SEARCH · Engineering Papers

Results for “simulated waves”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

SourceResearch connectionFrom yearThrough year

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 649 records · Page 36

All sources NASA NTRS DOE OSTI

NASA NTRS2005

Simulating Gravitational Radiation from Binary Black Holes Mergers as LISA Sources

A viewgraph presentation on the simulation of gravitational waves from Binary Massive Black Holes with LISA observations is shown. The topics include: 1) Massive Black Holes (MBHs); 2) MBH Binaries; 3) Gravitational Wavws from MBH Binaries; 4) Observing with LISA; 5) How LISA sees MBH binary mergers; 6) MBH binary inspirals to LISA; 7) Numerical Relativity Simulations; 8) Numerical Relativity Challenges; 9) Recent Successes; 10) Goddard Team; 11) Binary Black Hole Simulations at Goddard; 12) Goddard Recent Advances; 13) Baker, et al.:GSFC; 13) Starting Farther Out; 14) Comparing Initial Separation; 15) Now with AMR; and 16) Conclusion.

Baker, John↗

DOE OSTI2025

Simulating Meson Scattering on Spin Quantum Simulators

Studying high-energy collisions of composite particles, such as hadrons and nuclei, is an outstanding goal for quantum simulators. However, preparation of hadronic wave packets has posed a significant challenge, due to the complexity of hadrons and the precise structure of wave packets. This has limited demonstrations of hadron scattering on quantum simulators to date. Observations of confinement and composite excitations in quantum spin systems have opened up the possibility to explore scattering dynamics in spin models. In this article, we develop two methods to create entangled spin states corresponding to wave packets of composite particles in analog quantum simulators of Ising spin Hamiltonians. One wave-packet preparation method uses the blockade effect enabled by beyond-nearest-neighbor Ising spin interactions. The other method utilizes a quantum-bus-mediated exchange, such as the native spin-phonon coupling in trapped-ion arrays. With a focus on trapped-ion simulators, we numerically benchmark both methods and show that high-fidelity wave packets can be achieved in near-term experiments. We numerically study scattering of wave packets for experimentally realizable parameters in the Ising model and find inelastic-scattering regimes, corresponding to particle production in the scattering event, with prominent and distinct experimental signals. Our proposal, therefore, demonstrates the potential of observing inelastic scattering in near-term quantum simulators.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

DOE OSTI2025

Hydrodynamic characterization of the coastal pioneer array ocean observing system

Ocean observation buoys require relatively small amounts of power, yet traditionally necessitate costly resupply trips for battery replacement. With the offshore location of the buoys and small power requirements, wave energy may be an effective solution for providing consistent and reliable power to support the buoy instrumentation. The US National Science Foundation Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI) includes arrays of point absorber-like buoy systems used for ocean observation that have been deployed at multiple locations including the Southern Mid-Atlantic Bight. A study is currently underway to design a pitch resonator wave energy converter to supplement existing renewable energy generation for powering observation instrumentation. This paper details field measurements from surface moorings of the OOI Coastal Pioneer Array, which informs the subsequent development of a numerical model for the moored observation system. The model is developed in Wave Energy Converter Simulator (WEC-Sim), which leverages the Simscape multibody solver within the MATLAB/Simulink framework and linear potential flow theory to simulate the hydrodynamic interactions and multibody dynamics in 6 degrees of freedom. Multiple tuning variables are considered to produce a model for the system that matches well with empirical data (about 8% error). In conclusion, the WEC-Sim model will serve as a platform for integrating the pitch resonator wave energy converter concept and deployment preparation (detailed design including power take-off and control systems, response evaluation, etc.).

hydrodynamic modeling↗

DOE OSTI2026

Dependence of wind-farm-induced gravity waves and wind farm performance on non-dimensional atmospheric parameters and simulation configuration

This large-eddy simulation (LES) study examines how wind-farm-induced atmospheric gravity waves (AGWs) and wind farm performance depend on non-dimensional atmospheric parameters and simulation configuration. A hypothetical aligned wind farm of actuator disks is simulated under neutral surface conditions, with a stable capping inversion and a mildly stable free atmosphere, to assess the effects of stratification beyond the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) on ABL flow. Simulation set-ups fully resolving AGWs are validated to minimize spurious wave generation and reflection from the domain boundaries. The validated set-up is then used to analyze AGW types and characteristics, as well as stratification impacts under conventionally neutral boundary layer (CNBL) conditions. These conditions are governed by four non-dimensional parameters: the Froude numbers of the free atmosphere and capping inversion (Fr, Fr i ), and the aspect ratios of the ABL and wind farm (H̃ i , S h ). Simulation configurations that fully resolve AGWs – capturing at least one wavelength both horizontally and vertically – yield the most realistic stratification effects on ABL flow, whereas partial or unresolved configurations produce non-physical, channel-like behavior. A coherent description of the AGW phenomena is provided, highlighting the central role of capping inversion displacement in linking ABL fluctuations with AGWs. Trapped waves are confined within the capping inversion, while interfacial and internal waves aloft are identified as the AGW types most relevant to wind farm performance. The wavy inversion, analogous to an interfacial wave, forms converging and diverging zones that drive power fluctuations across the farm. The interfacial wavelength, measured over the wind farm, corresponds to one diverging, one converging, and one mildly diverging zone. As the interfacial wavelength decreases with Fr i , multiple convergence–divergence zones develop under sub-critical conditions (Fr i <1.0), while for super-critical conditions (Fr i > 1.0), the wavelength approaches the farm length. Wave amplitude increases with decreasing H̃ i (i.e., shallower capping inversions). Wind farm performance is most sensitive to H̃ i : shallow boundary layers increase blockage and reduce efficiency, while deeper layers enhance efficiency. Increasing Fr and Fr i mitigates blockage, and increasing S h mainly improves wake recovery. Although local power fluctuations arise from AGWs, overall wind farm efficiency remains nearly constant with Fr and Fr i , improving primarily with larger H̃ i and S h .

17 WIND ENERGY↗

NASA NTRS1996

Pulse Detonation Engine Air Induction System Analysis

A preliminary mixed-compression inlet design concept for potential pulse-detonation engine (PDE) powered supersonic aircraft was defined and analyzed. The objectives of this research were to conceptually design and integrate an inlet/PDE propulsion system into a supersonic aircraft, perform time-dependent CFD analysis of the inlet flowfield, and to estimate the installed PDE cycle performance. The study was baselined to a NASA Mach 5 Waverider study vehicle in which the baseline over/under turboramjet engines were replaced with a single flowpath PDE propulsion system. As much commonality as possible was maintained with the baseline configuration, including the engine location and forebody lines. Modifications were made to the inlet system's external ramp angles and a rotating cowl lip was incorporated to improve off-design inlet operability and performance. Engines were sized to match the baseline vehicle study's ascent trajectory thrust requirement at Mach 1.2. The majority of this study was focused on a flight Mach number of 3.0. The time-dependent Navier Stokes CFD analyses of a two-dimensional approximation of the inlet was conducted for the Mach 3.0 condition. The Lockheed Martin Tactical Aircraft Systems-developed FALCON CFD code with a two equation 'k-1' turbulence model was used. The downstream PDE was simulated by an array of four sonic nozzles in which the flow areas were rapidly varied in various opening/closing combinations. Results of the CFD study indicated that the inlet design concept operated successfully at the Mach 3.0 condition, satisfying mass capture, total pressure recovery, and operability requirements. Time-dependent analysis indicated that pressure and expansion waves from the simulated valve perturbations did not effect the inlet's operability or performance.

Pegg, R. J.↗

DOE OSTI2020

Magnetopause Reconnection as Influenced by the Dipole Tilt Under Southward IMF Conditions: Hybrid Simulation and MMS Observation

Abstract Using a three‐dimensional (3‐D) global‐scale hybrid code, the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) reconnection event around 02:13 UT on 18 November 2015, highlighted in the Geospace Environment Modeling (GEM) Dayside Kinetic Challenge, is simulated, in which the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) points southward and the geomagnetic field has a −27° dipole tilt angle. Strong southward plasma jets are found near the magnetopause as a result of the dayside reconnection. Our results indicate that the subsolar magnetopause reconnection X line shifts from the subsolar point toward the Northern Hemisphere due to the effect of the tilted geomagnetic dipole angle, consistent with the MMS observation. Subsequently, the reconnection X lines or sites and reconnection flux ropes above the equator propagate northward along the magnetopause. The formation and global distribution of the X lines and the structure of the magnetopause reconnection are investigated in detail with the simulation. Mirror mode waves are also found in the middle of the magnetosheath downstream of the quasi‐perpendicular shock where the plasma properties are consistent with the mirror instability condition. As a special outcome of the GEM challenge event, the spatial and temporal variations in reconnection, the electromagnetic power spectra, and the associated D‐shaped ion velocity distributions in the simulated reconnection event are compared with the MMS observation.

Guo, Zhifang↗

NASA NTRS1985

Simulations of heavy ion heating by electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves driven by proton temperature anisotropies

Heating of heavy ions by the electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves, which are driven by proton temperature anisotropies, is studied by means of hybrid particle simulations. Initially, relaxation of the temperature anisotropies in the proton distribution and isotropic heating of the heavy ions are observed (phase I), followed by substantial perpendicular heating of the heavy ions (phase II). The heavy ions are distinctly gyrophase modulated by the EMIC waves. The isotropic heating in phase I is due to magnetic trapping by the excited proton cyclotron waves. The perpendicular heating in phase II is attributed to cyclotron resonance with the EMIC waves, which becomes possible by means of the preceding heating in phase I. Saturation of the EMIC instability is instead attributed to magnetic trapping of the majority ions: protons. When the proton anisotropy is very large, frequency shift (decrease) of the proton cyclotron waves to less than 1/2 Ohm(p) is observed. The present mechanism is not only relevant to He(+) heating in the dayside equator of the magnetosphere, but it also predicts hot He2(+) ions behind the earth's bow shock.

Tanaka, M.↗

DOE OSTI2023

Explicit dispersion relations for warm fluid waves in a uniform plasma (invited)

Classical dispersion relations for waves in a fluid plasma are expressed as implicit functions of wave frequency and wave- number. The implicit dispersion relation must in general be solved numerically. This work introduces an astute method for obtaining an explicit dispersion relation for waves in a fluid plasma. The explicit expression has an advantage of providing eigenmodes without numerical computations and giving a dispersion relation more detailed than the implicit expression. As in the case of cold waves, the wavenumber for an arbitrary frequency can be directly obtained from the explicit formula. The explicit formula also enables an accurate evaluation of finite-temperature effects on a dispersion relation even near the cyclotron resonance, where a numerical analysis of the implicit relation is impractical. As a result, the analytic formula can be used to investigate temperature effects on electromagnetic waves.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2022

Resistive wall tearing mode disruptions in DIII-D and ITER tokamaks

Disruptions are a serious problem in tokamaks, in which thermal and magnetic energy confinement is lost. This paper uses data from the DIII-D experiment, theory, and simulations to demonstrate that resistive wall tearing modes (RWTMs) produce the thermal quench (TQ) in a typical locked mode shot. Analysis of the linear RWTM dispersion relation shows the parameter dependence of the growth rate, particularly on the resistive wall time. Linear simulations of the locked mode equilibrium show that it is unstable with a resistive wall and stable with an ideally conducting wall. Nonlinear simulations demonstrate that the RWTM grows to sufficient amplitude to cause a complete thermal quench. The RWTM growth time is proportional to the thermal quench time. Here, the nonlinearly saturated RWTM magnetic perturbation amplitude agrees with experimental measurements. The onset condition is that the q = 2 rational surface is sufficiently close to the resistive wall. Collectively, this identifies the RWTM as the cause of the TQ. In ITER, RWTMs will produce long TQ times compared to present-day experiments. ITER disruptions may be significantly more benign than previously predicted.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗

DOE OSTI2026

Towards the Ultimate Strength of Medium‐Entropy Alloys Through Pulsed Lasers

The tensile strength of metals at extreme strain rates is a key predictor of their performance in ballistic and structural impact applications. An important experimental method to reach these extreme strain rates is the use of high-amplitude, short-duration pulsed lasers. The Jupiter Laser Facility at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory enabled probing for the first time the mechanical response of several promising High Entropy Alloys at times on the order of nanoseconds (strain rates of ∼10 7 and ∼10 9 s −1 ). The measured strength is in the range of 6 to 10 GPa, ten times the quasistatic value. The mechanisms of plastic deformation and failure were identified and quantified through analysis and molecular dynamics simulation. The reflected wave amplitudes, obtained by VISAR, were used to determine the tensile (spall) stress. The high tensile strength obtained is due to two factors: the strain-rate dependence of plastic flow and the kinetics of void nucleation, growth, and coalescence. The experimental results are compared with an analytical prediction considering both grain-interior and grain-boundary void initiation. Molecular dynamics simulations, conducted at strain rates of 10 8 and 10 9 s −1 , rationalize the experimental results. In conclusion, they provide valuable information about the process of failure evolution, and reveal that grain boundary separation plays a pivotal role in spalling.

Materials science↗

DOE OSTI2022

The influence of particle size on the fluid dynamics of a laser-induced plasma

The interaction of a laser-induced shock wave with nanoparticles and microparticles of aluminum oxide is investigated through experiments and modeling. The chemistry and physics of the interaction between the particles and plasma generated from laser ablation shows similarities and discrete differences for the two particle sizes. For both particle sizes, early stage (< 10 μs) ionization was dominant and evidenced by higher concentrations of Al II. While both sizes exhibit ionization over the same duration, the intensity of emission was greater for nanoparticles indicating greater concentrations of ionized species. Moreover, the dispersion of species was notably more elongated for microparticles while radial dispersion was more pronounced for nanoparticles with elevated drag forces. At later stages (i.e., > 10 μs), oxidation reactions were dominant for both particle sizes, but the same distinctions in flow field were observed and attributed to particle drag. In all stages of interaction, microparticles expand axially with less drag that suppresses their radial expansion. As a result, the dispersion of reactive species was mapped over an up to 80% larger area for nanoparticles relative to microparticles. Results shown here can be applied toward advancing experimental diagnostics and particle-shock wave modeling and simulation efforts for energetic materials.

71 CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM MECHANICS, GENERAL PHYSIC↗

NASA NTRS1983

Acceleration of hydrogen ions and conic formation along auroral field lines

Electrostatic ion cyclotron turbulence and the formation of ion conics at low altitudes (about 1500 km) along auroral field lines have been investigated analytically and by plasma numerical simulations. Ion cyclotron waves are assumed to be driven unstable by the upgoing cold ionospheric electrons associated with the downward auroral current. When the electron drift speed is comparable to the electron thermal speed, it was found that the large-amplitude (the saturation level is approximately equal to unity) coherent (omega equals the ion gyrofrequency) ion cyclotron waves should exist along auroral field lines at low altitudes extending a few hundred kilometers. Ion conics are associated with ion cyclotron turbulence, and the ion bulk temperature is found to increase by a factor of 10 from the initial ionospheric temperature, while the temperature of the high-energy tail can be as much as 100 times the ionospheric temperature. Theory and simulations are in good agreement.

Okuda, H.↗

NASA NTRS2009

Merging Black Holes and Gravitational Waves

This talk will focus on simulations of binary black hole mergers and the gravitational wave signals they produce. Applications to gravitational wave detection with LISA, and electro~nagnetic counterparts, will be highlighted.

Centrella, Joan↗

NASA NTRS2020

INVESTIGATING THE FEASIBILITY AND STABILITY FOR MODELING ACOUSTIC WAVE SCATTERING USING A TIME-DOMAIN BOUNDARY INTEGRAL EQUATION WITH IMPEDANCE BOUNDARY CONDITION

Reducing aircraft noise is a major objective in the field of computational aeroacoustics. When designing next generation quiet and environmentally friendly aircraft, it is important to be able to accurately and efficiently predict the acoustic scattering by an aircraft body from a given noise source. Acoustic liners are an effective tool for aircraft noise reduction and are characterized by a frequency-dependent impedance. Converted into the time-domain using Fourier transforms, an impedance boundary condition can be used to simulate the acoustic wave scattering by geometric bodies treated with acoustic liners. This work considers using either an impedance or an admittance (inverse of impedance) boundary condition to allow for acoustic scattering problems to be modeled with geometries consisting of both un-lined and lined surfaces. Three acoustic liner models are discussed: the Extended Helmholtz Resonator Model, the Three-Parameter Impedance Model, and the Broadband Impedance Model. In both the Helmholtz and Three-Parameter models, liner impedance is specified at a given frequency, whereas the Broadband model allows for the investigation of multiple frequencies simultaneously. The impedance and admittance boundary conditions for acoustic liners are derived for each model and coupled with a time-domain boundary integral equation. The scattering solution is obtained iteratively using a boundary element method with constant spatial and third-order temporal basis functions. Time-domain boundary integral equations are unfortunately prone to numerical instabilities due to resonant frequencies resulting from non-trivial solutions in the interior domain. When reformulated with the Burton-Miller method, the instabilities are eliminated. Using a Burton-Miller reformulation, the stability of the boundary element method assuming a liner boundary condition is assessed using eigenvalue analysis. The stability of each liner model is discussed, and it is shown that the Three-Parameter and Broadband models are sufficient for modeling an acoustic liner on the surface of scattering bodies. The Helmholtz model demonstrates strict limitations for stability, whereas the Three-Parameter and Broadband models are stable for most cases. Also included in this work is an assessment of the spatial accuracy of the time-domain boundary element method with respect to the surface element basis functions, as well as a performance study of the numerical algorithm.

computational mathematics↗

DOE OSTI2022

An investigation of the multi-mode Richtmyer-Meshkov instability at a gas/HE interface using Pagosa

Here, in this work, we present a hydrocode Pagosa and explore the Richtmyer-Meshkov Instability (RMI) at an air/high explosive (HE) interface for the first time that is important but has not received much attention yet in the high explosive safety field. Thus, the presented Pagosa can be expected to predict the whole deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) process in future. In Pagosa, spatial discretization is implemented on cubic staggered grids by computing different variables at the vertex and the cell center, respectively, a special operator-splitting technique is employed to reduce the computational cost, and an artificial viscosity is added to handle the discontinuous shock waves in our simulations. To quantitatively evaluate the capability of Pagosa to solve these kinds of instabilities, the single mode Rayleigh-Taylor instability (RTI) and the multimode RMI at an air/SF 6 interface are first performed, respectively. The Pagosa results are compared with the related numerical solutions in the existing references and the experimental result. Moreover, a theoretical derivation of growth of RTI is also provided based on our numerical method. Subsequently, we explore the multi-mode RMI at an air/HE interface as well as the effects of several factors using Pagosa. Numerical results show that Pagosa is a powerful toolset to generate the right structures and the amplitude of RTI and RMI at an air/SF 6 interface. The solid HE can be penetrated by a strong shock wave and forms RMI deformations. The RMI at an air/HE interface behaves very different than at an air/SF 6 interface, periodic, decreased oscillation is observed due to material character, and is very sensitive to the initial simulation settings, that is, a tiny change in physical quantities will lead to a remarkable RMI structure, which is also observed in a shock bubble interaction. The findings in this work are significant, and will present a new insight for the high explosive field.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗

NASA NTRS1985

Hybrid simulation codes with application to shocks and upstream waves

Hybrid codes in which part of the plasma is represented as particles and the rest as a fluid are discussed. In the past few years such codes with particle ions and massless, fluid electrons have been applied to space plasmas, especially to collisionless shocks. All of these simulation codes are one-dimensional and similar in structure, except for how the field equations are solved. The various approaches that are used (resistive Ohm's law, predictor-corrector, Hamiltonian) are described in detail and results from the various codes are compared with examples taken from collisionless shocks and low frequency wave phenomena upstream of shocks.

Winske, D.↗

DOE OSTI2021

Re-calibration of PBX9501 SURF model

PBX 9501 is a plastic bonded explosive composed of 95 wt % HMX and a binder; see [Gibbs and Popolato, 1980, pp. 109–119]. SURF is a reactive burn model for shock initiation and propagation of detonation waves. It has previously been calibrated for PBX 9501. Here the SURF model is recalibrated for PBX 9501; specifically, lot 730-010 at ρ = 1.837 g/cc 3 . The new calibration uses the Davis reactants and products EOS calibrated for the AWSD model [Aslam et al., 2020]. The burn rate in the shock initiation regime is fit to the Pop plot from 5 embedded gauge shock-to-detonation transition (SDT) experiments from [Gustavsen et al., 1999, see fig 12 and table 5]. In the propagation regime, the burn rate is fit to curvature effect data (detonation speed as function of front curvature); see [Aslam, 2007]. Also the burn parameters are adjusted to fit the gap-stick experiment [Hill et al., 2018]. Simulating the detonation wave speed in this experiment requires a model that is accurate for initiation with complex shock loading; in particular, a pressure decreasing gradient behind a curved lead shock. This is more difficult than calibrating to the standard SDT experiments which are 1-D and driven by a sustained shock. Simulations of the gap-stick experiment for PBX 9501 with the SURF model will be discussed in a subsequent report.

45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEF↗

NASA NTRS1992

Laboratory measurements of the microwave and millimeter-wave opacity of gaseous sulfur dioxide (SO2) under simulated conditions for the Venus atmosphere

Laboratory measurements have been conducted of the opacity of gaseous SO2 in a CO2 atmosphere at 12.3 cm, 1.32 cm, and 0.32 cm, with a view to the effects of this gas on the mm-wave emission of the Venus atmosphere. Close agreement is noted between the results obtained and the absorptivity predicted from a Van Vleck-Weisskopf formalism at the two shortest wavelengths, but not at the longest. These results have been incorporated into a radiative transfer model in order to infer an abundance profile for gaseous SO2 in Venus' middle atmosphere, and are also used to ascertain the effects of a SO2/CO2 gaseous mixture on the mm-wavelength spectrum of Venus.

Fahd, Antoine K.↗