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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 667 records · Page 37
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
NASA NTRS1984

On the generation and evolution of internal gravity waves

The tidal generation and evolution of internal gravity waves is investigated experimentally and theoretically using a two-dimensional two-layer model. Time-dependent flow is created by moving a profile of maximum submerged depth 7.7 cm through a total stroke of 29 cm in water above a freon-kerosene mixture in an 8.6-m-long 30-cm-deep 20-cm-wide transparent channel, and the deformation of the fluid interface is recorded photographically. A theoretical model of the interface as a set of discrete vortices is constructed numerically; the rigid structures are represented by a source distribution; governing equations in Lagrangian form are obtained; and two integrodifferential equations relating baroclinic vorticity generation and source-density generation are derived. The experimental and computed results are shown in photographs and graphs, respectively, and found to be in good agreement at small Froude numbers. The reasons for small discrepancies in the position of the maximum interface displacement at large Froude numbers are examined.

Lansing, F. S.↗
NASA NTRS1972

Investigation of GH2-GO2 combustion

Data from prototype GO2-GH2 injection elements were obtained and analyzed. The bulk of the testing was conducted with nonreacting propellants, N2 to simulate the O2 and H2. A limited number of tests were conducted in combusting environment, with the purpose of this testing being to evaluate the effects of combustion on cold flow mixture ratio and mass profiles. The cold flow testing was completed in 223 tests. Analytical model correlations of these data are under way. The hot flow testing was completed in 36 tests. These data have been reduced and are documented in the report.

Calhoon, D. F.↗
NASA NTRS1974

Reacting viscous-shock-layer solutions with multicomponent diffusion and mass injection

Numerical solutions of the viscous-shock-layer equation where the chemistry is treated as being either frozen, equilibrium, or nonequilibrium are presented. Also the effects of the diffusion model, surface catalysis, and mass injection on surface transport and flow parameters are considered. The flow is treated as a mixture of five inert and thermally perfect species. The viscous-shock-layer equations are solved by using an implicit-difference scheme. All calculations are for hyperboloids with included angles of 20 and 45. The flight conditions are those for various altitudes and velocities in the earth's atmosphere. Data are presented to show the effects of the chemical models; diffusion models; surface catalysis; and mass injection of air on heat transfer; skin friction; shock standoff distance; wall pressure distribution; and tangential velocity, temperature, and species profiles. The results show that an equilibrium analysis can substantially overpredict the heat-transfer rates for flow conditions experienced by earth-orbital entry vehicles. Moreover, at such conditions surface catalysis significantly influences heat-transfer and flow-field properties. If a binary rather than a multicomponent diffusion model is assumed, negligible errors in most flow properties result. Quantitative results are presented that show the effect of mass injection on flow properties within and downstream of the injection region.

Moss, J. N.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Kinetics of a CO2 nuclear pumped laser

A detailed kinetic model is presented for the analysis of a nuclear pumped CO2-N2-He laser system. The model assumes that collisional recombination is the dominant pumping mechanism. The results show that, for mixture typical of those employed in electric discharge systems, the gain coefficients are such that lasing is not expected to take place. On the other hand, concentrations of CO2 in the range 1/2%-3% are optimal for direct nuclear pumping.

Hassan, H. A.↗
NASA NTRS1979

Kinetics of a CO2 nuclear pumped laser

A detailed kinetic model is presented for the analysis of a nuclear pumped CO2-N2-He laser system. The model assumes that collisional recombination is the dominant pumping mechanism. The results show that, for mixtures typical of those employed in electric discharge systems, the gain coefficients are such that lasing is not expected to take place. On the other hand, concentrations of CO2 in the range 1/2 percent - 3 percent are optimal for direct nuclear pumping.

Hassan, H. A.↗
NASA NTRS1981

Internal structures of the Galilean satellites

Models for the interior structures of Io, Ganymede and Callisto are proposed based on recent discoveries of volcanism and high heat flow on Io, a primordial, heavily cratered surface on Callisto, and a surface modified by endogenic processes on Ganymede. The model for Io consists of a thin, high-rigidity outer shell overlying a thin, partially molten or molten layer maintained by tidal dissipation in the outer shell, which in turn surrounds a solid interior. Ganymede is modeled as an ice outer layer surrounding a shell of undifferentiated, primordial ice-silicate mixture and a rock core, with accretional heating responsible for melting the ice in an originally homogeneous ice-silicate interior. Finally, the old, heavily cratered surface of Callisto is interpreted as suggesting a primordial ice-silicate mixture with little, if any, ice-rock differentiation in the interior.

Schubert, G.↗
NASA NTRS1983

Self-organization of the protocell was a forward process

Yockey's (1981) interpretation of information theory relative to concepts of self-organization in the origin of life is criticized on the ground that it assumes that each amino acid residue type in a given sequence is an unaided information carrier throughout evolution. It is argued that more than one amino acid residue can act as a unit information carrier, and that this was the case in prebiotic protein evolution. Forward-extrapolation should be used to study prebiotic evolution, not backward-extrapolation. Transposing the near-random internal order of modern proteins to primitive proteins, as Yockey has done, is an unsupported assumption and disagrees with the results of experimental models of the primordial type. Studies indicate that early primary information carriers in evolution were mixtures of free alpha amino acids which necessarily had the capability of sequencing themselves.

Fox, S. W.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Software For Supervisory And Shared Control Of A Robot

User-Macro-Interface computer program provides interactive interface enabling human operator to plan tasks for multiple-arm telerobot, cause robot to execute tasks, and monitor robot. Enables operator to specify that robot execute various tasks and subtasks under various mixtures of manual or automatic control. Well suited for use where environment of task poorly modeled or unplanned or task unexpected.

Backes, Paul G.↗
NASA NTRS1987

Advanced experimental techniques for transonic testing

Problems common to wind tunnels, including low Reynolds numbers, wall interference, support interference, and flow unsteadiness are discussed, and it is noted that with increasing aircraft size, existing transonic tunnels are becoming more inadequate in terms of their Reynolds-number capability. Problems attributed to scale effect are covered, and techniques for increasing Reynolds number are presented. These include operating with a heavy gas or a mixture of gases, increasing the operating pressure in the tunnel, increasing the size of the model, and/or reducing the test temperature. Acceptable levels of flow unsteadiness are reviewed, along with the problems associated with the flow over wind-tunnel models influenced by flow unsteadiness. Sources of flow unsteadiness present in a continuous transonic tunnel driven by a compressor or a fan are listed, and rules for ensuring low levels of flow unsteadiness are given.

Kilgore, Robert A.↗
NASA NTRS1991

Homogeneity of spatial correlation statistics of tropical oceanic rainfall

The possibility of uniform horizontal correlation scales for tropical oceanic rainfall has been examined by a study of satellite-observed microwave data as a proxy measure of rain rates. From the brightness temperatures from the electrically scanning microwave radiometer on Nimbus 5 near nadir during the year 1974, the mean spatial autocorrelation function as a function of simultaneous pixel separation was calculated in each 5 by 5 deg grid box over the tropical Pacific and Atlantic for each season. The equal-time spatially lagged correlations were compared for geographical dependence to investigate the hypothesis of homogeneity. A simple model of the spatial statistics of the microwave brightness temperatures was used, consisting of a mixture of uncorrelated spatial white noise incoherently superimposed on a spatially correlated field (spatial red noise). The red noise signals are presumed to be generated by convective activity in the tropical atmosphere. The parameters of the red noise are consistent with this scheme over the tropical oceans, yielding a uniform spatial scale of about 50 km throughout.

Shin, Kyung-Sup↗
NASA NTRS2002

Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Exploration for Groundwater on Mars

Water with even a small amount of dissolved solids has an electrical conductivity orders of magnitude higher than dry rock and is therefore a near-ideal exploration target on Mars for low frequency, diffusive electromagnetic methods. Models of the temperature- and frequency-dependent electrical properties of rock-ice-water mixtures are used to predict the electromagnetic response of the Martian subsurface. Detection of ice is difficult unless it is massively segregated. In contrast, liquid water profoundly affects soundings, and even a small amount of adsorbed water in the cryosphere can be detected. Subcryospheric water is readily distinguishable at frequencies as low as 100 Hz for fresh water to 10 mHz for brines. These responses can be measured using either natural or artificial sources. Ultra low frequency signals from solar wind and diurnal-heating perturbations of the ionosphere are likely, and disturbances of regional crustal magnetic fields may also be observable. Spherics, or extremely to very low frequency signals from lightning discharge, would provide optimal soundings; however, lightning may be the least likely of the possible natural sources. Among the active techniques, only the time-domain electromagnetic (TDEM) method can accommodate a closely spaced transmitter and receiver and sound to depths of hundreds of meters or more. A ground- or aircraft-based TDEM system of several kilograms can detect water to a depth of several hundred meters, and a system of tens of kilograms featuring a large, fixed, rover- or ballistically deployed loop can detect water to several kilometers depth.

Grimm, Robert E.↗
NASA NTRS1998

The Unidentified Infrared Emission Bands: Identified

The so-called Unidentified Infrared or simply UIR bands, the infrared emission band spectrum associated with a wide variety of interstellar objects, can be modeled in detail by laboratory spectra of neutral and positively charged polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) mixtures. Fits are presented for the UIR emission from the protoplanetary nebula IRAS 22272+5435, the diffuse galactic medium, and the Orion HII/photodissociation front - a selection of objects which span the evolutionary range of interstellar material. These data directly address the spectroscopic criticisms previously leveled at the PAH hypothesis and demonstrate that PAH-related molecular species are indeed responsible for this widespread emission. Furthermore, these fits reflect the structure, abundance, and ionization state of the interstellar PAHs and, in turn, provide direct insight into the processes of carbon nucleation, growth and evolution in circumstellar shells and the interstellar medium. To date, no other candidate material which has been proposed to account for the UIR emission can as readily and specifically reproduce these spectral variations. Given the ubiquity of these species, this work demonstrates the tremendous potential of these species as probes of a new and heretofore largely unexplored facet of astrochemistry - potential which should make PAHs the probe of the next millennium much as CO has been for the last quarter century.

Hudgins, Douglas M.↗
NASA NTRS2025

Metallurgical and Thermal Properties of 57Ni-40Ti-3Hf (wt%)

Selected properties of 57Ni-40Ti-3Hf (wt%) were measured to further develop this material for use in aerospace rolling-element bearings. The average grain size and microindentation hardness of the material at room temperature were 90 μm and 549 HV, respectively. From room temperature to 500 °C, electrical resistivity increased from 8.9×10–7 to 11.3×10–7 Ω⋅m, thermal expansion coefficients varied from 1.1×10–5 to 1.2×10–5 mm/mm⋅°C, specific heat increased from 0.44 to 0.53 W⋅sec/g⋅K, thermal diffusivity rose from approximately 0.003 to 0.005 cm2/sec and thermal conductivity increased from approximately 0.09 to 0.19 W/cm⋅K. The behavior of the material can be explained by well-known metallurgical theory. These results are expected to provide a basis for design and modeling of future aerospace components.

rule of mixtures↗
NASA NTRS1989

Optimization of the propulsion cycles for advanced shuttles. I - Propulsion mass model methodology

During the past year NASA and DLR computer codes were combined in order to analyze and optimize advanced rocket launcher systems. Previous optimization results led to relatively low chamber pressures and nozzle area ratios for the different cycles. Additional effort has been made to improve the verification of propulsive parameters such as chamber pressure, nozzle extension, kind of cycle, tripropellant systems, variable mixture ratio rocket motors, new technology effects, etc. The emphasis of this paper is to describe the methodology of the improved propulsion mass model.

Manski, Detlef↗
NASA NTRS1992

The structure of particle cloud premixed flames

The structure of premixed flames propagating in combustible systems containing uniformly distributed volatile fuel particles in an oxidizing gas mixture is analyzed. This analysis is motivated by experiments conducted at NASA Lewis Research Center on the structure of flames propagating in combustible mixtures of lycopodium particles and air. Several interesting modes of flame propagation were observed in these experiments depending on the number density and the initial size of the fuel particle. The experimental results show that steady flame propagation occurs even if the initial equivalence ratio of the combustible mixture based on the gaseous fuel available in the particles, phi sub u, is substantially larger than unity. A model is developed to explain these experimental observations. In the model, it is presumed that the fuel particles vaporize first to yield a gaseous fuel of known chemical composition which then reacts with oxygen in a one-step overall process. The activation energy of the chemical reaction is presumed to be large. The activation energy characterizing the kinetics of vaporization is also presumed to be large. The equations governing the structure of the flame were integrated numerically. It is shown that the interplay of vaporization kinetics and oxidation process can result in steady flame propagation in combustible mixtures where the value of phi sub u is substantially larger than unity. This prediction is in agreement with experimental observations.

Seshadri, K.↗
NASA NTRS2023

Modeling of Condensation in the Presence of Noncondensables in GFSSP

The Generalized Fluid System Simulation Program (GFSSP) computer code is enhanced with the capability to model condensation in the presence of noncondensable gases. Condensation in the presence of noncondensables is modeled using the Couette flow film (stagnant film) model. Experimental data on the condensation of water vapor in downward flow of air-water vapor and helium-water vapor mixtures in vertical tubes are compared with the predictions of GFSSP. The comparisons show that GFSSP can predict the experimental data well.

heat transfer↗
NASA NTRS1995

Supersonic combustion ramjet propulsion experiments in a shock tunnel

Measurements have been made of the propulsive effect of supersonic combustion ramjets incorporated into a simple axisymmetric model in a free piston shock tunnel. The nominal Mach number was 6, and the stagnation enthalpy varied from 2.8 MJ kg(exp -1) to 8.5 MJ kg(exp -1). A mixture of 13 percent silane and 87 percent hydrogen was used as fuel, and experiments were conducted at equivalence ratios up to approximately 0.8. The measurements involved the axial force on the model, and were made using a stress wave force balance, which is a recently developed technique for measuring forces in shock tunnels. A net thrust was experienced up to a stagnation enthalpy of 3.7 MJ kg(exp -1), but as the stagnation enthalpy increased, an increasing net drag was recorded. pitot and static pressure measurements showed that the combustion was supersonic. The results were found to compare satisfactorily with predictions based on established theoretical models, used with some simplifying approximations. The rapid reduction of net thrust with increasing stagnation enthalpy was seen to arise from increasing precombustion temperature, showing the need to control this variable if thrust performance was to be maintained over a range of stagnation enthalpies. Both the inviscid and viscous drag were seen to be relatively insensitive to stagnation enthalpy, with the combustion chambers making a particularly significant contribution to drag. The maximum fuel specific impulse achieved in the experiments was only 175 sec., but the theory indicates that there is considerable scope for improvement on this through aerodynamic design.

Paull, A.↗
NASA NTRS2023

Modeling of Condensation in the Presence of Noncondensables in GFSSP

The Generalized Fluid System Simulation Program (GFSSP) computer code is enhanced with the capability to model condensation in the presence of noncondensable gases. Condensation in the presence of noncondensables is modeled using the Couette flow film (stagnant film) model. Experimental data on the condensation of water vapor in downward flow of air-water vapor and helium-water vapor mixtures in vertical tubes are compared with the predictions of GFSSP. The comparisons show that GFSSP can predict the experimental data well.

heat transfer↗