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At least 667 records · Page 37
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2022

Constructing a multi-functional polymer network for ultra-stable and safe Li-metal batteries

We report the practical application of lithium (Li) metal electrodes is impeded by Li dendrite growth and unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Herein, a multi-grafting polymer network, poly(dimethyl siloxane)-g-[poly(poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate)-r-sodium poly(p-styrene sulfonate)] (PPS), is chemically synthesized from reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. With integrated stretchability, ionic conductivity, and mechanical robustness, it serves a dual role to stabilize the Li electrode. As artificial SEI layer, the PPS enables superior electrochemical performance in half cells, symmetric cells, and full cells (PPS@Li/LiFePO 4 , capacity retention of >70% after 600 cycles). Utilized as solid polymer electrolyte (SPE), the all-solid-state Li/SPE/LiFePO 4 full cell delivers excellent cycling performance with an unprecedented capacity retention of 90% over 1,700 cycles at 0.5 C and 81% over 1,000 cycles at 1.0 C. With high-voltage LiNi 0.8 Mn 0.1 Co 0.1 O 2 (NMC811) as cathode, the Li/SPE/NMC811 cell exhibits an initial discharge capacity of 162.2 mAh g -1 with a capacity retention of 72% after 200 cycles. The assembled solid-state Li/SPE/LiFePO4 pouch cell with SPE exhibits stable cycling performance over 200 cycles with a capacity retention of 75% and still operates well even after curling, folding, and cutting, demonstrating great potential for achieving ultra-safe and high energy density batteries.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Atomic-Level Understanding of Surface Reconstruction Based on Li[Ni x Mn y Co 1–x–y ]O 2 Single-Crystal Studies

The stability of cathode particle surfaces that are directly exposed to the electrolyte is one of the most crucial and determining factors for cathode performance at high operating voltages. Theory has predicted a strong dependence of surface stability on chemical compositions as well as surface facets of layered oxides, yet conflicting results on the correlations exist as most experimental studies focus on cycled secondary particles recovered from composite electrodes. Here, we synthesize well-formed Li[Ni x Mn y Co 1–x–y ]O 2 (NMC) single-crystal samples, carefully define pristine surface properties, and then monitor their evolution with cycling. Atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) imaging and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) analysis show the formation of a surface reconstruction layer (SRL) as well as an extended surface reduction layer on pristine, Li-permeable non-(001) surfaces, even before cycling. We reveal a transition region with chemical gradient, in which the layered structure gradually densifies and eventually transforms into the SRL on the top surface. Contrary to these observations, no SRL is observed on pristine, Li-impermeable (001) surfaces, revealing the facet-dependent nature of surface reconstructions during particle synthesis. Upon electrochemical cycling, significant composition-and facet-dependent SRL growth is observed. The driving force and mechanism for surface reconstruction are further discussed. The present study provides insights into the origin as well as the nature of SRLs, highlighting the significance of surface engineering in cathode material optimization.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Solution Blowing Synthesis of Li-Conductive Ceramic Nanofibers

Solid state electrolytes (SSEs) offer great potential to enable high-performance and safe lithium (Li) batteries. However, the scale-up synthesis and processing of SSEs is a major challenge. In this work, three-dimensional networks of lithium lanthanum titanite (LLTO) nanofibers are produced through a scale-up technique based on solution blowing. Compared with the conventional electrospinning method, the solution blowing technique enables high-speed fabrication of SSEs (e.g., 15 times faster) with superior productivity and quality. Additionally, the room-temperature ionic conductivity of composite polymer electrolytes (CPEs) formed from solution-blown LLTO fibers is 70% higher than the ones formed from electrospun fibers (1.9 x 10 -4 vs 1.1 x 10 -4 S cm -1 for 10 wt % LLTO fibers). Furthermore, the cyclability of the CPEs made from solution-blown fibers in the symmetric Li cell is more than 2.5 times that of the CPEs made from electrospun fibers. These comparisons here show that solution-blown ion-conductive fibers hold great promise for applications in Li metal batteries.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Decoding the Oxygen Activity with Iron through Ligand-to-Metal Charge Transfer in Li-Rich Layered Cathodes

The quest for high-energy-density and cost-effective cathode materials has revitalized lithium-rich iron-based oxides, where Fe 3+ ions with their stable half-filled d 5 electronic configuration demonstrate unique potentials in regulating oxygen redox activity through ligand-to-metal charge transfer. Using operando 57 Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, synchrotron X-ray techniques, and density functional theory calculations, we unravel the enhanced Fe–O redox activity through the LMCT process and the concomitant evolution of local structure distortion in the Li-rich layered system Li 1.2 MO 2 (M = Ni, Mn, Fe). The metastable Fe 4+ intermediates facilitate early activation of oxygen redox through LMCT along with increased delithiation at a lowered potential (below 4.5 V). Here, this process inherently suppresses Jahn–Teller distortion of Fe 4+ and exhibits Fe–O redox dominance over conventional Fe 3+ /Fe 4+ redox in Li-rich oxides. The Fe–O coupling redox exhibits improved initial Coulombic efficiency and 95% capacity retention over 200 cycles at 4.4 V. However, the LMCT process is accompanied by aggravated cation migration and voltage fade at low cutoff potentials, which requires further mitigation for the utilization of Fe–O redox. Overall, these findings demonstrate the regulating mechanism of iron for oxygen redox through LMCT and provide fundamental insights into the design principles for high-performance, cost-effective iron-based cathode materials.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2025

Overcoming the conversion reaction limitation at three-phase interfaces using mixed conductors towards energy-dense solid-state Li–S batteries

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) hold great promise for next-generation safe, durable and energy-dense battery technology. However, solid-state sulfur conversion reactions are kinetically sluggish and primarily constrained to the restricted three-phase boundary area of sulfur, carbon and solid electrolytes, making it challenging to achieve high sulfur utilization. Here, in this study, we develop and implement mixed ionic–electronic conductors (MIECs) in sulfur cathodes to replace conventional solid electrolytes and invoke conversion reactions at sulfur–MIEC interfaces in addition to traditional three-phase boundaries. Microscopic and tomographic analyses reveal the emergence of mixed-conducting domains embedded in sulfur at sulfur–MIEC boundaries, helping promote the thorough conversion of active sulfur into Li 2 S. Consequently, substantially improved active sulfur ratios (up to 87.3%) and conversion degrees (>94%) are achieved in Li–S ASSBs with high discharge capacity (>1,450 mAh g –1 ) and long cycle life (>1,000 cycles). The strategy is also applied to enhance the active material utilization of other conversion cathodes.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Li(SiNi)6 by Materials Project

Li(NiSi)6 crystallizes in the hexagonal P6/mmm space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Li1+ sites. In the first Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to eight Si+1.33- atoms to form LiSi8 hexagonal bipyramids that share corners with twelve equivalent NiSi6 octahedra, edges with three equivalent LiSi8 hexagonal bipyramids, and faces with twelve NiSi6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 53°. There are two shorter (2.61 Å) and six longer (2.80 Å) Li–Si bond lengths. In the second Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to eight Si+1.33- atoms to form LiSi8 hexagonal bipyramids that share corners with twelve equivalent NiSi6 octahedra and faces with twelve equivalent NiSi6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 52°. There are two shorter (2.61 Å) and six longer (2.79 Å) Li–Si bond lengths. There are two inequivalent Ni+1.17+ sites. In the first Ni+1.17+ site, Ni+1.17+ is bonded to six Si+1.33- atoms to form distorted NiSi6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent LiSi8 hexagonal bipyramids, corners with fourteen NiSi6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent NiSi6 octahedra, faces with two equivalent LiSi8 hexagonal bipyramids, and faces with four equivalent NiSi6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 32–67°. There are a spread of Ni–Si bond distances ranging from 2.34–2.53 Å. In the second Ni+1.17+ site, Ni+1.17+ is bonded to six Si+1.33- atoms to form distorted NiSi6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent LiSi8 hexagonal bipyramids, corners with fourteen NiSi6 octahedra, edges with two equivalent NiSi6 octahedra, faces with two LiSi8 hexagonal bipyramids, and faces with four NiSi6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 32–68°. There are a spread of Ni–Si bond distances ranging from 2.36–2.54 Å. There are four inequivalent Si+1.33- sites. In the first Si+1.33- site, Si+1.33- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Li1+, six equivalent Ni+1.17+, and one Si+1.33- atom. The Si–Si bond length is 2.37 Å. In the second Si+1.33- site, Si+1.33- is bonded in a 1-coordinate geometry to one Li1+, six Ni+1.17+, and one Si+1.33- atom. The Si–Si bond length is 2.38 Å. In the third Si+1.33- site, Si+1.33- is bonded in a 7-coordinate geometry to one Li1+ and six Ni+1.17+ atoms. In the fourth Si+1.33- site, Si+1.33- is bonded in a 8-coordinate geometry to two equivalent Li1+ and six Ni+1.17+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Li(CN)2 by Materials Project

Li(CN)2 crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/m space group. The structure is one-dimensional and consists of two Li(CN)2 ribbons oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. Li1+ is bonded to four N3- atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing LiN4 tetrahedra. There are two shorter (2.08 Å) and two longer (2.13 Å) Li–N bond lengths. There are two inequivalent C+2.50+ sites. In the first C+2.50+ site, C+2.50+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N3- atom. The C–N bond length is 1.20 Å. In the second C+2.50+ site, C+2.50+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N3- atom. The C–N bond length is 1.20 Å. There are two inequivalent N3- sites. In the first N3- site, N3- is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to two equivalent Li1+ and one C+2.50+ atom. In the second N3- site, N3- is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to two equivalent Li1+ and one C+2.50+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Li(ReO3)5 by Materials Project

Li(ReO3)5 crystallizes in the triclinic P-1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Li1+ sites. In the first Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded in a distorted square co-planar geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 2.22–2.68 Å. In the second Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded in a distorted square co-planar geometry to eight O2- atoms. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 2.22–2.68 Å. There are twelve inequivalent Re+5.80+ sites. In the first Re+5.80+ site, Re+5.80+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form corner-sharing ReO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 20–25°. There are a spread of Re–O bond distances ranging from 1.89–1.92 Å. In the second Re+5.80+ site, Re+5.80+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form corner-sharing ReO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 20–25°. There are a spread of Re–O bond distances ranging from 1.89–1.94 Å. In the third Re+5.80+ site, Re+5.80+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form corner-sharing ReO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 20–25°. There are a spread of Re–O bond distances ranging from 1.89–1.94 Å. In the fourth Re+5.80+ site, Re+5.80+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form corner-sharing ReO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 21–25°. There is four shorter (1.90 Å) and two longer (1.92 Å) Re–O bond length. In the fifth Re+5.80+ site, Re+5.80+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form corner-sharing ReO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 20–26°. There are a spread of Re–O bond distances ranging from 1.88–1.95 Å. In the sixth Re+5.80+ site, Re+5.80+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form corner-sharing ReO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 20–26°. There are a spread of Re–O bond distances ranging from 1.88–1.94 Å. In the seventh Re+5.80+ site, Re+5.80+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form corner-sharing ReO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 20–25°. There are a spread of Re–O bond distances ranging from 1.89–1.92 Å. In the eighth Re+5.80+ site, Re+5.80+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form corner-sharing ReO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 20–25°. There are a spread of Re–O bond distances ranging from 1.89–1.92 Å. In the ninth Re+5.80+ site, Re+5.80+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form corner-sharing ReO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 20–26°. There are a spread of Re–O bond distances ranging from 1.88–1.94 Å. In the tenth Re+5.80+ site, Re+5.80+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form corner-sharing ReO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 20–26°. There are a spread of Re–O bond distances ranging from 1.89–1.93 Å. In the eleventh Re+5.80+ site, Re+5.80+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form corner-sharing ReO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 20–25°. There are a spread of Re–O bond distances ranging from 1.89–1.94 Å. In the twelfth Re+5.80+ site, Re+5.80+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form corner-sharing ReO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 20–25°. There is four shorter (1.90 Å) and two longer (1.92 Å) Re–O bond length. There are thirty inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to one Li1+ and two Re+5.80+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two Re+5.80+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to one Li1+ and two Re+5.80+ atoms. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two Re+5.80+ atoms. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two Re+5.80+ atoms. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Li1+ and two Re+5.80+ atoms. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to one Li1+ and two Re+5.80+ atoms. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two Re+5.80+ atoms. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Li1+ and two Re+5.80+ atoms. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two Re+5.80+ atoms. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two Re+5.80+ atoms. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two Re+5.80+ atoms. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Li1+ and two Re+5.80+ atoms. In the fourteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two Re+5.80+ atoms. In the fifteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two Re+5.80+ atoms. In the sixteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two Re+5.80+ atoms. In the seventeenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Li1+ and two Re+5.80+ atoms. In the eighteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two Re+5.80+ atoms. In the nineteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two Re+5.80+ atoms. In the twentieth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two Re+5.80+ atoms. In the twenty-first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to one Li1+ and two Re+5.80+ atoms. In the twenty-second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Li1+ and two Re+5.80+ atoms. In the twenty-third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Li1+ and two Re+5.80+ atoms. In the twenty-fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Li1+ and two Re+5.80+ atoms. In the twenty-fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to one Li1+ and two Re+5.80+ atoms. In the twenty-sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to one Li1+ and two Re+5.80+ atoms. In the twenty-seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to one Li1+ and two Re+5.80+ atoms. In the twenty-eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a bent 150 degrees geometry to two Re+5.80+ atoms. In the twenty-ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted bent 150 degrees geometry to one Li1+ and two Re+5.80+ atoms. In the thirtieth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to one Li1+ and two Re+5.80+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Li(H3N)4 by Materials Project

Li(NH3)4 is Silicon tetrafluoride-derived structured and crystallizes in the cubic I-43d space group. The structure is zero-dimensional and consists of sixteen Li(NH3)4 clusters. Li1+ is bonded in a tetrahedral geometry to four N+2.75- atoms. There are three shorter (2.12 Å) and one longer (2.13 Å) Li–N bond lengths. There are two inequivalent N+2.75- sites. In the first N+2.75- site, N+2.75- is bonded to one Li1+ and three equivalent H+0.83+ atoms to form distorted corner-sharing NLiH3 tetrahedra. All N–H bond lengths are 1.03 Å. In the second N+2.75- site, N+2.75- is bonded to one Li1+ and three H+0.83+ atoms to form distorted corner-sharing NLiH3 tetrahedra. All N–H bond lengths are 1.03 Å. There are four inequivalent H+0.83+ sites. In the first H+0.83+ site, H+0.83+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N+2.75- atom. In the second H+0.83+ site, H+0.83+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N+2.75- atom. In the third H+0.83+ site, H+0.83+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N+2.75- atom. In the fourth H+0.83+ site, H+0.83+ is bonded in a single-bond geometry to one N+2.75- atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Li(BiO2)3 by Materials Project

Li(BiO2)3 is Ilmenite-like structured and crystallizes in the trigonal R-3 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Li1+ sites. In the first Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to six equivalent O2- atoms to form LiO6 octahedra that share corners with six equivalent BiO6 pentagonal pyramids and edges with six equivalent BiO6 pentagonal pyramids. All Li–O bond lengths are 2.31 Å. In the second Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to six equivalent O2- atoms to form LiO6 octahedra that share corners with six equivalent BiO6 pentagonal pyramids and edges with six equivalent BiO6 pentagonal pyramids. All Li–O bond lengths are 2.18 Å. Bi+3.67+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted BiO6 pentagonal pyramids that share corners with two LiO6 octahedra, corners with four equivalent BiO6 pentagonal pyramids, edges with two LiO6 octahedra, and edges with four equivalent BiO6 pentagonal pyramids. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 36–51°. There are a spread of Bi–O bond distances ranging from 2.23–2.43 Å. There are two inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded to one Li1+ and three equivalent Bi+3.67+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing OLiBi3 trigonal pyramids. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded to one Li1+ and three equivalent Bi+3.67+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing OLiBi3 trigonal pyramids.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Li(Fe2O3)4 by Materials Project

Li(Fe2O3)4 is Spinel-like structured and crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Li1+ sites. In the first Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form LiO6 octahedra that share corners with six FeO4 tetrahedra and edges with six FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 2.07–2.18 Å. In the second Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form LiO6 octahedra that share corners with six FeO4 tetrahedra and edges with six FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 2.11–2.19 Å. There are sixteen inequivalent Fe+2.88+ sites. In the first Fe+2.88+ site, Fe+2.88+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form FeO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two equivalent LiO6 octahedra and corners with ten FeO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 54–60°. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.90–1.96 Å. In the second Fe+2.88+ site, Fe+2.88+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with six FeO4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one LiO6 octahedra, and edges with five FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.97–2.09 Å. In the third Fe+2.88+ site, Fe+2.88+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with six FeO4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one LiO6 octahedra, and edges with five FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 2.06–2.19 Å. In the fourth Fe+2.88+ site, Fe+2.88+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form FeO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two LiO6 octahedra and corners with ten FeO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 52–59°. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.88–1.94 Å. In the fifth Fe+2.88+ site, Fe+2.88+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with six FeO4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one LiO6 octahedra, and edges with five FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.96–2.10 Å. In the sixth Fe+2.88+ site, Fe+2.88+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with six FeO4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one LiO6 octahedra, and edges with five FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.95–2.11 Å. In the seventh Fe+2.88+ site, Fe+2.88+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form FeO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two equivalent LiO6 octahedra and corners with ten FeO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 54–60°. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.90–1.98 Å. In the eighth Fe+2.88+ site, Fe+2.88+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with six FeO4 tetrahedra, edges with two equivalent LiO6 octahedra, and edges with four FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.96–2.09 Å. In the ninth Fe+2.88+ site, Fe+2.88+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form FeO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two equivalent LiO6 octahedra and corners with ten FeO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 56–63°. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 2.00–2.08 Å. In the tenth Fe+2.88+ site, Fe+2.88+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with six FeO4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one LiO6 octahedra, and edges with five FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.97–2.12 Å. In the eleventh Fe+2.88+ site, Fe+2.88+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with six FeO4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one LiO6 octahedra, and edges with five FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.98–2.09 Å. In the twelfth Fe+2.88+ site, Fe+2.88+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form FeO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two LiO6 octahedra and corners with ten FeO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 53–62°. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.90–1.96 Å. In the thirteenth Fe+2.88+ site, Fe+2.88+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with six FeO4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one LiO6 octahedra, and edges with five FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.96–2.08 Å. In the fourteenth Fe+2.88+ site, Fe+2.88+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with six FeO4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one LiO6 octahedra, and edges with five FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.94–2.05 Å. In the fifteenth Fe+2.88+ site, Fe+2.88+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form FeO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two equivalent LiO6 octahedra and corners with ten FeO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 53–59°. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.85–1.96 Å. In the sixteenth Fe+2.88+ site, Fe+2.88+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with six FeO4 tetrahedra, edges with two equivalent LiO6 octahedra, and edges with four FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 2.00–2.07 Å. There are twenty-four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li1+ and three Fe+2.88+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four Fe+2.88+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four Fe+2.88+ atoms. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four Fe+2.88+ atoms. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four Fe+2.88+ atoms. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four Fe+2.88+ atoms. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li1+ and three Fe+2.88+ atoms. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four Fe+2.88+ atoms. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li1+ and three Fe+2.88+ atoms. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li1+ and three Fe+2.88+ atoms. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li1+ and three Fe+2.88+ atoms. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li1+ and three Fe+2.88+ atoms. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li1+ and three Fe+2.88+ atoms. In the fourteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four Fe+2.88+ atoms. In the fifteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four Fe+2.88+ atoms. In the sixteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Fe+2.88+ atoms to form distorted edge-sharing OFe4 trigonal pyramids. In the seventeenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four Fe+2.88+ atoms. In the eighteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded to four Fe+2.88+ atoms to form distorted edge-sharing OFe4 trigonal pyramids. In the nineteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four Fe+2.88+ atoms. In the twentieth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li1+ and three Fe+2.88+ atoms. In the twenty-first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li1+ and three Fe+2.88+ atoms. In the twenty-second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li1+ and three Fe+2.88+ atoms. In the twenty-third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li1+ and three Fe+2.88+ atoms. In the twenty-fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li1+ and three Fe+2.88+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Li(CoO2)3 by Materials Project

Li(CoO2)3 is Ilmenite-like structured and crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Li1+ sites. In the first Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted LiO6 octahedra that share corners with nine CoO6 octahedra, edges with three CoO6 octahedra, and a faceface with one CoO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 11–52°. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 2.14–2.27 Å. In the second Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form distorted LiO6 octahedra that share corners with nine CoO6 octahedra, edges with three CoO6 octahedra, and a faceface with one CoO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 10–50°. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 2.16–2.31 Å. There are six inequivalent Co+3.67+ sites. In the first Co+3.67+ site, Co+3.67+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CoO6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one LiO6 octahedra, an edgeedge with one LiO6 octahedra, edges with six CoO6 octahedra, and a faceface with one LiO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 16°. There are a spread of Co–O bond distances ranging from 1.89–1.93 Å. In the second Co+3.67+ site, Co+3.67+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CoO6 octahedra that share a cornercorner with one LiO6 octahedra, an edgeedge with one LiO6 octahedra, edges with six CoO6 octahedra, and a faceface with one LiO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 16°. There are a spread of Co–O bond distances ranging from 1.85–1.91 Å. In the third Co+3.67+ site, Co+3.67+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CoO6 octahedra that share corners with four LiO6 octahedra, an edgeedge with one LiO6 octahedra, and edges with six CoO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 11–50°. There are a spread of Co–O bond distances ranging from 1.89–2.04 Å. In the fourth Co+3.67+ site, Co+3.67+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CoO6 octahedra that share corners with four LiO6 octahedra, an edgeedge with one LiO6 octahedra, and edges with six CoO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 11–52°. There are a spread of Co–O bond distances ranging from 1.92–2.03 Å. In the fifth Co+3.67+ site, Co+3.67+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CoO6 octahedra that share corners with four LiO6 octahedra, an edgeedge with one LiO6 octahedra, and edges with six CoO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 12–48°. There are a spread of Co–O bond distances ranging from 1.86–1.93 Å. In the sixth Co+3.67+ site, Co+3.67+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CoO6 octahedra that share corners with four LiO6 octahedra, an edgeedge with one LiO6 octahedra, and edges with six CoO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 10–44°. There are a spread of Co–O bond distances ranging from 1.88–1.91 Å. There are twelve inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li1+ and three Co+3.67+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li1+ and three Co+3.67+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li1+ and three Co+3.67+ atoms. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded to one Li1+ and three Co+3.67+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing OLiCo3 trigonal pyramids. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li1+ and three Co+3.67+ atoms. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded to one Li1+ and three Co+3.67+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing OLiCo3 trigonal pyramids. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li1+ and three Co+3.67+ atoms. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded to one Li1+ and three Co+3.67+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted edge and corner-sharing OLiCo3 trigonal pyramids. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li1+ and three Co+3.67+ atoms. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li1+ and three Co+3.67+ atoms. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded to one Li1+ and three Co+3.67+ atoms to form a mixture of edge and corner-sharing OLiCo3 trigonal pyramids. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li1+ and three Co+3.67+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Li(Fe2O3)4 by Materials Project

Li(Fe2O3)4 is Spinel-like structured and crystallizes in the triclinic P1 space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Li1+ sites. In the first Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form LiO6 octahedra that share corners with six FeO4 tetrahedra and edges with six FeO6 octahedra. There are two shorter (2.14 Å) and four longer (2.15 Å) Li–O bond lengths. In the second Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form LiO6 octahedra that share corners with six FeO4 tetrahedra and edges with six FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 2.13–2.18 Å. There are sixteen inequivalent Fe+2.88+ sites. In the first Fe+2.88+ site, Fe+2.88+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form FeO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two equivalent LiO6 octahedra and corners with ten FeO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 53–61°. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.88–1.96 Å. In the second Fe+2.88+ site, Fe+2.88+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with six FeO4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one LiO6 octahedra, and edges with five FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 2.00–2.12 Å. In the third Fe+2.88+ site, Fe+2.88+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with six FeO4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one LiO6 octahedra, and edges with five FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 2.07–2.22 Å. In the fourth Fe+2.88+ site, Fe+2.88+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form FeO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two LiO6 octahedra and corners with ten FeO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 51–60°. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.88–1.99 Å. In the fifth Fe+2.88+ site, Fe+2.88+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with six FeO4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one LiO6 octahedra, and edges with five FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 2.02–2.09 Å. In the sixth Fe+2.88+ site, Fe+2.88+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with six FeO4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one LiO6 octahedra, and edges with five FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 2.02–2.10 Å. In the seventh Fe+2.88+ site, Fe+2.88+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form FeO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two equivalent LiO6 octahedra and corners with ten FeO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 56–59°. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.92–1.97 Å. In the eighth Fe+2.88+ site, Fe+2.88+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with six FeO4 tetrahedra, edges with two equivalent LiO6 octahedra, and edges with four FeO6 octahedra. There are two shorter (2.04 Å) and four longer (2.05 Å) Fe–O bond lengths. In the ninth Fe+2.88+ site, Fe+2.88+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form FeO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two equivalent LiO6 octahedra and corners with ten FeO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 55–60°. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.92–1.97 Å. In the tenth Fe+2.88+ site, Fe+2.88+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with six FeO4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one LiO6 octahedra, and edges with five FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 2.02–2.10 Å. In the eleventh Fe+2.88+ site, Fe+2.88+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with six FeO4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one LiO6 octahedra, and edges with five FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 2.02–2.09 Å. In the twelfth Fe+2.88+ site, Fe+2.88+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form FeO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two LiO6 octahedra and corners with ten FeO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 51–60°. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.88–1.99 Å. In the thirteenth Fe+2.88+ site, Fe+2.88+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with six FeO4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one LiO6 octahedra, and edges with five FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 2.07–2.22 Å. In the fourteenth Fe+2.88+ site, Fe+2.88+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with six FeO4 tetrahedra, an edgeedge with one LiO6 octahedra, and edges with five FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 2.00–2.12 Å. In the fifteenth Fe+2.88+ site, Fe+2.88+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form FeO4 tetrahedra that share corners with two equivalent LiO6 octahedra and corners with ten FeO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 54–61°. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 1.88–1.97 Å. In the sixteenth Fe+2.88+ site, Fe+2.88+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form FeO6 octahedra that share corners with six FeO4 tetrahedra, edges with two equivalent LiO6 octahedra, and edges with four FeO6 octahedra. There are a spread of Fe–O bond distances ranging from 2.03–2.07 Å. There are twenty-four inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li1+ and three Fe+2.88+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four Fe+2.88+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four Fe+2.88+ atoms. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four Fe+2.88+ atoms. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four Fe+2.88+ atoms. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four Fe+2.88+ atoms. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li1+ and three Fe+2.88+ atoms. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four Fe+2.88+ atoms. In the ninth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li1+ and three Fe+2.88+ atoms. In the tenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li1+ and three Fe+2.88+ atoms. In the eleventh O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li1+ and three Fe+2.88+ atoms. In the twelfth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li1+ and three Fe+2.88+ atoms. In the thirteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li1+ and three Fe+2.88+ atoms. In the fourteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four Fe+2.88+ atoms. In the fifteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four Fe+2.88+ atoms. In the sixteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four Fe+2.88+ atoms. In the seventeenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four Fe+2.88+ atoms. In the eighteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four Fe+2.88+ atoms. In the nineteenth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four Fe+2.88+ atoms. In the twentieth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li1+ and three Fe+2.88+ atoms. In the twenty-first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li1+ and three Fe+2.88+ atoms. In the twenty-second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li1+ and three Fe+2.88+ atoms. In the twenty-third O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li1+ and three Fe+2.88+ atoms. In the twenty-fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li1+ and three Fe+2.88+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Li(CoO2)2 by Materials Project

Li(CoO2)2 is Spinel-like structured and crystallizes in the monoclinic Cc space group. The structure is three-dimensional. there are two inequivalent Li1+ sites. In the first Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form LiO4 tetrahedra that share corners with twelve CoO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 59–62°. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 1.91–2.03 Å. In the second Li1+ site, Li1+ is bonded to four O2- atoms to form distorted LiO4 trigonal pyramids that share corners with six CoO6 octahedra and edges with three CoO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 61–66°. There are a spread of Li–O bond distances ranging from 1.78–1.93 Å. There are four inequivalent Co+3.50+ sites. In the first Co+3.50+ site, Co+3.50+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CoO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent CoO6 octahedra, corners with three equivalent LiO4 tetrahedra, a cornercorner with one LiO4 trigonal pyramid, edges with five CoO6 octahedra, and an edgeedge with one LiO4 trigonal pyramid. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 50°. There are a spread of Co–O bond distances ranging from 1.89–1.91 Å. In the second Co+3.50+ site, Co+3.50+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CoO6 octahedra that share corners with six CoO6 octahedra, corners with three equivalent LiO4 tetrahedra, corners with three equivalent LiO4 trigonal pyramids, and edges with three CoO6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 50–52°. There are a spread of Co–O bond distances ranging from 1.97–2.05 Å. In the third Co+3.50+ site, Co+3.50+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CoO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent CoO6 octahedra, corners with three equivalent LiO4 tetrahedra, a cornercorner with one LiO4 trigonal pyramid, edges with five CoO6 octahedra, and an edgeedge with one LiO4 trigonal pyramid. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 51–52°. There are a spread of Co–O bond distances ranging from 1.89–1.98 Å. In the fourth Co+3.50+ site, Co+3.50+ is bonded to six O2- atoms to form CoO6 octahedra that share corners with two equivalent CoO6 octahedra, corners with three equivalent LiO4 tetrahedra, a cornercorner with one LiO4 trigonal pyramid, edges with five CoO6 octahedra, and an edgeedge with one LiO4 trigonal pyramid. The corner-sharing octahedra tilt angles range from 51–52°. There are a spread of Co–O bond distances ranging from 1.89–1.99 Å. There are eight inequivalent O2- sites. In the first O2- site, O2- is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li1+ and three Co+3.50+ atoms. In the second O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li1+ and three Co+3.50+ atoms. In the third O2- site, O2- is bonded to one Li1+ and three Co+3.50+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner and edge-sharing OLiCo3 tetrahedra. In the fourth O2- site, O2- is bonded to one Li1+ and three Co+3.50+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner and edge-sharing OLiCo3 trigonal pyramids. In the fifth O2- site, O2- is bonded to one Li1+ and three Co+3.50+ atoms to form distorted corner-sharing OLiCo3 tetrahedra. In the sixth O2- site, O2- is bonded in a rectangular see-saw-like geometry to one Li1+ and three Co+3.50+ atoms. In the seventh O2- site, O2- is bonded to one Li1+ and three Co+3.50+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner and edge-sharing OLiCo3 tetrahedra. In the eighth O2- site, O2- is bonded to one Li1+ and three Co+3.50+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner and edge-sharing OLiCo3 tetrahedra.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Li(BC)2 by Materials Project

Li(BC)2 crystallizes in the trigonal P-3m1 space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of one Li(BC)2 sheet oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. Li1+ is bonded in a 6-coordinate geometry to six equivalent C+3.50- atoms. All Li–C bond lengths are 2.33 Å. B3+ is bonded in a trigonal planar geometry to three equivalent C+3.50- atoms. All B–C bond lengths are 1.57 Å. C+3.50- is bonded in a distorted trigonal planar geometry to three equivalent Li1+ and three equivalent B3+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Li(HoS2)3 by Materials Project

HoLi(HoS2)2(S)2 crystallizes in the orthorhombic Cmmm space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of two holmium molecules; four hydrogen sulfide molecules; and one Li(HoS2)2 sheet oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. In the Li(HoS2)2 sheet, Li1+ is bonded in a distorted rectangular see-saw-like geometry to four equivalent S+1.67- atoms. All Li–S bond lengths are 2.47 Å. Ho3+ is bonded in a linear geometry to two equivalent S+1.67- atoms. Both Ho–S bond lengths are 2.51 Å. S+1.67- is bonded in a distorted linear geometry to one Li1+ and one Ho3+ atom.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Materials Data on Li(TaS2)2 by Materials Project

Li(TaS2)2 crystallizes in the trigonal P-3m1 space group. The structure is two-dimensional and consists of one Li(TaS2)2 sheet oriented in the (0, 0, 1) direction. Li1+ is bonded to six equivalent S2- atoms to form LiS6 octahedra that share corners with twelve equivalent TaS6 pentagonal pyramids, edges with six equivalent LiS6 octahedra, and faces with two equivalent TaS6 pentagonal pyramids. All Li–S bond lengths are 2.56 Å. Ta+3.50+ is bonded to six S2- atoms to form distorted TaS6 pentagonal pyramids that share corners with six equivalent LiS6 octahedra, edges with six equivalent TaS6 pentagonal pyramids, and a faceface with one LiS6 octahedra. The corner-sharing octahedral tilt angles are 45°. There are three shorter (2.47 Å) and three longer (2.51 Å) Ta–S bond lengths. There are two inequivalent S2- sites. In the first S2- site, S2- is bonded to three equivalent Li1+ and three equivalent Ta+3.50+ atoms to form a mixture of distorted corner and edge-sharing SLi3Ta3 pentagonal pyramids. In the second S2- site, S2- is bonded in a distorted T-shaped geometry to three equivalent Ta+3.50+ atoms.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
NASA NTRS2012

Improved Wide Operating Temperature Range of LiNiCoAiO2-based Li-ion Cells with Methyl Propionate-based Electrolytes

Demonstration of wide operating temperature range Li-ion electrolytes Methyl propionate-based wide operating temperature range electrolytes were demonstrated to provide dramatic improvement of the low temperature capability of Quallion prototype Li-ion cells (MCMB-LiNiCoAlO2). Some formulations were observed to deliver over 60% of the room temperature capacity using a 5C rate at - 40oC !! Represents over a 4-fold improvement over the baseline electrolyte system. Demonstrated operational capability of a number of systems over a wide temperature range (-40 to +70 C) Demonstrated reasonably good long term cycle life performance at high temperature (i.e., at +40deg and +50 C) A number of formulations containing electrolytes additives (i.e., FEC, VC, LiBOB, and lithium oxalate) have been shown to have enhanced lithium kinetics at low temperature and promising high temperature resilience. Demonstrated good performance in larger capacity (12 Ah) Quallion Li-ion cells with methyl propionate-based electrolytes. Current efforts focused upon performing life studies and the impact upon low temperature capability.

Li-ion electrolytes↗