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DOE OSTI2019

Final Technical Report: Experimental High Energy Physics

The Oregon experimental high energy physics group explores the structure of the physical world through experiments addressing significant open questions at the frontier of knowledge. During the period of this report (1996-2017), the Oregon group has investigated these questions through electroweak measurements at SLD, OPAL, and NuTeV, measurements of CP violation, and heavy quark and heavy lepton properties at BaBar, and Higgs physics and other energy frontier measurements at ATLAS. Since 2005, the central emphasis of the effort has been Terascale physics, with the ATLAS Collaboration at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), while continuing a secondary effort toward a future linear collider.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2018

Towards New Physics Through Precision Measurements in B$^0_S$ and $\tau$ Decays

Despite the correct and consistent description of the elementary particle interactions, there is evidence that the Standard Model (SM) is an incomplete theory. Solving the issues faced by the SM requires the introduction of new interactions and, if such interactions exist, they can be observed as deviations in the SM predictions or forbidden processes. Particularly of interest for this work are the B$^0_s$ mesons and $\tau$ leptons produced in the DØ and Belle II experiments, respectively, where the luminosity provides the statistics for high precision SM measurements and searches for new physics. In this work, the lifetime measurement of the B$^0_s$ meson in the decay channel $B^0_s \to J/\Psi f_0(980)$ is reported, which is a CP-odd final state. Using 10.4 fb$^{-1}$ of data collected with the DØ detector in Run II of the Tevatron, the lifetime of the CP-odd component of the B$^0_s$ meson is measured to be $\tau(B^0_s)$ = 1.70$\pm$0.14 (stat)$\pm$0.05 (syst) ps. This measurement is closely related to the $B^0_s - \bar{B^0_s}$ mixing and searches for new CP violation mechanisms. Additionally, the $\tau$ lepton physics program of Belle II is reviewed and two sensitivity studies are shown: (i) $\tau^- \to \eta \pi^-\pi^0 \nu_{\tau}$, which in the isospin symmetry limit SU(2) is a cross-check of consistency with the cross section $\sigma(e^+e^- \to \eta \pi^+ \pi^-$) at low energies; (ii) $\tau^- \to \eta \pi^- \nu_{\tau}$, which has never been observed and, given the suppression by G-parity, it allows the searches of scalar and tensor interactions. Estimations from 1 to 20 ab$^{-1}$ are shown, corresponding to the integrated luminosity expected during the first years of operation of Belle II.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2019

First Measurements of Inclusive Muon Neutrino Charged Current Differential Cross Sections on Argon at 0.8 GeV Average Neutrino Energy with the MicroBooNE Detector

Current and next-generation precision neutrino oscillation experiments aim to determine the neutrino mass ordering, to measure the extent of CP violation in the lepton sector and to probe beyond Standard Model physics, such as sterile neutrinos. These experiments rely on models for neutrino interactions with matter that are complicated by nuclear effects and final state interactions. To date, these effects cannot be modelled precisely, especially for heavy target nuclei, typically used in modern neutrino experiments. Many future experiments will employ detectors based on the liquid argon time projection chamber technology. As a consequence, neutrino-argon cross-section measurements are of the outmost importance, especially given the relative scarcity of neutrino-argon data, due to the novelty of the technology. This thesis presents the first measurement of muon-neutrino charged-current inclusive cross section on argon at a mean neutrino energy of 0.8 GeV. Data were collected using the MicroBooNE liquid argon time projection chamber in the Fermilab Booster neutrino beam during a period of six months, corresponding to an exposure of $1.6 \times 10^{20}$ protons on target. The measured cross section is presented as a function of the outgoing muon momentum, using multiple Coulomb scattering as a measurement technique, as well as the muon angle with respect to the beam direction. A comparison of the measured cross section obtained with two different configurations of the \textsc{Genie} neutrino event generator is performed, and better agreement is found when using nuclear-effect modelling in the theoretical calculations. Additionally, the total flux integrated cross section is measured to be $0.693 \pm 0.010 \, (\text{stat.}) \pm 0.165 \, (\text{syst.}) \times 10^{-38} \, \text{cm}^{2}$.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2019

White Paper on New Opportunities at the Next-Generation Neutrino Experiments (Part 1: BSM Neutrino Physics and Dark Matter)

With the advent of a new generation of neutrino experiments which leverage high-intensity neutrino beams for precision measurements, it is timely to explore physics topics beyond the standard neutrino-related physics. Given that the realm of beyond the standard model (BSM) physics has been mostly sought at high-energy regimes at colliders, such as the LHC at CERN, the exploration of BSM physics in neutrino experiments will enable complementary measurements at the energy regimes that balance that of the LHC. This is in concert with new ideas for high-intensity beams for fixed target and beam-dump experiments world-wide, e.g., those at CERN. The combination of the high intensity proton beam facilities and massive detectors for precision neutrino oscillation parameter measurements and for CP violation phase measurements will help make BSM physics reachable even in low energy regimes in accelerator based experiments. Large mass detectors with highly precise tracking and energy measurements, excellent timing resolution, and low energy thresholds will enable searches for BSM phenomena from cosmogenic origin, as well. Therefore, it is conceivable that BSM topics in the next generation neutrino experiments could be the dominant physics topics in the foreseeable future, as the precision of the neutrino oscillation parameter and CPV measurements continues to improve. In this spirit, this white paper provides a review of the current landscape of BSM theory in neutrino experiments in two selected areas of the BSM topics - dark matter and neutrino related BSM - and summarizes the current results from existing neutrino experiments to set benchmarks for both theory and experiment. This paper then provides a review of upcoming neutrino experiments throughout the next 10 - 15 year time scale and their capabilities to set the foundation for potential reach in BSM physics in the two aforementioned themes.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Highlights from BNL and RHIC 2016

The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) was designed and built at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) and is one of the two remaining operating hadron colliders in the world, the other being the CERN LHC. There were also several previous facilities at BNL including the 30 GeV Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS–now the RHIC injector) where the muon-neutrino, and CP violation were discovered and the 3 GeV Cosmotron where the $K^0_2$ was discovered. There have been many other discoveries at BNL.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Heavy-Flavor Spectroscopy in ATLAS and CMS [PowerPoint]

The slide presentation covers: B→K*μμ angular analysis and prospects, CP Violation in the B s →J/ψϕ decay, Angular analysis of the B→J/ψΛp decay; Spectroscopy of excited B s and B c mesons, and Conclusions.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Prospects of Neutrino Cross Section Measurements Using the NuMI off axis at ICARUS [Poster]

ICARUS, a Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber, will serve as the Far Detector of the short-baseline neutrino program using the Booster beamline at Fermilab. It is 103 mrad off-axis of the NuMI beamline. Prospects for cross-section measurements and the status of the trigger system using the PMT system to collect electron and muon neutrinos from NuMI will be shown. Accurate neutrino cross-section measurements on argon are required for precise measurements of neutrino oscillation physics such as CP- violation and the ordering of the neutrino masses.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2020

The Origin of Matter (Final Scientific Report)

The research of this project was concerned with the matter content of the universe. The first topic we studied was the amount of CP violation in kaon decays into two pions; with a new analysis we decreased the theoretical uncertainty by more than an order of magnitude. This constitutes a milestone in our understanding of the matter-antimatter asymmetry among the known standard-model particles. Furthermore, we studied the energy scale dependence of the self-interactions of spinless dark matter for the first time. This allows to study the consistency of theoretical models for dark matter, and is an important ingredient in the interpretation of various dark matter experiments.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Selecting Charged Current Muon Neutrino Interactions on Argon with the Short-Baseline Near Detector

The uncertainties associated with neutrino-nucleus cross section modelling need to be reduced in order to measure neutrino oscillation parameters, the mass hierarchy and CP violation to a high degree of precision. SBND, a 112 ton liquid argon time projection chamber, will be the near detector of the short-baseline neutrino program at Fermilab. Once data taking begins in 2022, it will provide flux constraints for sterile neutrino searches and produce world leading neutrino-argon cross sections with up to seven million neutrino events in three years. This thesis describes the simulation, calibration and reconstruction tools developed to measure charged current muon neutrino interactions.Backgrounds from cosmic ray muons, neutrino interactions outside of the detector and different neutrino interaction channels were identified and removed as part of this process.The signal events were selected with purity of 90% and an efficiency of 67%, providing a strong starting point for meas urements of exclusive channels. The expected statistical and systematic uncertainties on rate predictions and cross section measurements at the full 6.6×10$^{20}$ proton on target exposure were evaluated.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Alignment of the straw tracking detectors for the Fermilab Muon $g − 2$ experiment and systematic studies for a muon electric dipole moment measurement

The Fermilab Muon $g-2$ experiment is currently preparing for its fourth data-taking period (Run-4). The experiment-wide effort on the analysis of Run-1 data is nearing completion, with the announcement of the first result expected in the coming months. The final goal of the experiment is to determine the muon magnetic anomaly to a precision of 140 ppb. This level of precision will provide indirect evidence of new physics, if the central value agrees with the previously-measured value of the magnetic anomaly. Essential in reducing the systematic uncertainty, through measurements of the muon beam profile, are the in-vacuum straw tracking detectors. A crucial prerequisite in obtaining accurate distributions of the beam profile is the internal alignment of the tracking detectors, which is described in this thesis. As a result of this position calibration, the tracking efficiency has increased by 3%, while the track quality increased by 4%. This thesis also discusses an additional measurement that will be made using the tracking detectors: a search for an electric dipole moment (EDM) of the muon, through the direct detection of an oscillation in the average vertical angle of the electron from the muon decay. An observation of a muon EDM would be evidencemore » of new physics and would provide a new source of CP violation in the charged lepton sector. Essential in measuring the EDM are accurate and precise estimations of potential non-zero radial and longitudinal magnetic fields, which were estimated using the Run-1 data. In addition, a preliminary analysis using the Run-1 data was undertaken to estimate the available precision for the magnetic anomaly measurement using the tracking detectors.« less

46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND ↗
DOE OSTI2020

Neutrino oscillation phenomenology in the standard model and beyond

Over the last 20 years measurements of neutrino oscillation parameters have become very precise. In the standard neutrino oscillation picture most of the parameters are measured at the percent level. In this thesis we study neutrino oscillations in the standard picture and beyond. We analyze data from all types of neutrino oscillation experiments to obtain a global picture of neutrino oscillations. The remaining unknowns in the standard picture are the value of the CP-violating phase $\delta$, the octant of the atmospheric angle $\theta_{23}$ and the neutrino mass ordering. We discuss the current status of these unknowns and also comment on how well future experiments will do in measuring these quantities, where we discuss new facilities which will observe accelerator, atmossperic and reactor neutrinos. Using oscillation data it is possible to bound a possible violation of the CPT symmetry in the neutrino sector. This is done by performing a fit to neutrino and antineutrino oscillation data separately. We also address the capability of the future experiment DUNE to this scenario. We show that DUNE could improve some of the current bounds considerably. We discuss the sensitivity of DUNE together with the next generation reactor neutrino experiment JUNO to measure quasi-Dirac neutrino oscillations. We find that the future experiments will be able to bound the important quantities, mostly unbounded by current data. Finally, we discuss atmospheric neutrinos at the next generation neutrino telescope ORCA. We show that ORCA will put the best bounds on the invisible neutrino decay of $\nu_3$, coming from neutrino oscillation experiments. We also find that, a scenario like this would not affect the standard measurements of ORCA, namely the determination of the atmospheric neutrino oscillation parameters and the measurement of the neutrino mass ordering.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2021

A pion-argon cross section measurement in the ProtoDUNE-SP experiment with cosmogenic muon

Neutrinos are tiny mysterious fundamental particles with small cross sections. Through neutrino physics, scientists across the world are trying to answer many intriguing questions about nature such as the dominance of matter over antimatter, CP violation in the lepton sector, number of supernovas in the early universe, etc. Detection of neutrinos requires massive particle detectors and intense neutrino beam owing to their small cross section. Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is a next-generation neutrino experiment that is planned to start taking data beginning in 2026. DUNE will consist of 4 massive detectors, the first of which will be using single-phase liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC) technology. The ProtoDUNE-SP experiment is a prototype of the DUNE built at the CERN neutrino platform and uses the same detector technology that will be used in DUNE first module. The ProtoDUNE-SP experiment collected months of test beam and cosmic ray data beginning in September 2018. It was built to provide a testbed for the installation of detector parts for DUNE, showing long-term stability of the detector, understanding detector response for different test beam particles (including protons, pions, electrons, kaons, muons), and measurement of hadron-argon cross sections. When a particle passes through LArTPC electron-ion pairs are produced. To reconstruct the position and energy of a particle passing through the medium knowledge of ionization electron drift velocity is essential. The electron drift velocity is distorted by an excess positive charge built up in the detector, known as space charge. This study discusses a novel technique for measuring the ionization electron drift velocity using cosmic-ray muons. The technique uses tracks that travel the entire drift distance of the TPC for drift velocity determination. Secondly, the study discusses a method for converting the charge deposited into energy. The method is carried out in two step s. In th e first step detector response for energetic cosmic ray muons crossing the entire the TPC is used to make the charge deposition uniform throughout the TPC, and in the second step stopping cosmic-ray muons are used for determining the energy scale. Finally, the study discusses a pion-argon cross section measurement based on reweighting of Monte Carlo simulations using J. Calcutt's Geant4Reweight framework. Neutrinos cannot be directly detected; they are identified based on the interaction products. Pions are a common interaction product in a neutrino interaction. For precise modeling of neutrino event generators, it is essential to understand the pion-argon interaction. Pion-argon cross section measurement serves as an important input for neutrino interaction models. The results of the pion-argon total reaction cross section using the Geant4 reweighting technique are found to be in good agreement with Geant4 predictions. The many studies carried out in the ProtoDUNE-SP experi ment wil l be useful for current and future neutrino experiments using LArTPC technology including ICARUS, MicroBooNE, DUNE

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2022

A Gaseous Argon-Based Near Detector to Enhance the Physics Capabilities of DUNE

This document presents the concept and physics case for a magnetized gaseous argon-based detector system (ND-GAr) for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) Near Detector. This detector system is required in order for DUNE to reach its full physics potential in the measurement of CP violation and in delivering precision measurements of oscillation parameters. In addition to its critical role in the long-baseline oscillation program, ND-GAr will extend the overall physics program of DUNE. The LBNF high-intensity proton beam will provide a large flux of neutrinos that is sampled by ND-GAr, enabling DUNE to discover new particles and search for new interactions and symmetries beyond those predicted in the Standard Model.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2022

A Gaseous Argon-Based Near Detector for DUNE [Slides]

DUNE is the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment. It is a comprehensive physics program whose focus is to search for the leptonic CP violation, determine mass ordering, precise measurements of neutrino mixing parameters, BSM searches, baryon number violation, and supernova neutrino observation. This presentation focus is on the argon-based near detector complex at DUNE.

43 PARTICLE ACCELERATORS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Theoretical tools for neutrino scattering: interplay between lattice QCD, EFTs, nuclear physics, phenomenology, and neutrino event generators

Neutrino physics is entering a precision era in which measurements of neutrino oscillations, astrophysical neutrinos from supernovae and other sources, and coherent neutrino scattering will provide insight on the nature of neutrino masses, the presence of CP violation, and perhaps more exotic new physics in the neutrino sector. Maximizing the discovery potential of increasingly precise neutrino experiments will require an improved theoretical understanding of neutrino-nucleus cross sections over a wide range of energies that uses a combination of lattice QCD, nuclear effective theories, phenomenological models, and neutrino event generators to make reliable theory predictions for experimentally relevant nuclei.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Measuring the Radial Component of the Magnetic Field in the Muon g-2 Experiment

A leading systematic error in the muon electric dipole moment (EDM) analysis at Muon g-2 is the presence of radial magnetic fields because they cause indistinguishable effects to the muon spin precession plane from a true EDM measurement. Measuring a non-zero EDM would place a constraint in CP-violation, indicating new physics beyond the Standard Model. The radial field is composed of an applied radial field by the surface correction coils (SCC) and a background radial field due to imperfections in the materials and alignment of magnetic elements. We determine an optimal SCC setting that best minimizes the background radial field by performing a scan at different electro-static quadrupole settings and studying its relation with the vertical beam position and applied radial field. In this talk I will present our results and describe our efforts to design an apparatus outfitted with Hall probes and tilt sensors to directly measure the radial magnetic field as a function of az imuth.

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2023

NOvA in 10 Minutes

NOvA is a long-baseline oscillation neutrino experiment composed by two functional identical detectors, a 300 ton Near Detector and 14kton Far Detector separated by 809 km and placed in an off-axis neutrino beam created at Fermilab, this configuration provides NOvA with a rich neutrino physics program to measure neutrino mixing parameters, determine the neutrino mass hierarchy and CP violation in the leptonic sector. In this talk an overview and results from the NOvA experiment are presented

72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS↗
DOE OSTI2022

Measuring the Electric Dipole Moment of the Electron in a Two-Energy Spin-Transparent Storage Ring

We will present a new design of a two-energy storage ring for low energy (0.2 to 2 MeV) polarized electron bunches [1]. The new design is based on the transparent spin methodology that cancels the spin precession due to the magnetic dipole moment at any energy while allowing for spin precession induced by the fundamental physics of interest to accumulate. The buildup of the vertical component of beam polarization can be measured using standard Mott polarimetry that is optimal at low electron energy. These rings can be used to measure the permanent electric dipole moment of the electron, relevant to CP violation and matter-antimatter asymmetry in the universe, and to search for dark energy and ultra-light dark matter.

Suleiman, R.↗