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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 667 records · Page 37
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2019

Cesium Ion Exchange Testing Using Crystalline Silicotitanate with Hanford Tank Waste 241-AP-107 - 19104

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory has been tasked with demonstrating the unit operations for the Low-Activity Waste Pretreatment System (LAWPS) with Hanford tank waste. Washington River Protection Solutions requested that Hanford tank waste collected from tank 241-AP-107 be processed using conceived pretreatment steps (suspended solids removal by filtration, Cs removal by ion exchange), then vitrified. Bench-scale ion exchange testing with approximately 9 L of filtered AP-107 supernate was conducted using crystalline silicotitanate (CST) ion exchange media. Batch contact testing was performed to evaluate CST performance on tank waste prior to processing it in the LAWPS. Subsequently, column testing was performed using prototypic LAWPS operations in a lead-lag column arrangement using 10-mL CST beds. Loading continued until the lag column reached the Hanford Tank Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant waste acceptance criteria (WAC) for receiving supernatant waste for vitrification (a function of the Na and {sup 137}Cs concentrations). The Cs effluent from the lag column reached the WAC after processing half the feed volume. To keep the subsequent product effluent below the WAC, a new lag column was needed to continue processing and the original lag column was moved to the lead position. Greater than 99% of the Cs processed through the ion exchange system was collected on the CST in the columns. The AP-107 feed and column processing effluent underwent extensive characterization to better define waste characteristics and assess fractionation to the CST. Selected batch contact and lead column samples were analyzed to assess selected metal analyte load characteristics. Results of these analyses will be discussed. (authors)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
NASA NTRS1990

High Tc superconducting materials and devices

The high Tc Y1Ba2Cu3O(7-x) ceramic materials, initially developed in 1987, are now being extensively investigated for a variety of engineering applications. The superconductor applications which are presently identified as of most interest to NASA-LaRC are low-noise, low thermal conductivity grounding links; large-area linear Meissner-effect bearings; and sensitive, low-noise sensors and leads. Devices designed for these applications require the development of a number of processing and fabrication technologies. Included among the technologies most specific to the present needs are tapecasting, melt texturing, magnetic field grain alignment, superconductor/polymer composite fabrication, thin film MOD (metal-organic decomposition) processing, screen printing of thick films, and photolithography of thin films. The overall objective of the program was to establish a high Tc superconductivity laboratory capability at NASA-LaRC and demonstrate this capability by fabricating superconducting 123 material via bulk and thin film processes. Specific objectives include: order equipment and set up laboratory; prepare 1 kg batches of 123 material via oxide raw material; construct tapecaster and tapecaster 123 material; fabricate 123 grounding link; fabricate 123 composite for Meissner linear bearing; develop 123 thin film processes (nitrates, acetates); establish Tc and Jc measurement capability; and set up a commercial use of space program in superconductivity at LaRC. In general, most of the objectives of the program were met. Finally, efforts to implement a commercial use of space program in superconductivity at LaRC were completed and at least two industrial companies have indicated their interest in participating.

Haertling, Gene H.↗
DOE OSTI2022

Quality Control Metrics to Assess MoS2 Sputtered Films for Tribological Applications

Abstract Pure molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) solid lubricant coatings could attain densities comparable to doped films (and the associated benefits to wear rate and environmental stability) through manipulation of the microstructure via deposition parameters. Unfortunately, pure films can exhibit highly variable microstructures and mechanical properties due to processes that are not controlled during deposition (i.e., batch-to-batch variation). This work focuses on developing a relationship between density, hardness, friction, and wear for pure sputtered MoS 2 coatings. Results show that dense films ( ρ = 4.5 g/cm 3 ) exhibit a 100 × lower wear rate compared to porous coatings ( ρ = 3.04–3.55 g/cm 3 ). The tribological performance of high density pure MoS 2 coatings is shown to surpass that of established composite coatings, achieving a wear rate 2 × ( k = 5.74 × 10 –8 mm 3 /Nm) lower than composite MoS 2 /Sb 2 O 3 /Au in inert environments.

Babuska, Tomas F.↗
DOE OSTI2025

Production of a δ-Lactam from Glucose through Integrating Biological and Chemical Catalysis

We present a new strategy for the production of a δ-lactam from glucose that integrates biological production of triacetic acid lactone (TAL, 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2H-2-one) with catalytic transformation of TAL into 6-methylpiperidin-2-one (MPO) through metabolic engineering, isomerization, amination, and catalytic hydrogenation/hydrogenolysis. We developed a sustainable and antibiotic-free fed-batch fermentation using genetically modified Rhodotorula toruloides IFO0880. This process achieved a yield of 2-hydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one (2H4P) at 0.05 g/g of glucose, corresponding to a 9.9 g/L titer. By adjusting the pH of the fermentation broth to 2, 2H4P was quantitatively converted into TAL. The TAL in the fermentation broth was directly converted by aminolysis into 4-hydroxy-6-methylpyridin-2(1H)-one (HMPO), which achieved an 18.5% yield with 94.3% purity. The HMPO yield was lower in the fermentation broth than in a clean feedstock (32.2%), suggesting that the biological impurities are inhibitors in this reaction. Further investigation revealed that lower pH levels and reduced TAL concentrations in the fermentation broth significantly decreased HMPO yields. Subsequently, the precipitated HMPO was filtered and dried and then subjected to the final catalytic conversion in H2O solvent, achieving a MPO yield of 91.8%. Furthermore, this integrated approach demonstrated the direct use of TAL in the filtered aqueous fermentation broth without the need to isolate TAL.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2025

Data for Production of a δ-Lactam from Glucose through Integrating Biological and Chemical Catalysis

We present a new strategy for the production of a δ-lactam from glucose that integrates biological production of triacetic acid lactone (TAL, 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2H-2-one) with catalytic transformation of TAL into 6-methylpiperidin-2-one (MPO) through metabolic engineering, isomerization, amination, and catalytic hydrogenation/hydrogenolysis. We developed a sustainable and antibiotic-free fed-batch fermentation using genetically modified Rhodotorula toruloides IFO0880. This process achieved a yield of 2-hydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one (2H4P) at 0.05 g/g of glucose, corresponding to a 9.9 g/L titer. By adjusting the pH of the fermentation broth to 2, 2H4P was quantitatively converted into TAL. The TAL in the fermentation broth was directly converted by aminolysis into 4-hydroxy-6-methylpyridin-2(1H)-one (HMPO), which achieved an 18.5% yield with 94.3% purity. The HMPO yield was lower in the fermentation broth than in a clean feedstock (32.2%), suggesting that the biological impurities are inhibitors in this reaction. Further investigation revealed that lower pH levels and reduced TAL concentrations in the fermentation broth significantly decreased HMPO yields. Subsequently, the precipitated HMPO was filtered and dried and then subjected to the final catalytic conversion in H2O solvent, achieving a MPO yield of 91.8%. This integrated approach demonstrated the direct use of TAL in the filtered aqueous fermentation broth without the need to isolate TAL.

Catalysis↗
DOE OSTI2020

Low Temperature Sequential Melting and Anion Retention in Simplified Low Activity Waste

This study seeks to understand the low temperature reactions of the salt phase that occur during the vitrification of Hanford Low Activity Waste (LAW). Salts (such as nitrates, sulfates, carbonates, halides, etc.) play a key role in these low temperature reactions as they sequentially melt, decompose, and volatilize during batch-to-glass conversion. To further understand these complex processes, simplified LAW melts containing oxyanion salts (sodium salts of carbonate, sulfate, and/or nitrate) and early melting glass formers (boric acid) have been evaluated using thermal analysis, infrared absorption spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Results from this study indicate that the volatilization behavior of particular salts is influenced by the presence or absence of other salts. Here, NaNO 3 volatilization is decreased by the presence of Na 2 SO 4 . The addition of either Na 2 SO 4 or NaNO 3 to the system may enhance the volatilization of Na 2 CO 3 . In all cases, Na 2 SO 4 was retained after melting and was often found to be in two different crystalline phases upon quenching.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2021

Hydrothermal Liquid Recovery of Rare Earth Elements and Critical Materials

This project demonstrated the technical viability of using tunable hydrothermal liquid (HTL) solutions to recover valuable minerals from a range of source materials. The effort focused upon rare earth elements (REE) and other minerals critical to the industrial security of the United States. This effort demonstrated, for the first time, that s, supercritical water (SCW) in particular, can: Extract critical and valuable minerals from a range of matrices ranging from rock ore to biomass; The process can be used to recover a wide range of minerals; This novel extraction chemistry can be cheap, simple, and nontoxic/”green”: The chemical extraction uses water, the cheapest industrial acid (sulfuric), and simple salts (i.e. sodium sulfate). However, other acids, salts, and additives could be used as appropriate. This Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) project identified that the process is complex with many interacting factors, but the benefits are significant if the complexities can be resolved. Challenges remain in the development of this technology and are described in this report. However, the results are positive, and commercial partners have already expressed interest. In summary, a novel, green, inexpensive mineral extraction process has been developed and demonstrated in a small batch reactor system. The effort provided information for an invention disclosure, proposal to DOE, and will support future business development efforts.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2022

Enabling real-time adaptation of machine learning models at x-ray Free Electron Laser facilities with high-speed training optimized computational hardware

The emergence of novel computational hardware is enabling a new paradigm for rapid machine learning model training. For the Department of Energy’s major research facilities, this developing technology will enable a highly adaptive approach to experimental sciences. In this manuscript we present the per-epoch and end-to-end training times for an example of a streaming diagnostic that is planned for the upcoming high-repetition rate x-ray Free Electron Laser, the Linac Coherent Light Source-II. We explore the parameter space of batch size and data parallel training across multiple Graphics Processing Units and Reconfigurable Dataflow Units. We show the landscape of training times with a goal of full model retraining in under 15 min. Although a full from scratch retraining of a model may not be required in all cases, we nevertheless present an example of the application of emerging computational hardware for adapting machine learning models to changing environments in real-time, during streaming data acquisition, at the rates expected for the data fire hoses of accelerator-based user facilities.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2024

Effect of Cyclo-Pentane Impurities on the Autoignition Reactivity and Properties of a Gasoline Surrogate Fuel

Surrogate fuels that reproduce the characteristics of full-boiling range fuels are key tools to enable numerical simulations of fuel-related processes and ensure reproducibility of experiments by eliminating batch-to-batch variability. Within the PACE initiative, a surrogate fuel for regular-grade E10 (10%vol ethanol) gasoline representative of a U.S. market gasoline, termed PACE-20, was developed and adopted as baseline fuel for the consortium. Although extensive testing demonstrated that PACE-20 replicates the properties and combustion behavior of the full-boiling range gasoline, several concerns arose regarding the purity level required for the species that compose PACE-20. This is particularly important for cyclo-pentane, since commercial-grade cyclo-pentane typically shows 60%–85% purity. Here, in the present work, the effects of the purity level of cyclo-pentane on the properties and combustion characteristics of PACE-20 were studied. Chemical kinetic simulations were performed to predict the effects of cyclo-pentane impurities on the properties, octane rating, and autoignition reactivity under homogeneous charge compression-ignition conditions of PACE-20. From the numerical results, cyclo-pentane with 85% purity or higher is required to reasonably match both the research octane number and motor octane number of the target gasoline. Finally, homogeneous charge compression-ignition engine simulations show that impurities have only a modest effect on reactivity at naturally aspirated conditions, but cyclo-pentane purity is critical to properly replicate the pressure dependency of the reactivity.

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS↗
DOE OSTI2015

Development of ion specific media to treat Sr-contaminated water at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant - 15486

Since April of 2011, Kurion, Inc. contracted with the Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) to remediate cooling water using Ion Specific Media targeting cesium (Cs). The effluent of the Cs-sorption systems routed into a reverse osmosis (RO) system. While the RO permeate was recirculated into the cooling loop, the RO reject was captured in carbon-steel tanks. However, the cesium-extracted tank water at Fukushima Daiichi also has a high strontium (Sr) activity (∼4 x 10{sup 5} Bq/mL) and needs to be reduced to lower the onsite and boundary doses. To treat this highly contaminated water, Kurion developed the Kurion Mobile Processing System (KMPS). The KMPS uses a powder batch-contact addition step in concert with a series of ion exchange vessels to decontaminate the high Sr-activity water. Kurion tested and developed several ion specific media to treat the water. Several inorganic media were evaluated in the down-select for the system. Equilibrium batch tests, shortened contact time batch tests and column tests were performed to assess the media depending on water conditions. Two media were selected for KMPS: FAS-P (a powdered zeolite) to reduce Ca{sup 2+} and Sr{sup 2+} concentrations and TS-G (a synthetic titanosilicate) to polish the Sr{sup 2+} downstream. The results of these laboratory tests and their performance in the field will be discussed. The operation of the system has led to the continued reduction of dose at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant. This system and these media can be applied to other difficult wastewater solutions involving high levels of contaminants and salinity. (authors)

21 SPECIFIC NUCLEAR REACTORS AND ASSOCIATED PLANTS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Task 2.3: Continuous Counter-Current Chromatography

This task in the Separations Consortium focuses on the development of counter-current chromatography (CCC), which is an advanced liquid-liquid chromatography method. Today, CCC is primarily practiced in batch mode operation, but continuous operation will be required for at-scale deployment in a biorefinery setting. In this task, we are developing a continuous CCC process in collaboration with a company that builds CCC units. This work will be demonstrated on the biorefining challenge of lignin valorization. Specifically, we demonstrate use of continuous CCC for both monomer-monomer and monomer-oligomer separations in multiple lignin streams of relevance to the biorefining industry. Breakthroughs in this area would be useful for BETO goals in both sustainable aviation fuel and biochemicals production, including directly contributing to BETO's 2030 lignin valorization goal. Our approach includes developing new computational modeling approaches to optimize both batch and continuous CCC processes, experimental work to determine optimal solvent systems for multiple lignin streams sourced from BETO-funded projects and industrial collaborators, and techno-economic analysis and life cycle assessment to identify the most impactful areas to ultimately enable this approach in the biorefinery. This task overall will enable high-resolution, multi-component, continuous separations at scale, demonstrated on a grand challenge biorefining problem.

BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2017

Estimation of the Maximum Theoretical Productivity of Fed-Batch Bioreactors

A key step towards the development of an integrated biorefinery is the screening of economically viable processes, which depends sharply on the yields and productivities that can be achieved by an engineered microorganism. In this study, we extend an earlier method which used dynamic optimization to find the maximum theoretical productivity of batch cultures to explicitly include fed-batch bioreactors. In addition to optimizing the intracellular distribution of metabolites between cell growth and product formation, we calculate the optimal control trajectory of feed rate versus time. We further analyze how sensitive the productivity is to substrate uptake and growth parameters.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2019

Open Data, Models, and Codes for Vanadium Redox Batch Cell Systems: A Systems Approach Using Zero-Dimensional Models

Abstract In this paper, we study, analyze, and validate some important zero-dimensional physics-based models for vanadium redox batch cell (VRBC) systems and formulate an adequate physics-based model that can predict the battery performance accurately. In the model formulation process, a systems approach to multiple parameters estimation has been conducted using VRBC systems at low C-rates (~C/30). In this batch cell system, the effect of ions' crossover through the membrane is dominant, and therefore, the capacity loss phenomena can be explicitly observed. Paradoxically, this means that using the batch system might be a better approach for identifying a more suitable model describing the effect of ions transport. Next, we propose an efficient systems approach, which enables to help understand the battery performance quickly by estimating all parameters of the battery system. Finally, open source codes, executable files, and experimental data are provided to enable people's access to robust and accurate models and optimizers. In battery simulations, different models and optimizers describing the same systems produce different values of the estimated parameters. Providing an open access platform can accelerate the process to arrive at robust models and optimizers by continuous modification from the users' side.

25 ENERGY STORAGE↗
NASA NTRS2014

Coupled Solid Rocket Motor Ballistics and Trajectory Modeling for Higher Fidelity Launch Vehicle Design

Multi-stage launch vehicles with solid rocket motors (SRMs) face design optimization challenges, especially when the mission scope changes frequently. Significant performance benefits can be realized if the solid rocket motors are optimized to the changing requirements. While SRMs represent a fixed performance at launch, rapid design iterations enable flexibility at design time, yielding significant performance gains. The streamlining and integration of SRM design and analysis can be achieved with improved analysis tools. While powerful and versatile, the Solid Performance Program (SPP) is not conducive to rapid design iteration. Performing a design iteration with SPP and a trajectory solver is a labor intensive process. To enable a better workflow, SPP, the Program to Optimize Simulated Trajectories (POST), and the interfaces between them have been improved and automated, and a graphical user interface (GUI) has been developed. The GUI enables real-time visual feedback of grain and nozzle design inputs, enforces parameter dependencies, removes redundancies, and simplifies manipulation of SPP and POST's numerous options. Automating the analysis also simplifies batch analyses and trade studies. Finally, the GUI provides post-processing, visualization, and comparison of results. Wrapping legacy high-fidelity analysis codes with modern software provides the improved interface necessary to enable rapid coupled SRM ballistics and vehicle trajectory analysis. Low cost trade studies demonstrate the sensitivities of flight performance metrics to propulsion characteristics. Incorporating high fidelity analysis from SPP into vehicle design reduces performance margins and improves reliability. By flying an SRM designed with the same assumptions as the rest of the vehicle, accurate comparisons can be made between competing architectures. In summary, this flexible workflow is a critical component to designing a versatile launch vehicle model that can accommodate a volatile mission scope.

Ables, Brett↗
DOE OSTI2018

Continuous Flow Fabrication of Block Copolymer-Grafted Silica Micro-Particles in Environmentally Friendly Water/Ethanol Media

Polymer-grafted inorganic particles (PGIPs) are attractive building blocks for numerous chemical and material applications. Surface-initiated controlled radical polymerization (SI-CRP) is the most feasible method to fabricate PGIPs. However, a conventional in-batch reaction still suffers from several disadvantages, including time-consuming purification processes, low grafting efficiency, and possible gelation problems. Herein, a facile method is demonstrated to synthesize block copolymer–grafted inorganic particles, that is, poly(poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (PPEGMEMA)-b-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM)–grafted silica micro-particles using continuous flow chemistry in an environmentally friendly aqueous media. Immobilizing the chain transfer agent and subsequent SI-CRP can be accomplished sequentially in a continuous flow system, avoiding multi-step purification processes in between. The chain length (MW) of the grafted polymers is tunable by adjusting the flow time or monomer concentration, and the narrower molar mass dispersity (&ETH; < 1.4) of the grafted polymers reveals the uniform polymer chains on the particles. Moreover, compared with the in-batch reaction at the same condition, the continuous system also suppresses possible gelation problems.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2018

Mercury Recovery at Former Lithium Production Site at the Miramas in France - 18529

The former Lithium production facility located at Miramas in the South-East of France recently completed a 10-year program of process equipment removal, building demolition and soil remediation to recover mercury (Hg) that had been lost during operations at the site. After over 100 years ago chemical production, all production activities stopped in 2009, and immediately afterwards the clean-up project began. The main project focused on the demolition of all facilities and the decontamination of building materials and soil clean-up, with the goal of remediating the site for future industrial purposes. Prior to starting the decommissioning and clean-up work at the site a detailed site survey was conducted to identify the extent of the contamination of the site. After investigations into available technologies, the decision was made to install on-site treatment processes. This resulted in fewer residual environmental effects (trucking pollution, shipping containers, volume of materials, etc), a reduction in logistic complications, and, importantly, was cost effective compared to sending all untreated material to external processing facilities. This decision resulted in a need to optimize demolition waste management, while ensuring the highest clean-up and safety levels. A variety of treatment processes were investigated and compared and two technologies were finally selected and implemented. The first process was a 'thermal desorption unit (TDU),' which heated excavated soils and captured the vaporized mercury. The second was a washing process that was used to remove surface contamination. After the contaminated areas were excavated, materials were crushed, screened and sorted into different sizes, with each pile being routed to the appropriate process. The smaller-sized particles were treated in the TDU. A batch of around 12 MT was fed into a moisture evaporator and then into a mercury evaporator. The soils were then cooled, sampled to ensure no residual Hg contamination before being mixed with a binding agent, and returned to the excavation site. Larger materials with surface contamination were washed to remove the contamination. The liquid effluents were sent to a tank where the contaminated fines were removed, dried, pressed and sent for processing. If the washed, coarse materials failed to reach acceptable mercury levels, they were crushed again and sent to be treated in the TDU. The washing fluid was recycled for the next batch. (author)

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗
DOE OSTI2015

Sample Results from the Interim Salt Disposition Program Macrobatch 8 Tank 21H Qualification Samples

Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) analyzed samples from Tank 21H in support of qualification of Macrobatch (Salt Batch) 8 for the Interim Salt Disposition Program (ISDP). An Actinide Removal Process (ARP) and several Extraction-Scrub- Strip (ESS) tests were also performed. This document reports characterization data on the samples of Tank 21H as well as simulated performance of ARP and the Modular Caustic Side Solvent Extraction (CSSX) Unit (MCU). No issues with the projected Salt Batch 8 strategy are identified. A demonstration of the monosodium titanate (MST) (0.2 g/L) removal of strontium and actinides provided acceptable average decontamination factors for plutonium of 2.62 (4 hour) and 2.90 (8 hour); and average strontium decontamination factors of 21.7 (4 hour) and 21.3 (8 hour). These values are consistent with results from previous salt batch ARP tests. The two ESS tests also showed acceptable performance with extraction distribution ratios (D(Cs)) values of 52.5 and 50.4 for the Next Generation Solvent (NGS) blend (from MCU) and NGS (lab prepared), respectively. These values are consistent with results from previous salt batch ESS tests. Even though the performance is acceptable, SRNL recommends that a model for predicting extraction behavior for cesium removal for the blended solvent and NGS be developed in order to improve our predictive capabilities for the ESS tests.

38 RADIATION CHEMISTRY, RADIOCHEMISTRY, AND NUCLEA↗
DOE OSTI2015

Sample results from the Interim Salt Disposition Program Macrobatch 8 Tank 21H qualification samples

Savannah River National Laboratory (SRNL) analyzed samples from Tank 21H in support of qualification of Macrobatch (Salt Batch) 8 for the Interim Salt Disposition Program (ISDP). An Actinide Removal Process (ARP) and several Extraction-Scrub-Strip (ESS) tests were also performed. This document reports characterization data on the samples of Tank 21H as well as simulated performance of ARP and the Modular Caustic Side Solvent Extraction (CSSX) Unit (MCU). No issues with the projected Salt Batch 8 strategy are identified. A demonstration of the monosodium titanate (MST) (0.2 g/L) removal of strontium and actinides provided acceptable average decontamination factors for plutonium of 2.62 (4 hour) and 2.90 (8 hour); and average strontium decontamination factors of 21.7 (4 hour) and 21.3 (8 hour). These values are consistent with results from previous salt batch ARP tests. The two ESS tests also showed acceptable performance with extraction distribution ratios (D (Cs) ) values of 52.5 and 50.4 for the Next Generation Solvent (NGS) blend (from MCU) and NGS (lab prepared), respectively. These values are consistent with results from previous salt batch ESS tests. Even though the performance is acceptable, SRNL recommends that a model for predicting extraction behavior for cesium removal for the blended solvent and NGS be developed in order to improve our predictive capabilities for the ESS tests.

12 MANAGEMENT OF RADIOACTIVE AND NON-RADIOACTIVE W↗