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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 667 records · Page 37
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2016

UO{sub 2} and PuO{sub 2} utilization in high temperature engineering test reactor with helium coolant

High temperature engineering test reactor (HTTR) is one of high temperature gas cooled reactor (HTGR) types which has been developed by Japanese Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI). The HTTR is a graphite moderator, helium gas coolant, 30 MW thermal output and 950 °C outlet coolant temperature for high temperature test operation. Original HTTR uses UO{sub 2} fuel. In this study, we have evaluated the use of UO{sub 2} and PuO{sub 2} in form of mixed oxide (MOX) fuel in HTTR. The reactor cell calculation was performed by using SRAC 2002 code, with nuclear data library was derived from JENDL3.2. The result shows that HTTR can obtain its criticality condition if the enrichment of {sup 235}U in loaded fuel is 18.0% or above.

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Real-time monitoring of subsurface microbial metabolism with graphite electrodes

Monitoring in situ microbial activity in anoxic submerged soils and aquatic sediments can be labor intensive and technically difficult, especially in dynamic environments in which a record of changes in microbial activity over time is desired. Microbial fuel cell concepts have previously been adapted to detect changes in the availability of relatively high concentrations of organic compounds in waste water but, in most soils and sediments, rates of microbial activity are not linked to the concentrations of labile substrates, but rather to the turnover rates of the substrate pools with steady state concentrations in the nM-μ M range. In order to determine whether levels of current produced at a graphite anode would correspond to the rates of microbial metabolism in anoxic sediments, small graphite anodes were inserted in sediment cores and connected to graphite brush cathodes in the overlying water. Currents produced were compared with the rates of [2- 14 C]-acetate metabolism. There was a direct correlation between current production and the rate that [2- 14 C]-acetate was metabolized to 14 CO 2 and 14 CH 4 in sediments in which Fe(III) reduction, sulfate reduction, or methane production was the predominant terminal electron-accepting process. At comparable acetate turnover rates, currents were higher in the sediments in which sulfate-reduction or Fe(III) reduction predominated than in methanogenic sediments. This was attributed to reduced products (Fe(II), sulfide) produced at distance from the anode contributing to current production in addition to the current that was produced from microbial oxidation of organic substrates with electron transfer to the anode surface in all three sediment types. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that inexpensive graphite electrodes may provide a simple strategy for real-time monitoring of microbial activity in a diversity of anoxic soils and sediments.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2018

An Efficient Electrolytic Preparation of MAX-Phased Ti-Al-C

Large-scale deployment of MAX-phased Ti-Al-C with intriguing mechanical and physicochemical properties is significantly retarded by its harsh preparation conditions, in which costly precursors, high temperature and non-atmospheric pressure are generally imperative. We herein report an efficient electrolytic preparation of MAX-phased Ti-Al-C by direct electro-reduction of solid TiO{sub 2}-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}-C in molten CaCl{sub 2} at 1223 K under normal pressure. Homogeneous layered Ti{sub 3}AlC{sub 2} with an oxygen content of 4300 ppm is prepared under a voltage of 3 V between the solid cathode and graphite anode for only 4 hours. The electro-reduction of TiO{sub 2}-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}-C exhibits a much faster speed compared with the electrolysis employing TiO{sub 2}, TiO{sub 2}-C and TiO{sub 2}-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} as the precursors. Time-dependent electrolysis indicates that TiC{sub x}O{sub y} is the main intermediate. The generation of refractory and highly conducting TiC{sub x}O{sub y} intermediate enhances the reduction. Density functional theory simulations show a weak affinity towards oxygen of the resulting Ti{sub 3}AlC{sub 2}, which is beneficial to fast and thorough deoxidation. The formation of a layered structure of Ti{sub 3}AlC{sub 2} is attributed to the template effect of the precursory graphite. By simply varying the precursory stoichiometry, layered Ti{sub 2}AlC is also prepared. The present protocol featuring affordable feedstock, low temperature, ambient pressure, high energy efficiency and controllable stoichiometry is promising for large-scale application.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Graphite Conjugation Eliminates Redox Intermediates in Molecular Electrocatalysis

The efficient interconversion of electrical and chemical energy requires the intimate coupling of electrons and small-molecule substrates at catalyst active sites. In molecular electrocatalysis, the molecule acts as a redox mediator which typically undergoes oxidation or reduction in a separate step from substrate activation. These mediated pathways introduce a high-energy intermediate, cap the driving force for substrate activation at the reduction potential of the molecule, and impede access to high rates at low overpotentials. Here we show that electronically coupling a molecular hydrogen evolution catalyst to a graphitic electrode eliminates stepwise pathways and forces concerted electron transfer and proton binding. Electrochemical and X-ray absorption spectroscopy data establish that hydrogen evolution catalysis at the graphite-conjugated Rh molecule proceeds without first reducing the metal center. These results have broad implications for the molecular-level design of energy conversion catalysts.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
NASA NTRS1962

PYROLYTIC GRAPHITE ROCKET THRUST CHAMBER INVESTIGATION PROJECT. MONTHLY LETTER

This is the Monthly Letter Progress Report for the eighth month of a twelve month technical study directed toward the following objectives: A. Determining analytically and experimentally the feasibility and attractiveness of using free-standing pyrolytic graphite for a radiation cooled liquid rocket thrust chamber and exit nozzle for space application. B. Establishing through analysis and experimental demonstration, a set of design principles to facilitate the design of a reliable pyrolytic graphite thrust chamber assembly for a specific range of operating conditions. C. Demonstrate by means of test firings of complete thrust chamber assemblies, the validity of the design data and principles developed during the program. Preparations have been completed for test firing the two 100 lb. thrust Boron Pyralloy chambers at Marquardt during the first week in March 1962. These two chambers will first be static pressure checked with water to a pressure of 135 psig. The chambers will then be test fired with N204/N2H4-MMH propellants . Test samples of eleven different pyrolytic carbide and nitride materials have been ordered for high temperature oxidation tests and should be delivered by the end of March for evaluation in the plasma torch facility. The specific materials ordered in free- standing condition in thicknesses from 0.030 inch to 0.065 inch were as follows: (a) Pyrolytic graphite (on hand) (b) Pyrolytic graphite-boron alloy (on hand) (c) Pyrolytic graphite-tungsten alloy (d)Boron nitride (e) Titanium nitride (f) Silicon carbide (g) Titanium carbide (h) Zirconium carbide (i) Hafnium carbide (j) Niobium carbide (k) Tantalum carbide (l) High density (1 1-90) graphite (m) High density graphite (heat treated) These materials were ordered from Raytheon, HTM, and American Meta 1 Products . A summary of the available data on the oxidation rates of pyrolytic materials under slow air and rocket motor conditions is shown in Figure 1. High Temperature Materials, Inc. has been contacted relative to providing Pyrographite thrust chambers with extra-thick walls . They believe they can deliver chambers with substantially thicker walls than were possible a short time ago. Such a configuration, with acceptable residual stresses, would provide a longer firing life since it is ultimately limited by the oxidation rate of the chamber wall material. Stress and structural studies have continued. The analytical stress studies point out some of the problems associated with the experimental determination of the elastic constants of this highly anisotropic material. Further analysis may shed light on improved techniques for making these experimental determinations. The large potential weight saving available with the use of pyrolytic graphite as a thrust chamber wall material in a radiation cooled rocket motor has been calculated and is shown graphically in Figure 2. Figure A presents the program progress schedule and the actual expenditures as of 7 February 1962.

ROCKET ENGINE↗
DOE OSTI2019

Predicting cost-effective carbon fiber precursors: Unraveling the functionalities of oxygen and nitrogen-containing groups during carbonization from ReaxFF simulations

Blends of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and poly(p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole) (PBO) as precursors may offer an opportunity to reduce the cost of carbon fiber (CF) production. The all-carbon ring formations and volatile gas production during the heating and carbonization for 9 PAN/PBO blend precursors with varying mixing ratios are studied via the ReaxFF reactive molecular dynamics simulations. Evolutions of oxygen-containing (O-containing) and nitrogen-containing (N-containing) groups are detailed, in order to reveal the reaction mechanisms of the O and N-based CF precursors. Particularly, the O-containing groups are identified to be more efficient for initiating the carbonization, whereas N-containing groups are far longer retained in the graphitic materials and play a key role in capturing and converting carbon radical species into the graphitic networks. Additionally, the PAN/PBO blend precursor with a mole ratio of 1:1 is compared with the pre-oxidized PAN, PAN, and PBO. As a result, it is found that the PAN/PBO blends could be a promising alternative for the cost-effective PAN-based CF precursors, since they can decrease the cost of the CF production by means of: (a) eliminating the pre-oxidation process, (b) having considerable all-carbon ring formations within a short period, and (c) having a relatively fast conversion rate, reaching 95% 6-membered carbon ring formation.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2024

Heterogeneous Fe-N-C Catalyst for Aerobic Dehydrogenation of Hydrazones to Diazo Compounds Used for Carbene Transfer

Organic diazo compounds are versatile reagents in chemical synthesis and would benefit from improved synthetic accessibility, especially for larger scale applications. Here, we report a mild method for the synthesis of diazo compounds from hydrazones using a heterogeneous Fe-N-C catalyst, which has Fe ions dispersed within a graphitic nitrogen-doped carbon support. The reactions proceed readily at room temperature using O 2 (1 atm) as the oxidant. Aryl diazoesters, ketones, and amides are accessible, in addition to less stable diaryl diazo compounds. Initial-rate data show that the Fe-N-C catalyst achieves faster rates than a heterogeneous Pt/C catalyst. The oxidative dehydrogenation of hydrazones may be performed in tandem with Rh-catalyzed enantioselective C–H insertion and cyclopropanation of alkenes, without requiring isolation of the diazo intermediate. Furthermore, this sequence is showcased by using a flow reactor for continuous synthesis of diazo compounds.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2026

Unraveling interphase-driven failure pathways in LiMn0.6Fe0.4PO4/graphite pouch cells

LiMnxFe1−xPO4 (LMFP) is a promising high-voltage, thermally stable, and earth-abundant cathode material, yet its practical application is limited by interphase instability and Mn dissolution. In this work, we systematically evaluate LiMn0.6Fe0.4PO4/graphite pouch cells using three electrolyte formulations including control carbonate electrolyte, control + 2 wt% vinylene carbonate (VC), and control + 2 wt% VC + 1 wt% 1,3,2-dioxathiolane 2,2-dioxide (DTD), to establish how electrolyte composition governs interphase chemistry and long-term degradation. Electrochemical testing shows that both additives are preferentially reduced prior to ethylene carbonate (EC) during cell formation, generating robust cathode-electrolyte interphase (CEI) and solid-electrolyte interphase (SEI) layers that suppress gas evolution and raise the first-cycle coulombic efficiency to 89.3%. Additionally, the dual-additive electrolyte delivers the most stable performance, retaining over 85% capacity after 600 cycles while minimizing impedance growth under long-term cycling at C/3 and 40 °C. Soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy confirms that VC + DTD effectively suppresses electrolyte oxidation at the cathode surface, and micro-X-ray fluorescence shows substantially reduced Mn dissolution and deposition on the graphite anode. Density functional theory simulations further provided insights into the structural and energetic influences of alkoxide species on the cathode surface, proposing a Mn2+ extraction mechanism. The combined experimental and computational findings establish a mechanistic link between electrolyte composition and interphase evolution, highlighting the effectiveness of electrolyte engineering for extending the operational lifetime of LMFP-based lithium-ion batteries.

Chak, Chanmonirath Michael↗
DOE OSTI2014

Continuous ultra-thin MoS{sub 2} films grown by low-temperature physical vapor deposition

Uniform growth of pristine two dimensional (2D) materials over large areas at lower temperatures without sacrifice of their unique physical properties is a critical pre-requisite for seamless integration of next-generation van der Waals heterostructures into functional devices. This Letter describes a vapor phase growth technique for precisely controlled synthesis of continuous, uniform molecular layers of MoS{sub 2} on silicon dioxide and highly oriented pyrolitic graphite substrates of over several square centimeters at 350 °C. Synthesis of few-layer MoS{sub 2} in this ultra-high vacuum physical vapor deposition process yields materials with key optical and electronic properties identical to exfoliated layers. The films are composed of nano-scale domains with strong chemical binding between domain boundaries, allowing lift-off from the substrate and electronic transport measurements from contacts with separation on the order of centimeters.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2018

Structure and dynamics of water confined in nanoporous carbon

We study the structure and dynamics of water confined in a nanoporous graphitic carbon structure using molecular-dynamics (MD) simulations. The carbon structure is generated by a reactive MD simulation of oxidation of a silicon carbide nanoparticle. We embed water molecules in the nanopores and study structural and dynamical properties of nanoconfined water as a function of temperature. MD simulation results indicate the presence of high-density water (HDW) and low-density water. Radial distribution functions and spatial density functions indicate that the second solvation shell of the HDW is broken. We calculate the self-diffusion coefficient of confined water molecules as a function of temperature and find a significant decrease in the diffusion of water molecules around T = 190K. The cage correlation function c(t) of confined water molecules at T = 200K exhibits stretched exponential decay, c(t) = exp[–(t/τ) β ], with β = 0.43, which matches exactly with the theoretical prediction β = 3/7. Finally, the self-intermediate scattering function at T = 200K indicates differences in small-scale and large-scale dynamics of water molecules.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Metal-Catalyzed Thermo-Catalytic Decomposition and Continuous Catalyst Generation

In this study, metal dusting is utilized to initiate a two-stage thermo-catalytic decomposition (TCD) process. Stage 1 starts with metal-catalyzed TCD, and in stage 2 the metal-catalyzed carbon catalyzes additional TCD. TEM is presented of the early- versus late-stage TCD to qualitatively illustrate the second-stage TCD by the metal-catalyzed carbons. Corresponding SEM illustrates differences in growth type and surface density between early versus late reaction times, with backscattered imaging differentiating the first- versus second-stage TCD. TGA supports the microscopic inference of a second carbon phase by the presence of an early (low-temperature) reaction peak, characteristic of low-structure or disordered carbon as the second-stage TCD carbon. Raman analysis confirms that the second-stage carbon deposit is more disordered and unstructured, especially at 1000 °C, supported by the ID/IG and La value changes from 0.068 to 0.936 and 65 nm to 4.7 nm, respectively. To further confirm second-stage TCD occurrence upon pre-catalyzed carbons, two carbon blacks are tested. Exposing a combination of edge and basal or exclusively basal sites for the graphitized form, they afford a direct comparison of TCD carbon nanostructure dependence upon the initial carbon catalyst nanostructure. Pre-oxidation of the stainless-steel wool (SSW) prior to TCD is advantageous, accelerating TCD rates and increasing carbon yield relative to the nascent SSW for an equivalent reaction duration.

Chemistry↗
NASA NTRSDate not supplied

Monitoring of Ionic Silver Biocide with Capacitively-Coupled Contactless Conductivity Detection (C4D)

Monitoring of biocide dosing in spacecraft potable water systems is desirable to ensure dosing system operation and resultant microbial control. Electrolytic conductivity is linearly related to the concentration ionic silver (Ag+, the baseline biocide for future NASA missions) chemically dosed into highly purified water, and could serve as a proxy measurement. Traditional conductivity cells rely on immersed metal or graphite electrodes, which may potentially be subject to significant current-induced or auto-galvanic deposition of Ag+. Furthermore, oxide fouling may potentially induce measurement errors. Capacitively-coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4D) is a promising alternative. C4D uses electrodes placed outside an inert, non-conductive flow path, potentially mitigating such problems. We identified and purchased a commercial C4D system with claimed performance (conductivity range: 20 nS/cm to 4 µS/cm) appropriate for this application. We characterized the instrument’s performance with conductivity standards and Ag+ solutions. We began investigations considering practical and long-term detector operation, including potential current-induced deposition of conductive deposits at the tubing wall. In addition, we designed a side-stream flow system to provide liquid flow through the narrow tubing (1/16” outer diameter) required by the detector and characterized the performance of the combined C4D detector/flow system. Finally, we completed theoretical modeling of expected conductivity change with multiple dosing techniques and water chemistries.

Lance Dean Delzeit↗
DOE OSTI2015

The role of CO 2 as a soft oxidant for dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to styrene over a high-surface-area ceria catalyst

Catalytic performance and the nature of surface adsorbates were investigated for high-surface-area ceria during ethylbenzene oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) reaction using CO2 as a soft oxidant. A template assisted method was used to synthesize the high-surface-area ceria. The interactions between ethylbenzene, styrene and CO2 on the surface of ceria and the role of CO2 for the ethylbenzene ODH reaction have been investigated in detail by using activity test, in situ Diffuse Reflectance Infrared and Raman spectroscopy. Not only did CO2 as an oxidant favor the higher yield of styrene, but it also inhibited the deposition of coke during the ethylbenzene ODH reaction. Ethylbenzene ODH reaction over ceria followed a two-step pathway: Ethylbenzene is first dehydrogenated to styrene with H2 formed simultaneously, and then CO2 reacts with H2 via the reverse water gas shift. The styrene produced can easily polymerize to form polystyrene, a key intermediate for coke formation. In the absence of CO2, the polystyrene transforms into graphite-like coke at temperatures above 500 °C, which leads to catalyst deactivation. While in the presence of CO2, the coke deposition can be effectively removed via oxidation with CO2.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2015

The Formation Mechanism of Fluorescent Metal Complexes at the Li x Ni 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4-δ /Carbonate Ester Electrolyte Interface

Electrochemical oxidation of carbonate esters at the Li x Ni 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4-δ /electrolyte interface results in Ni/Mn dissolution and surface film formation, which negatively affect the electrochemical performance of Li-ion batteries. Ex situ X-ray absorption (XRF/XANES), Raman, and fluorescence spectroscopy, along with imaging of Li x Ni 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4-δ positive and graphite negative electrodes from tested Li-ion batteries, reveal the formation of a variety of Mn II/III and Ni II complexes with β-diketonate ligands. These metal complexes, which are generated upon anodic oxidation of ethyl and diethyl carbonates at Li x Ni 0.5 Mn 1.5 O 4-δ , form a surface film that partially dissolves in the electrolyte. The dissolved Mn III complexes are reduced to their Mn II analogues, which are incorporated into the solid electrolyte interphase surface layer at the graphite negative electrode. This work elucidates possible reaction pathways and evaluates their implications for Li + transport kinetics in Li-ion batteries.

energy storage (including batteries and capacitors↗
NASA NTRS1990

Aeolian removal of dust from radiator surfaces on Mars

Simulated radiator surfaces made of arc-textured Cu and Nb-1 percent-Zr and ion beam textured graphite and C-C composite were fabricated and their integrated spectral emittance characterized from 300 to 3000 K. A thin layer of aluminum oxide, basalt, or iron (III) oxide dust was then deposited on them, and they were subjected to low pressure winds in the Martian Surface Wind Tunnel. It was found that dust deposited on simulated radiator surfaces may or may not seriously lower their integrated spectral emittance, depending upon the characteristics of the dust. With Al2O3 there is no appreciable degradation of emittance on a dusted sample, with basaltic dust there is a 10 to 20 percent degradation, and with Fe2O3 a 20 to 40 percent degradation. It was also found that very high winds on dusted highly textured surfaces can result in their abrasion. Degradation in emittance due to abrasion was found to vary with radiator material. Arc-textured Cu and Nb-1 percent Zr was found to be more susceptible to emittance degradation than graphite or C-C composite. The most abrasion occurred at low angles, peaking at the 22.5 deg test samples.

Gaier, James R.↗
DOE OSTI2022

An SECM-Based Spot Analysis for Redoxmer-Electrode Kinetics: Identifying Redox Asymmetries on Model Graphitic Carbon Interfaces

The fundamental process in non-aqueous redox flow battery (NRFB) operation revolves around electron transfer (ET) between a current collector electrode and redox-active organic molecules (redoxmers) in solution. Here, we present an approach utilizing scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) to evaluate interfacial ET kinetics between redoxmers and various electrode materials of interest at desired locations. This spot-analysis method relies on the measurement of heterogeneous electron transfer rate constants (k f or k b ) as a function of applied potential (E-E 0 '). As demonstrated by COMSOL simulations, this method enables the quantification of Butler-Volmer kinetic parameters, the standard heterogeneous rate constant, k 0 , and the transfer coefficient, α. Our method enabled the identification of inherent asymmetries in the ET kinetics arising during the reduction of ferrocene-based redoxmers, compared to their oxidation which displayed faster rate constants. Similar behavior was observed on a wide variety of carbon electrodes such as multi-layer graphene, highly ordered pyrolytic graphite, glassy carbon, and chemical vapor deposition-grown graphite films. However, aqueous systems and Pt do not exhibit such kinetic effects. Our analysis suggests that differential adsorption of the redoxmers is insufficient to account for our observations. Displaying a greater versatility than conventional electroanalytical methods, we demonstrate the operation of our spot analysis at concentrations up to 100 mM of redoxmer over graphite films. Looking forward, our method can be used to assess non-idealities in a variety of redoxmer/electrode/solvent systems with quantitative evaluation of kinetics for applications in redox-flow battery research.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2016

Investigation of Glutaric Anhydride as an Electrolyte Additive for Graphite/LiNi 0.5 Mn 0.3 Co 0.2 O 2 Full Cells

The effects of glutaric anhydride (GA) as an electrolyte additive for graphite/LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 full cells operating between 3.0-4.4 V were investigated. Linear scan voltammetry (LSV) revealed that GA preferentially oxidized prior to the carbonate-based electrolyte while Li/graphite half cells revealed that GA can suppress electrolyte decomposition on the graphite electrode giving rise to the bifunctional nature of this additive. The addition of both 0.5 and 1.0 wt% of GA into the carbonate-based electrolyte resulted in superior cycling performance compared to the baseline electrolyte as demonstrated by the slight increase in initial capacities and significant increases in capacity retention over 117 cycles at C/3. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) showed that while the overall impedance of the GA containing cells was higher than the cells with the baseline electrolyte the change in impedance between post-formation and post-cycling was smallest for the cells containing GA. Additionally, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis confirmed that GA decomposed on the cathode surface leading to an increase in oxygen-containing species, a decrease in LiF species and a simultaneous increase in LixPOyFz species. (C) 2016 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.

additive↗
DOE OSTI2022

Solvent-Free Manufacturing of Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes via Cold Plasma

Slurry casting has been used to fabricate lithium-ion battery electrodes for decades, which involves toxic and expensive organic solvents followed by high-cost vacuum drying and electrode calendering. This work presents a new manufacturing method using a nonthermal plasma to create inter-particle binding without using any polymeric binding materials, enabling solvent-free manufacturing electrodes with any electrochemistry of choice. The cold-plasma-coating technique enables fabricating electrodes with thickness (>200 μm), high mass loading (>30 mg cm -2 ), high peel strength, and the ability to print lithium-ion batteries in an arbitrary geometry. This crosscutting, chemistry agnostic, platform technology would increase energy density, eliminate the use of solvents, vacuum drying, and calendering processes during production, and reduce manufacturing cost for current and future cell designs. Here, lithium iron phosphate and lithium cobalt oxide were used as examples to demonstrate the efficacy of the cold-plasma-coating technique. It is found that the mechanical peel strength of cold-plasma-coating-manufactured lithium iron phosphate is over an order of magnitude higher than that of slurry-casted lithium iron phosphate electrodes. Full cells assembled with a graphite anode and the cold-plasma-coating-lithium iron phosphate cathode offer highly reversible cycling performance with a capacity retention of 81.6% over 500 cycles. For the highly conductive cathode material lithium cobalt oxide, an areal capacity of 4.2 mAh cm -2 at 0.2 C is attained. We anticipate that this new, highly scalable manufacturing technique will redefine global lithium-ion battery manufacturing providing significantly reduced plant footprints and material costs.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗