfer coefficients are presented for Reynolds numbers from 2.8 x 10 to the 5th power to 7.6 x 10 to the 5th power. Comparisons are made with analytical values of heat transfer coefficients obtained from the STANS boundary layer code. Also, a leading edge separation bubble was revealed by thermal and flow visualization.

Hippensteele, S. A.↗
NASA NTRS1973

Plan for the uniform mapping of earth resources and environmental complexes from Skylab imagery

The author has identified the following significant results. Below approximately 25% cover visual photointerpretation of vegetation analogs of Skylab 2 Sl9OA color infrared imagery is poor. Correct identifications of vegetation analogs in this category range from 28 to 57%. Good photointerpretation results (64 to 96%) were obtained on vegetation analogs with higher cover values. The four semidesert vegetation analogs (greasewood, saltbush, big sagebrush, and pinyon-juniper) are consistently distinguishable as a group. Photointerpretation accuracy equals 90.1%. When these same types are broken into two sub-groups (salt desert vegetation and shrub steppe/sparse pinyon-juniper vegetation) interpretation success drops to 76% and 85%, respectively. Band ratioing and transmittance differences between two forested analogs as imaged on Skylab 2 S19OA film shows significant differences. In the infrared wavelength both analogs have very similar transmittance characteristics while the visible wavelength shows separation between the two. Relative transmittance values for stands of ponderosa pine forestland and pinyon-juniper woodland are 719.3 + or - 65.9 and 223.6 + or - 48.1, respectively on negative transparencies. In image interpretation along the low-elevation fringe of forested regions these are the two forest analogs most frequently requiring separation.

Poulton, C. E.↗
DOE OSTI2022

rmap: An R package to plot and compare tabular data on customizable maps across scenarios and time

`rmap` is an R package that allows users to easily plot tabular data (CSV or R data frames) on maps without any Geographic Information Systems (GIS) knowledge. Maps produced by `rmap` are `ggplot` objects and thus capitalize on the flexibility and advancements of the `ggplot2` package and all elements of each map are thus fully customizable. Additionally `rmap` automatically detects and produces comparison maps if the data has multiple scenarios or time periods as well as animations for time series data. Advanced users can load their own shapefiles if desired. `rmap` comes with a range of pre-built color palettes but users can also provide any `R` color palette or create their own as needed. Four different legend types are available to highlight different kinds of data distributions. The input spatial data can be both gridded or polygon data. `rmap` is desgined in particular for comparing spatial data across scenarios and time periods and comes preloaded with standard country, state, and basin maps as well as custom maps compatible with the Global Change Analysis Model (GCAM) spatial boundaries. `rmap` has a growing number of users and its products have been used in multiple multisector dynamics publications as well as a required dependency in other R packages such as `rfasst` and `metis`. `rmap's` automatic processing of tabular data using pre-built map selection, difference map calculations, faceting, and animations offers unique functionality which makes it a powerful and yet simple tool for users looking to explore multi-sector, multi-scenario data across space and time.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
NASA NTRS2014

Thermophysical Property Variations Across Dione and Rhea

Maps of the variation in bolometric Bond albedo and thermal inertia across Rhea and Dione have been produced using various day and nighttime observations, taken by Cassini's Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS). The albedo maps show the same trend that has been previously observed on these satellites from reflected sunlight and thermal observations: a higher albedo on their leading hemispheres. The thermal inertia maps show two previously unknown anomalous high thermal inertia regions: low latitudes on Dione's leading hemisphere and the bright ejecta blanket of Rhea's Inktomi crater. The thermal inertia on Dione increases modestly from a background value of 8 J m(exp -2) K(exp -1) s(exp -1/2) to 11 J m(exp -)2 K(exp -1) s(exp -1/2) in a region preferentially bombarded by high-energy electrons. We believe that this region on Dione is probably analogous to the thermally anomalous regions recently discovered at equivalent locations on Mimas and Tethys, dubbed Pac-Man features. The smaller magnitude of Dione's thermal anomaly, compared to that of Mimas and Tethys, provides additional evidence that surface alteration by high-energy electrons produces these anomalies, as the high-energy electron flux decreases with increasing distance from Saturn. However, unlike on Mimas and Tethys, the thermally anomalous region on Dione does not display a spatially correlated decrease in the IR/UV (0.930 micrometers/0.338 micrometers) color ratio, implying that the minimum electron energy threshold of the IR/UV ice surface darkening mechanism is not met on Dione. The average of the mapped bolometric Bond albedos on the leading and trailing hemispheres of Dione are 0.49 +/- 0.11 and 0.44 +/- 0.13 respectively. On Rhea the thermal inertia increases from a background value of 10 J m(exp -2) K (exp -1) s(exp -1/2) to 19 J m(exp -2) K(exp -1) s(exp -1/2) on the ejecta blanket of Inktomi crater, probably due to a mixture of high and low thermal inertia material in this region, such as a fine- and large-grain ice mixture. This is the first time a thermal inertia anomaly has been associated with an impact crater on an icy saturnian satellite. On Rhea the average of the mapped bolometric Bond albedos on the leading and trailing hemispheres are 0.59 +/- 0.11 and 0.56 +/- 0.13 respectively.

Saturn↗
DOE OSTI2026

Geographic Distribution of Populus trichocarpa Genotypes by ADMIXTURE Ancestry

An interactive map showing Populus trichocarpa GWAS population structure estimated by ADMIXTURE (k=3, selected as optimal from k=2-11). Sampling locations are colored by their predominant ancestry proportion among the three inferred populations and geographic origins are searchable by genotype or river system using the search bar.

Admixture↗
NASA NTRS1977

Use of LANDSAT data for natural resources investigation in the lower basin of Danube and Danube Delta

The author has identified the following significant results. Monitoring of excess humidity was possible at the Baragan test site. Qualitative improvements of 20-50% were obtained in regards to soil inventory in the eastern Danube Delta, comparing data with conventional maps. The pedological situation was observed after drainage in impounded enclosures. The appearance of stagnate water was surveyed due to difference in color shades on LANDSAT imagery. Areas with gluey soils, such as lake bottoms rich in CaCO3 and shell grist, were clearly represented. Sediment discharges into the sea at the Danube mouth and plumes over 100 km at sea could be easily distinguished on LANDSAT MSS 4 and 5.

Oprescu, N.↗
NASA NTRS1984

Thermal infrared satellite data for the study of tectonic features

Multispectral thermal infrared data from the NOAA-7 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) have been processed to evaluate their potential for mapping tectonic features. Day/night ratio data from 3 thermal bands between 3.7 and 12.0 microns were used to construct a thermal infrared color image that emphasizes heat retention differences in surface materials as a function of wavelength. The study area is an arid region of the Arabian Peninsula where lithologic units are widely exposed to satellite detectors. In spite of the coarse resolution of 1.1 km at nadir, the image of emitted radiation data contains prominent features that appear to relate to fault systems, unmapped extensions of fault systems, and drainage patterns that are lacking in AVHRR reflected radiation data.

Andre, C. G.↗
NASA NTRS2005

NWA 2736: An Unusual New Graphite-bearing Aubrite

Aubrites are enstatite-rich achondrites that are probably related to enstatite chondrite parent bodies. The exact link, if any, is not understood. They may have formed from melting within one or more enstatite chondrite parent bodies. Description of NWA 2736: One complete stone weighing 171.51 grams was recovered from the Sahara Desert by nomads sometime before September 2004. It was completely covered with fusion crust and desert varnish. This stone is severely weathered, with caramel brown coloration throughout and calcite veins that extend into the interior of the sample. Mineral analyses were performed and elemental x-ray maps were obtained with a CAMECA SX-50 electron microprobe at the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory at the University of Arizona. The relatively high modal abundance of albitic plagioclase, presence of euhedral graphite, depletion of troilite, and occurrence of pervasive kamacite veins (some with daubreelite) all indicate that NWA 2736 has a complex history and may sample a new region of the aubrite parent body. A discussion and analysis on the overall texture of NWA 2736 is presented.

Lowe, J. J.↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Yellowstone Ecological Forecasting: Assessing Change in Aspen Extent in Northern Yellowstone National Park

The removal and reintroduction of the gray wolf (Canis lupus) in Yellowstone National Park have played an important role in shaping the ecological composition of this distinct landscape, and it is a textbook example of multi-trophic dynamics. With particular importance to conservation science, the inter-trophic cascades between wolves and species such as the elk (Cervus canadensis) and the quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) have been extensively studied. In conjunction with the National Park Service, Yellowstone National Park, Utah State University, and the University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point, this project utilized satellite remote sensing to investigate the long-term trends in aspen extent. Through random forest modeling and phenological approaches, Sentinel-2 Multispectral Instrument (MSI; years 2017–2019) and Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper (TM; years 1987–2011) datasets were used to derive an Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), a Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Tasseled Cap Indices (Brightness, Greenness, Wetness), and RGB true color composites. The International Space System Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (ISS GEDI) was used to analyze canopy height. Results were consolidated into maps and time-series that provide an in-depth and intricate depiction of aspen stand extent. The end products will assist the National Park Service in its management practices and inform wildlife restoration and rewilding decisions within and beyond the contexts of Yellowstone National Park.

Kyle Steen↗
NASA NTRS1973

Change in land use in the Phoenix (1:250,000) Quadrangle, Arizona between 1970 and 1972: Successful use of proposed land use classification system

Changes in land use in the Phoenix (1:250,000 scale) Quadrangle in Arizona have been mapped using only the images from ERTS-1, tending to verify the utility of a land use classification system proposed for use with ERTS images. The period of change investigated was from November 1970 to late summer or early fall, 1972. Seasonal changes also were studied using successive ERTS images. Types of equipment used to aid interpretation included a color additive viewer, a twenty-power magnifier, a density slicer, and a diazo copy machine for making ERTS color composites in hard copy. Types of changes detected have been: (1) cropland or rangeland developed for new residential areas; (2) rangeland converted to new cropland; and (3) possibly new areas of industrial or commercial development. A map of land use previously compiled from air photos was updated in this manner.

Place, J. L.↗