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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 667 records · Page 37
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2011

Discrete flavor symmetry and minimal seesaw mechanism

This work proposes a neutrino mass model that is derived using the minimal seesaw mechanism, which contains only two right-handed neutrinos, under the non-Abelian discrete flavor symmetry S{sub 4} x Z{sub 2}. Two standard model doublets, L{sub {mu}} and L{sub {tau}}, are assigned simultaneously to a 2 representation of S{sub 4}. When the scalar fields introduced in this model, in addition to the standard model Higgs, and the leptons are coupled within the symmetry, the seesaw mechanism results in the tribimaximal neutrino mixing. This study examined the possible deviations from tribimaximal mixing related to the experimental data.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2010

Lepton sector of a fourth generation

In extensions of the standard model with a heavy fourth generation, one important question is what makes the fourth-generation lepton sector, particularly the neutrinos, so different from the lighter three generations. We study this question in the context of models of electroweak symmetry breaking in warped extra dimensions, where the flavor hierarchy is generated by choosing the localization of the zero-mode fermions in the extra dimension. In this setup the Higgs sector is localized near the infrared brane, whereas the Majorana mass term is localized at the ultraviolet brane. As a result, light neutrinos are almost entirely Majorana particles, whereas the fourth-generation neutrino is mostly a Dirac fermion. We show that it is possible to obtain heavy fourth-generation leptons in regions of parameter space where the light neutrino masses and mixings are compatible with observation. We study the impact of these bounds, as well as the ones from lepton flavor violation, on the phenomenology of these models.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2016

COLLISION-INDUCED MAGNETIC RECONNECTION AND A UNIFIED INTERPRETATION OF POLARIZATION PROPERTIES OF GRBs AND BLAZARS

The jet composition and energy dissipation mechanism of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) and blazars are fundamental questions that remain not fully understood. One plausible model is to interpret the γ-ray emission of GRBs and optical emission of blazars as synchrotron radiation of electrons accelerated from the collision-induced magnetic dissipation regions in Poynting-flux-dominated jets. The polarization observation is an important and independent information to test this model. Based on our recent 3D relativistic MHD simulations of collision-induced magnetic dissipation of magnetically dominated blobs, here we perform calculations of the polarization properties of the emission in the dissipation region and apply the results to model the polarization observational data of GRB prompt emission and blazar optical emission. In this article, we show that the same numerical model with different input parameters can reproduce well the observational data of both GRBs and blazars, especially the 90° polarization angle (PA) change in GRB 100826A and the 180° PA swing in blazar 3C279. This supports a unified model for GRB and blazar jets, suggesting that collision-induced magnetic reconnection is a common physical mechanism to power the relativistic jet emission from events with very different black hole masses.

magnetohydrodynamics (MHD)↗
NASA NTRS2005

Unified Lunar Control Network 2005 and Topographic Model

There are currently two generally accepted lunar control networks. These are the Unified Lunar Control Network (ULCN) and the Clementine Lunar Control Network (CLCN), both derived by M. Davies and T. Colvin at RAND. We address here our efforts to merge and improve these networks into a new ULCN. The ULCN was described in the last major publication about a lunar control network. The statistics on this and the other networks discussed here. Images for this network are from the Apollo, Mariner 10, and Galileo missions, and Earth-based photographs. The importance of this network is that its accuracy is relatively well quantified and published information on the network is available. The CLCN includes measurements on 43,871 Clementine 750-nm images - the largest planetary control network ever computed. This purpose of this network was to determine the geometry for the Clementine Basemap Mosiac (CBM). The geometry of that mosaic was used to produce the Clementine UVVIS digital image model and the Near-Infrared Global Multispectral Map of the Moon from Clementine. Through the extensive use of these products, they and the underlying CLCN in effect define the generally accepted current coordinate system for reporting and describing the location of lunar coordinates. However, no publication describes the CLCN itself.

Archinal, B. A.↗
DOE OSTI2010

Abelian gauge symmetries and proton decay in global F-theory GUTs

The existence of Abelian gauge symmetries in four-dimensional F-theory compactifications depends on the global geometry of the internal Calabi-Yau four-fold and has important phenomenological consequences. We study conceptual and phenomenological aspects of such U(1) symmetries along the Coulomb and the Higgs branch. As one application we examine Abelian gauge factors arising after a certain global restriction of the Tate model that goes beyond a local spectral cover analysis. In SU(5) grand unified theory (GUT) models this mechanism enforces a global U(1){sub X} symmetry that prevents dimension-4 proton decay and allows for an identification of candidate right-handed neutrinos. We invoke a detailed account of the singularities of Calabi-Yau four-folds and their mirror duals starting from an underlying E{sub 8} and E{sub 7}xU(1) enhanced Tate model. The global resolutions and deformations of these singularities can be used as the appropriate framework to analyze F-theory GUT models.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2025

Dark dimension and the grand unification of forces

The dark dimension scenario, predicting one extra mesoscopic dimension in the micron range, has emerged by applying various swampland principles to the dark energy. In this note we find that realizing the grand unification of gauge forces is highly constraining in this context. Without actually constructing any grand unified theory (GUT) models, we argue that the mere assumption of grand unification of forces in this scenario, together with the experimental bounds on massive replicas of the Standard Model gauge bosons, predicts an upper bound for the GUT scale, 𝑀 GUT ≲ 10 16 GeV. Combined with the experimental bound on the proton lifetime, this predicts that the 𝑋 gauge boson mediating proton decay is a 5D solitonic string of Planckian tension stretched across a length scale 𝐿 ∼ (1–10 TeV) −1 ending on gauge branes of the same diameter ∼𝐿. This leads to a mass of 𝑀 𝑋 ∼ 10 15 –10 16 GeV. In particular assuming grand unification in the dark dimension scenario results in a tower of Kaluza-Klein excitations of Standard Model gauge bosons on the gauge branes in the 1–10 TeV range. This suggests that the diameter/separation 𝐿 of the gauge branes correlates with both the weak scale ∼1/𝐿 near a TeV and the GUT scale ∼𝑀$^2_5$⁢𝐿 at 10 16 GeV.

branes↗
DOE OSTI2025

A Unified Framework to Reconcile Different Approaches of Modeling Transpiration Response to Water Stress: Plant Hydraulics, Supply Demand Balance, and Empirical Soil Water Stress Function

Plant responses to water stress is a major uncertainty to predicting terrestrial ecosystem sensitivity to drought. Different approaches have been developed to represent plant water stress. Empirical approaches (the empirical soil water stress (or Beta) function and the supply-demand balance scheme) have been widely used for many decades; more mechanistic based approaches, that is, plant hydraulic models (PHMs), were increasingly adopted in the past decade. However, the relationships between them—and their underlying connections to physical processes—are not sufficiently understood. This limited understanding hinders informed decisions on the necessary complexities needed for different applications, with empirical approaches being mechanistically insufficient, and PHMs often being too complex to constrain. Here we introduce a unified framework for modeling transpiration responses to water stress, within which we demonstrate that empirical approaches are special cases of the full PHM, when the plant hydraulic parameters satisfy certain conditions. We further evaluate their response differences and identify the associated physical processes. Finally, we propose a methodology for assessing the necessity of added complexities of the PHM under various climatic conditions and ecosystem types, with case studies in three typical ecosystems: a humid Midwestern cropland, a semi-arid evergreen needleleaf forest, and an arid grassland. Notably, Beta function overestimates transpiration when VPD is high due to its lack of constraints from hydraulic transport and is therefore insufficient in high VPD environments. With the unified framework, we envision researchers can better understand the mechanistic bases of and the relationships between different approaches and make more informed choices.

54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2022

Model comparisons for two-temperature plasma equations of state

When a plasma is generated in the laboratory, energy is often deposited preferentially into either the electrons or the ions, giving rise to a quasiequilibrium state in which the two species, electrons and ions, are well described by two effective temperatures, T e and T i . Accurate hydrodynamic modeling of such a two-temperature plasma requires an equation of state that captures the relevant many-body physics without assuming a strict local thermodynamic equilibrium. Several models have been proposed within the literature, which extend conventional statistical approaches, each employing a different combination of assumptions for modifying the equilibrium equations. Here, in this work, we compare the predictions for several models, presenting derivations of the internal energy and pressure for each microscopic model within a unified framework so that the assumptions of each model may be more easily compared to one another. We find that for sufficiently weak coupling, all models agree with one another. However, as the coupling strength is increased, the disagreement between the models becomes more pronounced. Moreover, the relative sizes of the corrections predicted by each model depend on which species has the higher temperature, T e >T i vs T e < T i .

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2010

{mu} to e in R-symmetric supersymmetry

We demonstrate that {mu}{r_reversible}e slepton mixing is significantly more restricted than previously thought within the already remarkably flavor-safe R-symmetric supersymmetric standard model. We calculate bounds from {mu}{yields}e{gamma}, {mu}{yields}3e, and most importantly, {mu}{yields}e conversion. The process of {mu}{yields}e conversion is significantly more restrictive in R-symmetric models since this process can occur through operators that do not require a chirality flip. We delineate the allowed parameter space, demonstrating that maximal mixing is rarely possible with weak scale superpartners, while O(0.1) mixing is permitted within most of the space. The best approach to find or rule out {mu}{r_reversible}e mixing in R-symmetric supersymmetric models is a multipronged attack looking at both {mu}{yields}e conversion as well as {mu}{yields}e{gamma}. The redundancy eliminates much of the parameter space where one process, but not both processes, contains amplitudes that accidentally destructively interfere. We briefly discuss implications for searches of slepton flavor violation at the LHC.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
NASA NTRS2014

Introducing Multisensor Satellite Radiance-Based Evaluation for Regional Earth System Modeling

Earth System modeling has become more complex, and its evaluation using satellite data has also become more difficult due to model and data diversity. Therefore, the fundamental methodology of using satellite direct measurements with instrumental simulators should be addressed especially for modeling community members lacking a solid background of radiative transfer and scattering theory. This manuscript introduces principles of multisatellite, multisensor radiance-based evaluation methods for a fully coupled regional Earth System model: NASA-Unified Weather Research and Forecasting (NU-WRF) model. We use a NU-WRF case study simulation over West Africa as an example of evaluating aerosol-cloud-precipitation-land processes with various satellite observations. NU-WRF-simulated geophysical parameters are converted to the satellite-observable raw radiance and backscatter under nearly consistent physics assumptions via the multisensor satellite simulator, the Goddard Satellite Data Simulator Unit. We present varied examples of simple yet robust methods that characterize forecast errors and model physics biases through the spatial and statistical interpretation of various satellite raw signals: infrared brightness temperature (Tb) for surface skin temperature and cloud top temperature, microwave Tb for precipitation ice and surface flooding, and radar and lidar backscatter for aerosol-cloud profiling simultaneously. Because raw satellite signals integrate many sources of geophysical information, we demonstrate user-defined thresholds and a simple statistical process to facilitate evaluations, including the infrared-microwave-based cloud types and lidar/radar-based profile classifications.

Planetary Boundary Layer↗
DOE OSTI2011

Multiphase Flow Modeling of Biofuel Production Processes

As part of the Idaho National Laboratory's (INL's) Secure Energy Initiative, the INL is performing research in areas that are vital to ensuring clean, secure energy supplies for the future. The INL Hybrid Energy Systems Testing (HYTEST) Laboratory is being established to develop and test hybrid energy systems with the principal objective to safeguard U.S. Energy Security by reducing dependence on foreign petroleum. HYTEST involves producing liquid fuels in a Hybrid Energy System (HES) by integrating carbon-based (i.e., bio-mass, oil-shale, etc.) with non-carbon based energy sources (i.e., wind energy, hydro, geothermal, nuclear, etc.). Advances in process development, control and modeling are the unifying vision for HES. This paper describes new modeling tools and methodologies to simulate advanced energy processes. Needs are emerging that require advanced computational modeling of multiphase reacting systems in the energy arena, driven by the 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act, which requires production of 36 billion gal/yr of biofuels by 2022, with 21 billion gal of this as advanced biofuels. Advanced biofuels derived from microalgal biomass have the potential to help achieve the 21 billion gal mandate, as well as reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Production of biofuels from microalgae is receiving considerable interest due to their potentially high oil yields (around 600 gal/acre). Microalgae have a high lipid content (up to 50%) and grow 10 to 100 times faster than terrestrial plants. The use of environmentally friendly alternatives to solvents and reagents commonly employed in reaction and phase separation processes is being explored. This is accomplished through the use of hydrothermal technologies, which are chemical and physical transformations in high-temperature (200-600 C), high-pressure (5-40 MPa) liquid or supercritical water. Figure 1 shows a simplified diagram of the production of biofuels from algae. Hydrothermal processing has significant advantages over other biomass processing methods with respect to separations. These 'green' alternatives employ a hybrid medium that, when operated supercritically, offers the prospect of tunable physicochemical properties. Solubility can be rapidly altered and phases partitioned selectively to precipitate or dissolve certain components by altering temperature or pressure in the near-critical region. The ability to tune the solvation properties of water in the highly compressible near-critical region facilitates partitioning of products or by-products into separate phases to separate and purify products. Since most challenges related to lipid extraction are associated with the industrial scale-up of integrated extraction systems, the new modeling capability offers the prospect of addressing previously untenable scaling issues.

02 PETROLEUM↗
DOE OSTI2014

Interstellar simulations using a unified microscopic-macroscopic Monte Carlo model with a full gas-grain network including bulk diffusion in ice mantles

We have designed an improved algorithm that enables us to simulate the chemistry of cold dense interstellar clouds with a full gas-grain reaction network. The chemistry is treated by a unified microscopic-macroscopic Monte Carlo approach that includes photon penetration and bulk diffusion. To determine the significance of these two processes, we simulate the chemistry with three different models. In Model 1, we use an exponential treatment to follow how photons penetrate and photodissociate ice species throughout the grain mantle. Moreover, the products of photodissociation are allowed to diffuse via bulk diffusion and react within the ice mantle. Model 2 is similar to Model 1 but with a slower bulk diffusion rate. A reference Model 0, which only allows photodissociation reactions to occur on the top two layers, is also simulated. Photodesorption is assumed to occur from the top two layers in all three models. We found that the abundances of major stable species in grain mantles do not differ much among these three models, and the results of our simulation for the abundances of these species agree well with observations. Likewise, the abundances of gas-phase species in the three models do not vary. However, the abundances of radicals in grain mantles can differ by up to two orders of magnitude depending upon the degree of photon penetration and the bulk diffusion of photodissociation products. We also found that complex molecules can be formed at temperatures as low as 10 K in all three models.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2010

D0 dimuon asymmetry in B{sub s}-B{sub s} mixing and constraints on new physics

We study the consequences of the large dimuon asymmetry observed at D0. Physics beyond the standard model (SM) in B{sub s}-B{sub s} mixing is required to explain the data. We first present a detailed analysis for model independent constraints on physics beyond the SM, and then study the implications for theoretical models which modify the SM results in different ways, such as Z{sup '} with flavor changing neutral current and R-parity violating supersymmetry contributions.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2010

Precision Constraints on Extra Fermion Generations

There has been recent renewed interest in the possibility of additional fermion generations. At the same time there have been significant changes in the relevant electroweak precision constraints, in particular, in the interpretation of several of the low energy experiments. We summarize the various motivations for extra families and analyze them in view of the latest electroweak precision data.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2011

Effective Higgs vertices in the generic MSSM

In this article we consider chirally enhanced corrections to Higgs vertices in the most general MSSM. We include the contributions stemming from bilinear terms, from the trilinear A terms, and from their nonholomorphic analogues, the A{sup '} terms, which couple squarks to the ''wrong'' Higgs field. We perform a consistent renormalization of the Higgs vertices beyond the decoupling limit (M{sub SUSY{yields}{infinity}}), using a purely diagrammatic approach. The cancellation of the different contributions in and beyond the decoupling limit is discussed and the possible size of decoupling effects which occur if the supersymmetry particles are not much heavier than the electroweak scale are examined. In the decoupling limit we recover the results obtained in the effective-field-theory approach. For the nonholomorphic A{sup '} terms we find the well known tan{beta} enhancement in the down sector similar to the one for terms proportional to {mu}. Because of the a priori generic flavor structure of these trilinear terms large flavor-changing neutral Higgs couplings can be induced. We also discover new tan{beta} enhanced contributions involving the usual holomorphic A terms, which were not discussed before in the literature. These corrections occur only if also flavor-diagonal nonholomorphic corrections to the Higgs couplings are present. This reflects the fact that the A terms, and also the chirality-changing self-energies, are physical quantities and cannot be absorbed into renormalization constants.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Reactive transport modelling of cement paste leaching in brines

We propose and analyse a unified reactive transport model for leaching of cement paste in brines, with and without CO{sub 2}. We investigate the impact of the boundary conditions on the rate of propagation of the reaction. In agreement with experiments, we observe distinct mechanisms as a function of the pH and the CO{sub 2} concentration of the leaching brine. In particular, clogging is observed at intermediate concentration of CO{sub 2} while higher concentration accelerates the reaction. In addition, we leverage the flexibility of the simulator to explore the impact of different models on the simulations. In particular, aqueous species, phase assemblage and diffusion coefficient model are varied. We demonstrate that in order to be able to obtain quantitative predictions, it is important to accurately capture the feedback between chemical reactions, microstructure and macroscopic transport parameters.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗