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At least 649 records · Page 36

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NASA NTRS1989

Predicting the strength of filament-wound specimens with surface cuts

The notched strength of filament-wound composite specimens was determined for coupons with various sized semielliptic surface notches. When the part-through notches did not cut the first 0-deg layer the strength was independent of the size of the notch and was equal to the unnotched tensile strength. When the cut penetrated 0-deg layers, the specimens failed in a two-part failure mode. The first part of the failure was modeled using fracture mechanics and a straight line tangent to the fracture mechanics solution, and the second part of the failure was modeled using a failure criterion that accounted for the moduli of 0-deg and helical layers.

Morris, Don H.↗

NASA NTRS1989

A model for compression after impact strength evaluation

One key property commonly used for evaluating composite material performance is compression after impact strength (CAI). Standarad CAI tests typically use a specific laminate stacking sequence, coupon geometry, and impact level. In order to understand what material factors affect CAI, evaluation of test results should include more than comparisons of the measured strength for different materials. This study considers the effects of characteristic impact damage state, specimen geometry, material toughness, ply group thickness, undamaged strength, and failure mode. The results of parametric studies, using an analysis model developed to predict CAI, are discussed. Experimental results used to verify the model are also presented. Finally, recommended pre- and post-test CAI evaluation schemes which help link material behavior to structural performance are summarized.

Ilcewicz, Larry B.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Relationship of magnetic field strength and brightness of fine-structure elements in the solar temperature minimum region

A quantitative relationship was determined between magnetic field strength (or magnetic flux) from photospheric magnetograph observations and the brightness temperature of solar fine-structure elements observed at 1600 A, where the predominant flux source is continuum emission from the solar temperature minimum region. A Kitt Peak magnetogram and spectroheliograph observations at 1600 A taken during a sounding rocket flight of the High Resolution Telescope and Spectrograph from December 11, 1987 were used. The statistical distributions of brightness temperature in the quiet sun at 1600 A, and absolute value of magnetic field strength in the same area were determined from these observations. Using a technique which obtains the best-fit relationship of a given functional form between these two histogram distributions, a quantitative relationship was determined between absolute value of magnetic field strength B and brightness temperature which is essentially linear from 10 to 150 G. An interpretation is suggested, in which a basal heating occurs generally, while brighter elements are produced in magnetic regions with temperature enhancements proportional to B.

Cook, J. W.↗

NASA NTRS1990

Residual strength of composite laminates subjected to tensile-compressive fatigue loading

Results are presented on the measurements of the residual strengths of T300/934 graphite epoxy laminates, in tension and in compression, after the samples were exposed to tension-compression fatigue loading (R = -1). Four laminate ocnfigurations were tested: unidirectional, cross-ply, angle-ply, and quasi-isotropic. It was found that the fatigue behavior of laminates was dependent on the quasi-static strengths and the specific structure of the laminate. No direct correlation was found between remaining residual strengths and the percentage of average fatigue life. However, a correlation scheme was developed for the individual specimen under test, based on a cumulative damage model and a stiffness change of the material.

Rotem, Assa↗

NASA NTRS1990

Strength Scaling in Fiber Composites

A research program was initiated to study and isolate the factors responsible for scale effects in the tensile strength of graphite/epoxy composite laminates. Four layups were chosen with appropriate stacking sequences so as to highlight individual and interacting failure modes. Four scale sizes were selected for investigation including full scale size, 3/4, 2/4, and 1/4, with n = to 4, 3, 2, and 1, respectively. The full scale specimen sizes was 32 piles thick as compared to 24, 16, and 8 piles for the 3/4, 2/4, and 1/4 specimen sizes respectively. Results were obtained in the form of tensile strength, stress-strain curves and damage development. Problems associated with strength degradation with increasing specimen sizes are isolated and discussed. Inconsistencies associated with strain measurements were also identified. Enhanced x ray radiography was employed for damage evaluation, following step loading. It was shown that fiber dominated layups were less sensitive to scaling effects compared to the matrix dominated layups.

Kellas, Sotiris↗

NASA NTRS1991

Braze alloy process and strength characterization studies for 18 nickel grade 200 maraging steel with application to wind tunnel models

A comprehensive study of braze alloy selection process and strength characterization with application to wind tunnel models is presented. The applications for this study include the installation of stainless steel pressure tubing in model airfoil sections make of 18 Ni 200 grade maraging steel and the joining of wing structural components by brazing. Acceptable braze alloys for these applications are identified along with process, thermal braze cycle data, and thermal management procedures. Shear specimens are used to evaluate comparative shear strength properties for the various alloys at both room and cryogenic (-300 F) temperatures and include the effects of electroless nickel plating. Nickel plating was found to significantly enhance both the wetability and strength properties for the various braze alloys studied. The data are provided for use in selecting braze alloys for use with 18 Ni grade 200 steel in the design of wind tunnel models to be tested in an ambient or cryogenic environment.

Bradshaw, James F.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Strength scaling in fiber composites

A research program was initiated to study and isolate the factors responsible for scale effects in the tensile strength of graphite/epoxy composite laminates. Four layups were chosen with appropriate stacking sequences so as to highlight individual and interacting failure modes. Four scale sizes were selected for investigation including full scale size, 3/4, 2/4, and 1/4, with n = to 4, 3, 2, and 1, respectively. The full scale specimen sizes was 32 piles thick as compared to 24, 16, and 8 piles for the 3/4, 2/4, and 1/4 specimen sizes respectively. Results were obtained in the form of tensile strength, stress-strain curves and damage development. Problems associated with strength degradation with increasing specimen sizes are isolated and discussed. Inconsistencies associated with strain measurements were also identified. Enchanced X-ray radiography was employed for damage evaluation, following step loading. It was shown that fiber dominated layups were less sensitive to scaling effects compared to the matrix dominated layups.

Kellas, Sotiris↗

NASA NTRS1991

Effects of processing induced defects on laminate response - Interlaminar tensile strength

Four different layup methods were used in the present study of the interlaminar tensile strength of AS4/3501-6 graphite-reinforced epoxy as a function of defects from manufacturing-induced porosity. The methods were: (1) baseline hand layup, (2) solvent wipe of prepreg for resin removal, (3) moisture-introduction between plies, and (4) a low-pressure cure cycle. Pore characterization was conducted according to ASTM D-2734. A significant reduction is noted in the out-of-plane tensile strength as a function of increasing void content; the porosity data were used in an empirical model to predict out-of-plane strength as a function of porosity.

Gurdal, Zafer↗

NASA NTRS1992

Preliminary evaluation of adhesion strength measurement devices for ceramic/titanium matrix composite bonds

The adhesive bond between ceramic cement and a titanium matrix composite substrate to be used in the National Aerospace Plane program is evaluated. Two commercially available adhesion testers, the Sebastian Adherence Tester and the CSEM REVETEST Scratch Tester, are evaluated to determine their suitability for quantitatively measuring adhesion strength. Various thicknesses of cements are applied to several substrates, and bond strengths are determined with both testers. The Sabastian Adherence Tester has provided limited data due to an interference from the sample mounting procedure, and has been shown to be incapable of distinguishing adhesion strength from tensile and shear properties of the cement itself. The data from the scratch tester has been found to be difficult to interpret due to the porosity and hardness of the cement. Recommendations are proposed for a more reliable adhesion test method.

Pohlchuck, Bobby↗

NASA NTRS1990

Residual strength of repaired graphite/epoxy laminates after 5 years of outdoor exposure

The NASA Langley Research Center has sponsored research to develop generic repair techniques and processes for advanced graphite/epoxy (Gr/Ep) composites applicable to secondary structures for commercial transport aircraft. The long-term durability of such repairs is being addressed in a 10-year outdoor exposure program at the Langley Research Center. Details of the program and results of residual strength tests after 5 years of outdoor exposure are presented. Four repair methods are being evaluated. These include: (1) externally bolted aluminum-plus adhesive; (2) precured, bonded external Gr/Ep; (3) cure-in-place external Gr/Ep; and (4) cure-in-place flush Gr/Ep. Repaired specimens as well as undamaged and damaged unrepaired controls are being exposed outdoors for 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 years. The residual tensile strength of stressed, unstressed, and fatigue specimens from each group is reported and compared with the tensile strength of baseline specimens which received no outdoor exposure. Identification of the commercial products and companies is used to describe adequately the test materials. The identification of these commercial products does not constitute endorsement, expressed or implied, of such products by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

Deaton, Jerry W.↗

NASA NTRS1991

Relevance of impacter shape to nonvisible damage and residual tensile strength of a thick graphite/epoxy laminate

A study was made to determine the relevance of impacter shape to nonvisible damage and tensile residual strength of a 36 mm thick graphite/epoxy motor case. The shapes of the impacters were as follows: 12.7 mm and 25.4 mm diameter hemispheres, a sharp corner, and a 6.3 mm diameter bolt-like rod. The investigation revealed that damage initiated when the contact pressure exceeded a critical level. However, the damage was not visible on the surface until an even higher pressure was exceeded. The impact energy to initiate damage or cause visible damage on the surface increased approximately with impacter diameter to the third power. The reduction in strength for nonvisible damage increased with increasing diameter, 9 and 30 percent for the 12.7 mm and 25.4 mm diameter hemispheres, respectively. The corner impacter made visible damage on the surface for even the smallest impact energy. The rod impacter acted like a punch and sliced through the composite. Even so, the critical level of pressure to initiate damage was the same for the rod and hemispherical impacters. Factors of safety for nonvisible damage increased with increasing kinetic energy of impact. The effects of impacter shape on impact force, damage size, damage visibility, and residual tensile strength were predicted quite well assuming Hertzian contact and using maximum stress criteria and a surface crack analysis.

Poe, Clarence C., Jr.↗

NASA NTRS1992

Removal of surface loop from stitched composites can improve compression and compression-after-impact strengths

Stitching through-the-thickness (TTT) of composite materials produces a surface loop of yarn between successive penetrations. The surface loop is pressed into the surface layers of the composite material during the curing of the laminate, kinking the in-plane fibers near the surface of the material. The compression strength and compression-after-impact (CAI) strengths of carbon-epoxy specimens were measured with and without the surface loop. Removal of the surface loop had no influence on failure mode or failure mechanism, but did significantly increase the compression and CAI strengths.

Farley, Gary L.↗

NASA NTRS1992

Compressive strength of damaged and repaired composite plates

Tests were performed assessing the effectiveness of repair in restoring the mechanical properties of damaged, solid composite plates made either of Fiberite T300/976 graphite-epoxy, Fiberite IM7/977-2 graphite-toughened epoxy, or ICI APC-2 graphite-PEEK. The plate length, the layup and the amount of damage were also varied. Damage was introduced in the plates either by impacting them with a solid projectile or by applying a transverse static load. Some (75 percent) or all (100 percent) of the damaged zone was then cut out, and the plate was repaired by plugging and patching the hole. The effectiveness of the repair was evaluated by measuring the compressive strengths of undamaged plates, damaged plates with no cutout, damaged plates with a cutout, and repaired plates. The data at an intermediate stage of repair provide information on the effect of each repair step on the compressive strength. The results indicated that for the solid plates used in these tests, the repair methods used herein did not improve the compressive strength of already damaged plates.

Finn, Scott R.↗

NASA NTRS1993

Compression strength failure mechanisms in unidirectional composite laminates containing a hole

Experiments on graphite-epoxy laminated plates containing unloaded small holes show that these laminates are notch insensitive. That is, the uniaxial strength of these laminates with small holes exceeds the strength predicted by a point stress criterion using the stress concentration factor for the in-plane stress field. Laminates containing large holes exhibit notch sensitive behavior and consequently their strength is reasonably well predicted by the stress concentration effect. This hole size effect is manifested both in tension and in compression. Apparently, some mechanism must cause in-plane stress relief for laminates containing small holes. The purpose of this research was to study the influence of geometric nonlinearity on the micromechanical response of a filamentary composite material in the presence of a strain gradient caused by a discontinuity such as a hole. A mathematical model was developed at the micromechanical level to investigate this geometrically nonlinear effect.

Johnson, Eric R.↗

NASA NTRS1992

Low-earth-orbit effects on strength of glasses

The effects of a 5.8-y exposure to low-earth-orbit environment upon the mechanical properties of five commercial glasses and a low-expansion-coefficient glass-ceramic have been examined. The radiation components of the earth-orbit environment did not degrade the mechanical strength of the samples examined within the limits of experimental error. Statistical problems arising from the low frequency of micrometeorite or space debris impacts upon the samples precluded statistically valid measurement of impacted sample strengths. Upper bounds for the magnitude of the impact event damage upon the strengths for impacted samples have been determined.

Wiedlocher, David E.↗

NASA NTRS1992

Indentation flaw formation and strength response of silicon nitride ceramics at low indentation loads

The configuration and the strength response of indentation flaws in silicon nitrides are described as a function of indentation loads primarily near the threshold level. Test materials under consideration include 30 vol percent SiC whisker-reinforced composite silicon nitride and similar monolithic silicon nitride. The results of strength testing show that, at indentation loads less than or equal to 1.96, a number of the specimens fail from the intrinsic flaws of the materials rather than from the indent sites, causing a distinct trend to reach a plateau, at a level corresponding to the as-received strength of the material. The ratio of the mirror constant to the fracture toughness for the composite and monolithic materials is found to be 1.44 and 1.51, respectively.

Choi, Sung R.↗

NASA NTRS1993

Radial and latitudinal variations of the magnetic field strength in the outer heliosphere

The radial, latitudinal, and temporal variations of the magnetic field in the outer heliosphere are analyzed on the basis of observations from Voyagers 1 and 2 and Pioneers 10 and 11. The radial variation of the magnetic field strength measured during 1973-1989 from 1 to 19 AU is compared with that predicted by Parker's (1963) spiral field model. Additional Voyager 2 magnetic field data from 1986 through most of 1989 are discussed. Latitudinal variations in the magnetic field strength are examined on Voyager 1 and 2 observations from 1981 to 1989. It is concluded that both the Voyager and the Pioneer observations are consistent with Parker's model for the variation of the strength of the magnetic field as a function of distance from the sun in the region from 1 to 19 AU. The topology of the spiral interplanetary magnetic field, as well as a program for analyzing more general magnetic fields and velocity fields in the heliosphere are also discussed.

Burlaga, L. F.↗

NASA NTRS1991

nu-2 band of H2 O-16 - Line strengths and transition frequencies

High-resolution spectra of H2 O-16 were recorded with a Fourier-transform spectrometer covering transitions in the (010)-(000) band from 1066 to 2582/cm. The measured line frequencies were used along with additional data taken from studies at microwave and far-infrared frequencies in an analysis to obtain rotational energies of levels in the (000) and (010) states. Measurements of the line strengths were fitted by least squares to a model in which the dipole moment matrix elements were represented by as many as 19 expansion coefficients. The results produced computed line strength values that are in excellent agreement, on the average, with the 874 experimental transitions included in the analysis. These results provide a more accurate representation of the line positions and strengths for the (010)-(000) band than are currently available on the HITRAN absorption line parameter compilation.

Toth, Robert A.↗