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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 667 records · Page 37
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2024

Extraction scheme for future CEBAF FFA based energy upgrade

Jefferson lab is considering an energy increase from current 12 GeV to 22 GeV for its CEBAF accelerator. This will be accomplished by recirculating 5-6 additional turns through two parallel CEBAF LINACs using an FFA arc at each end of the racetrack. The total recirculation turns would be 10 times, the first four turns use present conventional arcs to make the 180-degree bends from one LINAC to the other. However, the last 5-6 turns will all share a single beam line inside two FFA arcs. This reduces the footprint and the cost of the project significantly. On the other hand, having the trajectories of last 5-6 recirculating beams close to each other makes it challenging to extract beams from different passes with different energies. In this paper we will explain our present extraction system for 12 GeV, our challenges and limitations, and a possible extraction solution for the 22 GeV upgrade with the goal of extracting beam at different turns/energies to different experimental halls.

Kazimi, Reza↗
DOE OSTI2026

Status of the Slow Extraction Commissioning for the Mu2e Experiment at Fermilab

We present the current status of slow-extraction commissioning for the Mu2e experiment at Fermilab. The system employs third-integer resonant extraction of 8 GeV protons from the Delivery Ring to deliver a uniform, slow-spilled beam to the production target. During recent commissioning periods, we achieved stable optics, reproducible injection and energy matching, and consistent multi-spill operation. The sextupole circuits and fast-ramping quadrupoles were exercised near nominal resonance conditions, yielding promising extraction performance. A prototype spill-regulation system based on the ARIA-10 SoC was commissioned with integrated diagnostics, demonstrating closed-loop operation and establishing the framework for PID- and RFKO-based control. These commissioning results lay the foundation for achieving precision-regulated, high-quality slow extraction in upcoming Mu2e operations.

Narayanan, A. [Fermilab]↗
DOE OSTI2025

Development of a bench-scale dissolution concept for the direct extraction of nuclear fuel

Current used nuclear fuel reprocessing efforts utilize a hydrometallurgical approach in which the UNF is dissolved in hot nitric acid followed by solvent extraction into an organic solvent to harvest target nuclides. Previous studies have shown that the dissolution and loading process could be combined into a single organic dissolution/extraction step, producing loaded organic in a single step process. This single step process also includes the advantage of selectively targeting key nuclides in the dissolution while leaving undesirable constituents as part of the undissolved solids. This process is referred to hereafter as direct extraction. Ongoing research from multiple national labs has proven the effectiveness of this technique at research scale. Therefore, potential methods to implement direct extraction at both bench and industrial scale have been developed. The key features of potential dissolver system designs were identified via the team at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and several designs based on industrial counterparts were assessed for feasibility. This report summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of multiple methods, concluding with a path forward to create multiple unique dissolver designs. The first design will be a single stage recirculating eductor mixer. The second design recommendation is a stator rotor static mixing flow loop design. Each dissolver could be utilized separately, simultaneously, or in series to answer questions surrounding reaction kinetics including residence time, provide a proof of concept for targeted extractions of specific nuclides, and inform needs for industrial scale implementation

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Extracting the Breakout Distance from the ECOT Trajectories: Gaussian Process Regression Approach

Enhanced Corner Turning (ECOT) experiments provide an important metric of performance of high explosive (HE) formulations. The breakout distance is a single scalar value that characterizes the corner turning efficiency of an HE. Extracting the breakout distance from the raw ECOT results, whether experimental or simulated, is a conceptually straightforward procedure which, however, is non-unique, especially in the presence of noise. More specifically, this procedure involves numerical smoothing and selecting particular values for parameters of this smoothing introduces human bias. In this work, we propose to use the Gaussian process regression to analyze ECOT results. This analysis involves the effective smoothing of the data, thus allowing for accurate extraction of the breakout distance. Most importantly, the parameters of this smoothing can be inferred from the ECOT data itself, rendering the approach effectively parameter-free and thus diminishing the human bias. An additional benefit of the Gaussian process regression, being a statistical inference method, is that not just the value of the breakout distance, but also its confidence interval can be extracted from the data. This report introduces the Gaussian process regression, as applied to ECOT, and demonstrates its usefulness by extracting the breakout distances for a selection of experimental and simulated data.

45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEF↗
DOE OSTI2026

Upstream Extraction of Tellurium from Copper Concentrates

A major barrier to increasing CdTe PV module production is the availability of tellurium (Te), an element necessary to manufacture CdTe PV cells that currently has a very limited supply. Most Te is obtained from ore extracted for copper mining, but the current processing methods only extract 3-4% of the available Te in this ore, with the rest being discarded during other processing steps. This project aims to increase Te supply by developing an innovative extraction method that will recover more Te from the copper ore earlier in the process. This method will also extract toxic elements like antimony and arsenic, making the copper mining process more environmentally friendly.

14 SOLAR ENERGY↗
DOE OSTI2023

High-quality RNA extraction and the regulation of genes encoding cellulosomes are correlated with growth stage in anaerobic fungi

Anaerobic fungi produce biomass-degrading enzymes and natural products that are important to harness for several biotechnology applications. Although progress has been made in the development of methods for extracting nucleic acids for genomic and transcriptomic sequencing of these fungi, most studies are limited in that they do not sample multiple fungal growth phases in batch culture. In this study, we establish a method to harvest RNA from fungal monocultures and fungal–methanogen co-cultures, and also determine an optimal time frame for high-quality RNA extraction from anaerobic fungi. Based on RNA quality and quantity targets, the optimal time frame in which to harvest anaerobic fungal monocultures and fungal-methanogen co-cultures for RNA extraction was 2-5 days of growth post-inoculation. When grown on cellulose, the fungal strain Anaeromyces robustus cocultivated with the methanogen Methanobacterium bryantii upregulated genes encoding fungal carbohydrate-active enzymes and other cellulosome components relative to fungal monocultures during this time frame, but expression patterns changed at 24-hour intervals throughout the fungal growth phase. These results demonstrate the importance of establishing methods to extract high-quality RNA from anaerobic fungi at multiple time points during batch cultivation.

Brown, Jennifer L.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Quantifying Antibiotic Distribution in Solid and Liquid Fractions of Manure Using a Two-Step, Multi-Residue Antibiotic Extraction

Antibiotic distribution and analysis within liquid and solid fractions of manure are highly variable due to each compound’s respective physiochemical properties. This study developed and evaluated a uniform method extracting 10 antibiotics from 4 antibiotic classes (tetracycline, sulfonamides, macrolides, and β-lactam) from unprocessed manure, solid–liquid separated manure, and composted solids. Through systematic manipulation of previously published liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry methods; this study developed an extraction protocol with optimized recovery efficiencies for varied manure substrates. The method includes a two-step, liquid-solid extraction using 10 mL of 0.1 M EDTA-McIlviane buffer followed by 10 mL of methanol. Antibiotics recoveries from unprocessed manure, separated liquids, separated solids, and heat-treated solids using the two-step extraction method had relative standard deviations < 30% for all but ceftiofur. Total antibiotic recoveries were 67–131% for tetracyclines, 56% for sulfonamide, 49–53% for macrolides, and 1.3–66% for β-lactams. This is the first study to use one protocol to assess four classes of antibiotics in liquid and solid manure fractions. This study allowed for more precise risk assessment of antibiotic transport in manure waste stream applied to fields as a liquid or solid compost.

59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2024

Foliar Application of Nettle and Japanese Knotweed Extracts on Vitis vinifera: Consequences for Plant Physiology, Biochemical Parameters, and Yield

Climate change is expected to affect grapevine physiology, berry quality, and yield in the Douro Demarcated Region (DDR). In this study, nettle (NE) and Japanese knotweed (JKE) extracts were tested to verify their biostimulant effect on the physiological and biochemical parameters of grapevine leaves and in vine yields. In fact, some parameters were improved after foliar application of the plant extracts, namely the photosynthetic activity and consequently, the levels of photosynthetic pigments (Clb), starch, and total soluble sugars. We also observed a reduction in lipid peroxidation, which could play a crucial role in protecting cell membranes from oxidative damage induced by the climatic conditions prevalent in this region. Therefore, we confirmed that the foliar application of plant extracts, along with the enhancement of secondary metabolites and the upregulation of plant defense genes, as previously reported, resulted in the enhancement of grapevine physiology, while also increasing the yield at harvest. In the future, these plant extracts could serve as a vital tool for winegrowers in mitigating the effects of expected changes in climatic conditions.

Monteiro, Eliana (ORCID:0000000231675540)↗
DOE OSTI2022

Recovery of Rare Earth Element from Acid Mine Drainage Using Organo-Phosphorus Extractants and Ionic Liquids

Acid mine drainage is a legacy environmental issue and one of the largest pollutants in many mining districts throughout the world. In prior work, the authors have developed a process for the recovery of critical materials, including the rare earth elements, from acid mine drainage using a preconcentration step followed by solvent extraction as a concentration and purification technology. As part of the downstream technology development efforts, we have synthesized a suite of ionic liquid extractants that facilitate greater separation factors leading to lower capital costs and reduced environmental impacts. This article provides a comparison of the conventional extractants D2EHPA, EHEHPA and C572 with their respective ionic liquids [c101][D2EHP,c101][EHEHP] and [c101][C572] for the recovery of rare earth elements from acid mine drainage. In the study, laboratory-scale, multi-contact solvent extraction tests were conducted at high and low extractant/dosages. The results show that the ionic liquids varied in performance, with [c101][D2EHP] and [c101][EHEHP] performing poorer than their conventional counterparts and [c101][c572] performing better. Recommendations for further study on [c101][c572] include stripping tests, continuous pilot testing, and techno-economic analysis.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Automatic Rural Road Centerline Detection and Extraction from Aerial Images for a Forest Fire Decision Support System

To effectively manage the terrestrial firefighting fleet in a forest fire scenario, namely, to optimize its displacement in the field, it is crucial to have a well-structured and accurate mapping of rural roads. The landscape’s complexity, mainly due to severe shadows cast by the wild vegetation and trees, makes it challenging to extract rural roads based on processing aerial or satellite images, leading to heterogeneous results. This article proposes a method to improve the automatic detection of rural roads and the extraction of their centerlines from aerial images. This method has two main stages: (i) the use of a deep learning model (DeepLabV3+) for predicting rural road segments; (ii) an optimization strategy to improve the connections between predicted rural road segments, followed by a morphological approach to extract the rural road centerlines using thinning algorithms, such as those proposed by Zhang–Suen and Guo–Hall. After completing these two stages, the proposed method automatically detected and extracted rural road centerlines from complex rural environments. This is useful for developing real-time mapping applications.

Lourenço, Miguel (ORCID:0000000157673394)↗
DOE OSTI2024

Image Deconvolution and Point-spread Function Reconstruction with STARRED: A Wavelet-based Two-channel Method Optimized for Light-curve Extraction

We present starred, a point-spread function (PSF) reconstruction, two-channel deconvolution, and light-curve extraction method designed for high-precision photometric measurements in imaging time series. An improved resolution of the data is targeted rather than an infinite one, thereby minimizing deconvolution artifacts. In addition, starred performs a joint deconvolution of all available data, accounting for epoch-to-epoch variations of the PSF and decomposing the resulting deconvolved image into a point source and an extended source channel. The output is a high-signal-to-noise-ratio, high-resolution frame combining all data and the photometry of all point sources in the field of view as a function of time. Of note, starred also provides exquisite PSF models for each data frame. We showcase three applications of starred in the context of the imminent LSST survey and of JWST imaging: (i) the extraction of supernovae light curves and the scene representation of their host galaxy; (ii) the extraction of lensed quasar light curves for time-delay cosmography; and (iii) the measurement of the spectral energy distribution of globular clusters in the "Sparkler," a galaxy at redshift z = 1.378 strongly lensed by the galaxy cluster SMACS J0723.3-7327. starred is implemented in jax, leveraging automatic differentiation and graphics processing unit acceleration. This enables the rapid processing of large time-domain data sets, positioning the method as a powerful tool for extracting light curves from the multitude of lensed or unlensed variable and transient objects in the Rubin-LSST data, even when blended with intervening objects.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2019

A method for extracting calibrated volatility information from the FIGAERO-HR-ToF-CIMS and its experimental application

The Filter Inlet for Gases and AEROsols (FIGAERO) is an inlet specificallydesigned to be coupled with the Aerodyne High-Resolution Time-of-FlightChemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-CIMS). The FIGAERO-HR-ToF-CIMSprovides simultaneous molecular information relating to both the gas- andparticle-phase samples and has been used to extract vapour pressures (VPs) ofthe compounds desorbing from the filter whilst giving quantitativeconcentrations in the particle phase. However, such extraction of vapourpressures of the measured particle-phase components requires use ofappropriate, well-defined, reference compounds. Vapour pressures for thehomologous series of polyethylene glycols (PEG)((H-(O-CH 2 -CH 2 )n-OH) for n=3 to n=8), covering a rangeof vapour pressures (VP) (10 -1 to 10 -7 Pa) that areatmospherically relevant, have been shown to be reproduced well by a range ofdifferent techniques, including Knudsen Effusion Mass Spectrometry (KEMS).This is the first homologous series of compounds for which a number of vapourpressure measurement techniques have been found to be in agreement,indicating the utility as a calibration standard, providing an ideal set ofbenchmark compounds for accurate characterization of the FIGAERO forextracting vapour pressure of measured compounds in chambers and the realatmosphere. To demonstrate this, single-component and mixture vapour pressuremeasurements are made using two FIGAERO-HR-ToF-CIMS instruments based on anew calibration determined from the PEG series. VP values extracted from bothinstruments agree well with those measured by KEMS and reported values fromliterature, validating this approach for extracting VP data from the FIGAERO.This method is then applied to chamber measurements, and the vapour pressuresof known products are estimated.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2024

Technical note: Optimizing the in situ cosmogenic 36 Cl extraction and measurement workflow for geologic applications

Abstract. In situ cosmogenic 36Cl analysis by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) is routinely employed to date Quaternary surfaces and assess rates of landscape evolution. However, standard laboratory preparation procedures for 36Cl dating require the addition of large amounts of isotopically enriched chlorine spike solution; these solutions are expensive and increasingly difficult to acquire from commercial sources. In addition, the typical workflow for 36Cl dating involves measuring both 35Cl/37Cl and 36Cl/Cl concurrently on the high-energy (post-accelerator) end of the AMS system, but 35Cl/37Cl determinations using this technique can be complicated by isotope fractionation and system memory during measurement. The traditional workflow also does not provide 36Cl extraction laboratories with the data needed to calculate native Cl concentrations in advance of 36Cl/Cl measurements. In light of these concerns, we present an improved workflow for extracting and measuring chlorine in geologic materials. Our initial step is to characterize 35Cl/37Cl on sample aliquots of up to ∼1 g prepared in Ag(Cl, Br) matrices, which greatly reduces the amount of isotopically enriched spike solution required to measure native Cl content in each sample. To avoid potential issues with isotope fractionation through the accelerator, 35Cl/37Cl is measured on the low-energy, pre-accelerator end of the AMS line. Then, for 36Cl/Cl measurements, we extract Cl as AgCl or Ag(Cl, Br) in analytical batches with a consistent total Cl load across all samples; this step is intended to minimize source memory effects during 36Cl/Cl measurements and allows the preparation of AMS standards that are customized to match known Cl contents in the samples. To assess the efficacy of this extraction and measurement workflow, we compare chlorine isotope ratio measurements on seven geologic samples prepared using standard procedures and the updated workflow. Measurements of 35Cl/37Cl and 36Cl/Cl are consistent between the two workflows, and 35Cl/37Cl values measured using our methods have considerably higher precision than those measured following standard protocols. The chemical preparation and measurement workflow presented here (1) reduces the amount of isotopically enriched chlorine spike used per rock sample by up to 95 %; (2) identifies rocks with high native Cl concentrations, which may be lower priority for 36Cl surface exposure dating, at an early stage of analysis; and (3) allows laboratory users to maintain control over the total chlorine content within and across analytical batches. These methods can be incorporated into existing laboratory and AMS protocols for 36Cl analyses and will increase the accessibility of 36Cl dating for geologic applications.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2012

Raidiation-Induced Fragmentation of Diamide Extraction Agents in Ionic Liquid Diluents

N,N,N',N'-Tetraalkyldiglycolamides are extracting agents that are used for liquid-liquid extraction of trivalent metal ions in wet processing of spent nuclear fuel. This application places such agents in contact with the decaying radionuclides, causing radiolysis of the agent in the organic diluent. Recent research seeks to replace common molecular diluents (such as n-dodecane) with hydrophobic room-temperature ionic liquids (ILs), which have superior solvation properties. In alkane diluents, rapid radiolytic deterioration of diglycolamide agents can be inhibited by addition of an aromatic cosolvent that scavenges highly reactive alkane radical cations before these oxidize the extracting agent. Do aromatic ILs exhibit a similar radioprotective effect? To answer this question, we used electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy to study the fragmentation pathways in radiolysis of neat diglycolamides, their model compounds, and their solutions in the ILs. Our study indicates that aromatic ILs do not protect these types of solutes from extensive radiolytic damage. Previous research indicated a similar lack of protection for crown ethers, whereas the ILs readily protected di- and trialkyl phosphates (another large class of metal-extracting agents). Our analysis of these unanticipated failures suggests that new types of organic anions are required in order to formulate ILs capable of radioprotection for these classes of solutes. This study is a cautionary tale of the fallacy of analogical thinking when applied to an entirely new and insufficiently understood class of chemical materials.

11 NUCLEAR FUEL CYCLE AND FUEL MATERIALS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Evidence for Complex Molecular Architectures for Solvent-Extracted Lignins

Lignin, an abundant, naturally occurring biopolymer, is often considered 'waste' and used as a simple fuel source in the paper-making process. However, lignin has emerged as a promising renewable resource for engineering materials, such as carbon fibers. Unfortunately, the molecular architecture of lignin (in vivo and extracted) is still elusive, with numerous conflicting reports in the literature, and knowledge of this structure is extremely important, not only for materials technologies, but also for production of biofuels such as cellulosic ethanol due to biomass recalcitrance. As such, the molecular structures of solvent-extracted (sulfur-free) lignins, which have been modified using various acyl chlorides, have been probed using small-angle X-ray (SAXS) and neutron (SANS) scattering in tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution along with hydrodynamic characterization using dilute solution viscometry and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) in THF. Mass spectrometry shows an absolute molecular weight {approx}18-30 kDa ({approx}80-140 monomers), while GPC shows a relative molecular weight {approx}3 kDa. A linear styrene oligomer (2.5 kDa) was also analyzed in THF using SANS. Results clearly show that lignin molecular architectures are somewhat rigid and complex, ranging from nanogels to hyperbranched macromolecules, not linear oligomers or physical assemblies of oligomers, which is consistent with previously proposed delignification (extraction) mechanisms. Future characterization using the methods discussed here can be used to guide extraction processes as well as genetic engineering technologies to convert lignin into value added materials with the potential for high positive impact on global sustainability.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2012

Novel Slow Extraction Scheme for Proton Accelerators Using Pulsed Dipole Correctors and Crystals

Slow extraction of protons beams from circular accelerators is currently widely used for a variety of beam-based experiments. The method has some deficiencies including limited efficiency of extraction, radiation induced due to scattering on the electrostatic septa and limited beam pipe aperture, beam dynamics effects of space charge forces and magnet power supplies ripple. Here we present a novel slow extraction scheme employing a number of non-standard accelerator elements, such as Silicone crystal strips and pulsed stripline dipole correctors, and illustrate practicality of these examples at the 8 GeV proton Recycler Ring at Fermilab. The proposed method of non-resonant slow extraction of protons by bent crystals in combination with orbit fast deflectors shows great promise in simulations. We propose to initiate an R&D program in the Fermilab 8 GeV Recycler to address the key issues of the method: (a) feasibility of very short crystals - from few mm down to 0.2 mm; (b) their efficiency in the channelling and volume reflection regimes; (c) practical aspects of the fast deflectors.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2014

Soft lithography microlens fabrication and array for enhanced light extraction from organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs)

Provided are microlens arrays for use on the substrate of OLEDs to extract more light that is trapped in waveguided modes inside the devices and methods of manufacturing same. Light extraction with microlens arrays is not limited to the light emitting area, but is also efficient in extracting light from the whole microlens patterned area where waveguiding occurs. Large microlens array, compared to the size of the light emitting area, extract more light and result in over 100% enhancement. Such a microlens array is not limited to (O)LEDs of specific emission, configuration, pixel size, or pixel shape. It is suitable for all colors, including white, for microcavity OLEDs, and OLEDs fabricated directly on the (modified) microlens array.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2014

ARRAY OPTIMIZATION FOR TIDAL ENERGY EXTRACTION IN A TIDAL CHANNEL – A NUMERICAL MODELING ANALYSIS

This paper presents an application of a hydrodynamic model to simulate tidal energy extraction in a tidal dominated estuary in the Pacific Northwest coast. A series of numerical experiments were carried out to simulate tidal energy extraction with different turbine array configurations, including location, spacing and array size. Preliminary model results suggest that array optimization for tidal energy extraction in a real-world site is a very complex process that requires consideration of multiple factors. Numerical models can be used effectively to assist turbine siting and array arrangement in a tidal turbine farm for tidal energy extraction.

Yang, Zhaoqing↗