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Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 649 records · Page 36
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2025

A chemical-recovery-free ammonium sulfite-based alkali pretreatment of corn stover for low-cost sugar production via fertilizer use of waste liquor

The production of cellulosic sugars is a pivotal strategy for advancing biomass bioconversion. This study evaluated the pretreatment of corn stover using ammonium sulfite and potassium hydroxide to develop comprehensive data on sugar, lignin, chemicals, and overall mass recovery profiles in a batch reactor at 80 °C. The results indicated significant improvements in delignification, deacetylation, enzymatic digestibility, and overall sugar yield. Specifically, pretreating corn stover with a solution of 40 wt% potassium hydroxide and 15 wt% ammonium sulfite at 80 °C for 2 h achieved 78.9 % lignin removal and 82.1 % acetyl removal, resulting in a total sugar yield exceeding 87.5 % with an enzyme loading of 12.5 mg protein/g-glucan plus xylan. The pretreated spent liquor, containing ammonium, potassium, sulfur, biomass-derived organics, and inorganics, demonstrated substantial potential as a fertilizer. The techno-economic analysis projected a minimum sugar selling price of $0.285 per pound, supporting the ongoing development and implementation of chemical-recovery-free pretreatment technology.

09 BIOMASS FUELS↗
DOE OSTI2021

Partial Premixing Effects on the Reacting Jet of a High-Pressure Axially Staged Combustor

The effects of partial premixing on a reacting jet-in-crossflow is investigated in a five atmosphere axially staged combustor at stationary gas turbine relevant conditions. The facility consists of a dump style headend burner that provides a crossflow with a quasi-uniform velocity and temperature profile to the axial stage to isolate the effects of the jet-in-crossflow. The headend burner is run with methane and air at a lean equivalence ratio to match industry emission standards. For this work, the total air to the headend and axial stage is kept constant, and fuel is split between the headend and axial stage to represent different gas turbine loading conditions. For the cases analyzed, the fuel split to the axial stage went up to 25%. The axial stage consists of an optically accessible test section with a coaxial injector that provides variability to how long the methane and air can mix before entering the facility. Three different premixed levels are studied: fully premixed, nonpremixed, and partially premixed. The flow-field characteristics of the reacting jet-in-crossflow are analyzed using particle image velocimetry (PIV), and flame behavior is quantified by employing CH* chemiluminescence. NO measurements are made at the exit of the facility using a Horiba emissions analyzer. Furthermore, two different flames are observed: flames that burn in the leeward recirculation region and flames that burn at the core of the jet.

03 NATURAL GAS↗
DOE OSTI2026

Preliminary Assessment for the Electric Load Shifting Potential of Integrating Thermal Energy Storage with Heat Pumps in Residential Buildings in Texas of United States

The widespread adoption of electric-driven heat pumps for heating and cooling is expected to significantly increase electric demand. Cooling electric demand will result in an increase in peak hours electric loads, placing additional strain on the grid during peak hours. This challenge, combined with the current rapidly increasing demand from data centers, exacerbates the electric demand duck curve problem. Integrating thermal energy storage (TES) with heat pump can shift electric use for heating and cooling from peak to off-peak hours of the electric grid, which can help flatten the daily electric demand profile of a building. This paper presents a novel design that integrates heat pump with TES (HP-TES), which uses phase change materials (PCM). Heat pump charges TES by melting or freezing PCM during off-peak hours when there is no thermal demand from the building. TES is then discharged (i.e., by freezing or melting PCM) during peak hours to provide a more favorable heat source or heat sink for the heat pump to meet the thermal demand of the building with lower electricity use than conventional air-source heat pumps. Computer simulations were developed to predict the performance of HP-TES applied to a typical single-family house in the US. The building-level simulation results were scaled up to preliminarily assess the aggregated impacts of deploying HP-TES across all single-family houses in Texas of the United States, including reduction of peak demand of the electric grid.

Anees, Fady [ORNL]↗
DOE OSTI2022

Dynamic Modeling, Parameter Estimation, and Data Reconciliation of a Supercritical Pulverized Coal-Fired Boiler

A high-fidelity, spatially distributed dynamic model of a supercritical pulverized coal-fired boiler was developed for calculating transient thermal profiles of the boiler tubes, which are often not measured or unmeasurable in industrial settings due to the harsh operating conditions. In this work, rigorous models of the subcritical and supercritical steam properties, which can be highly nonlinear, were used to capture the transition between two-phase and one-phase flow, respectively, as supercritical boilers frequently transition through the critical point during load-following operation. The transient boiler model was also used for data reconciliation and parameter estimation for the purpose of model validation against industrial data. An approach was developed to reduce the size of large-scale reconciliation problem by focusing on the implementation of bias terms for the reconciled variables, which can be estimated in place of the reconciled variables themselves. In addition, a functional approximation of the reconciliation problem was defined so that it can be more simply optimized. Combining this functional approximation optimization with reformulation of the reconciliation problem considering measurement biases can significantly improve the tractability of many such large-scale problems. The validated boiler model was then used to study transient responses under load-following operation with specific attention on the calculation of unmeasurable variables.

42 ENGINEERING↗
DOE OSTI2024

CGOLS V: Disk-wide Stellar Feedback and Observational Implications of the Cholla Galactic Wind Model

Abstract We present the fifth simulation in the Cholla Galactic OutfLow Simulation (CGOLS) project—a set of isolated starburst galaxy simulations modeled over large scales (10 kpc) at uniformly high resolution (Δx≈ 5 pc). Supernova feedback in this simulation is implemented as a disk-wide distribution of clusters, and we assess the impact of this geometry on several features of the resulting outflow, including the radial profiles of various phases; mass, momentum, and energy outflow rates; covering fraction of cool gas; mock absorption-line spectra; and X-ray surface brightness. In general, we find that the outflow generated by this model is cooler, slower, and contains more mass in the cool phase than a more centrally concentrated outflow driven by a similar number of supernovae. In addition, the energy loading factors in the hot phase are an order of magnitude lower, indicating much larger losses due to radiative cooling in the outflow. However, coupling between the hot and cool phases is more efficient than in the nuclear burst case, with almost 50% of the total outflowing energy flux carried by the cool phase at a radial distance of 5 kpc. These physical differences have corresponding signatures in observable quantities: the covering fraction of cool gas is much larger, and there is greater evidence of absorption in low and intermediate ionization energy lines. Taken together, our simulations indicate that centrally concentrated starbursts are more effective at driving hot, low-density outflows that will expand far into the halo, while galaxy-wide bursts may be more effective at removing cool gas from the disk.

Astronomy & Astrophysics↗
DOE OSTI2020

Comparison of aircraft measurements during GoAmazon2014/5 and ACRIDICON-CHUVA

The indirect effect of atmospheric aerosol particles on the Earth's radiation balance remains one of the most uncertain components affecting climate change throughout the industrial period. The large uncertainty is partly due to the incomplete understanding of aerosol–cloud interactions. One objective of the GoAmazon2014/5 and the ACRIDICON (Aerosol, Cloud, Precipitation, and Radiation Interactions and Dynamics of Convective Cloud Systems)-CHUVA (Cloud Processes of the Main Precipitation Systems in Brazil) projects was to understand the influence of emissions from the tropical megacity of Manaus (Brazil) on the surrounding atmospheric environment of the rainforest and to investigate its role in the life cycle of convective clouds. During one of the intensive observation periods (IOPs) in the dry season from 1 September to 10 October 2014, comprehensive measurements of trace gases and aerosol properties were carried out at several ground sites. In a coordinated way, the advanced suites of sophisticated in situ instruments were deployed aboard both the US Department of Energy Gulfstream-1 (G1) aircraft and the German High Altitude and Long-Range Research Aircraft (HALO) during three coordinated flights on 9 and 21 September and 1 October. Here, we report on the comparison of measurements collected by the two aircraft during these three flights. Such comparisons are challenging but essential for assessing the data quality from the individual platforms and quantifying their uncertainty sources. Similar instruments mounted on the G1 and HALO collected vertical profile measurements of aerosol particle number concentrations and size distribution, cloud condensation nuclei concentrations, ozone and carbon monoxide mixing ratios, cloud droplet size distributions, and downward solar irradiance. We find that the above measurements from the two aircraft agreed within the measurement uncertainties. The relative fraction of the aerosol chemical composition measured by instruments on HALO agreed with the corresponding G1 data, although the total mass loadings only have a good agreement at high altitudes. Furthermore, possible causes of the discrepancies between measurements on the G1 and HALO are examined in this paper. Based on these results, criteria for meaningful aircraft measurement comparisons are discussed.

47 OTHER INSTRUMENTATION↗
DOE OSTI2023

Canister Centerline Cooling Experiments for DPF5-336 Reference Material Made with ERV3b Salt Simulant

This report provides experimental details and results on the elemental distributions (compositions), crystalline/amorphous phase distribution, and microstructures for DPF5-336 reference materials made with ERV3b salt that were subjected to the canister centerline cooling (CCC) heat treatment process. To fabricate these materials, ammonium dihydrogen phosphate was mixed with ERV3b salt simulant and a dechlorination procedure was run in the generation-2 dechlorinator at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory up to 600°C in an alumina crucible. After the dechlorination process, the product was removed from the crucible, lightly crushed, loaded into a new alumina crucible, Fe 2 O 3 was added, and this was vitrified at 1100°C for 1 hour and quenched. The quenched material was mostly amorphous but showed some small diffraction peaks attributed to Li 3 Fe 2 (PO 4 ) 3 . This quenched material was ground to a fine particle size in a milling chamber, and this was subjected to the CCC cooling profile in duplicate within alumina and fused quartz crucibles. The CCC experiment is designed to simulate the slowest cooling profile (the vertical centerline) of a 0.61-m diameter canister where the slower cooling profile often results in the production of a variety of different crystalline phases upon formation of which result in a residual glass of unknown composition and properties. The information gleaned from these types of experiments will lead to improved composition-property predictions for materials with similar compositions. The results of the alumina and fused quartz experiments show different microstructures but similar diffraction patterns providing evidence of similar crystalline phases being present in each sample. Both samples had monazite [i.e., (Ce,Nd)PO 4 ] and mixtures of phases containing P, Fe, and alkali metal elements. This report completes the milestone M4FT-23PN030104042 with details provided in Appendix B.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2020

Quantification of Load Flexibility in Residential Buildings Using Home Energy Management Systems

With increasing penetration of renewable energy resources, the flexibility of operating behind-the-meter (BTM) resources plays a key role in enhancing grid reliability and resilience. Residential buildings with home energy management systems (HEMS) can provide desired flexibility for the distribution system operator (DSO) while considering customer comfort and preferences. This paper discusses a methodology to quantify the flexibility of BTM resources of residential buildings using HEMS. First, we propose a model predictive control framework to formulate the flexibility band comprising nominal, upper, and lower demand profiles. Second, the paper proposes a dispatch method for HEMS to compute the control signals for each BTM resource (e.g., air conditioner, water heater, home battery system) upon receiving a flexibility service request from the DSO. The case study provides insight into the flexibility provided at the whole-home level with different user preferences and seasons. The results demonstrate that HEMS is capable of providing flexibility service at the request of the DSO while delivering primary services to the building occupants.

41 EE - Solar Energy Technologies Office (EE-4S)↗
DOE OSTI2022

Spatial Trends and Drivers of Bedload and Suspended Sediment Fluxes in Global Rivers

Abstract Bedload is notoriously challenging to measure and model; its dynamics, therefore, remains largely unknown in most fluvial systems worldwide. We present results from a global scale bedload flux model as part of the WBMsed modeling framework that well predict the distribution of water discharge, suspended sediment and bedload. The sensitivity of bedload predictions to river slope, particle size, discharge, river width, and suspended sediment were analyzed, showing the model to be most responsive to spatial dynamics in river discharge and slope. The relationship between bedload and total sediment flux is analyzed globally, and for representative longitudinal river profiles (Amazon, Mississippi, and Lena Rivers). The results show that while the proportion of bedload decreases from headwaters to the coasts, there is considerable variability between basins and along river corridors. The topographic and hydrological longitudinal profiles of rivers are shown to be the key drivers of bedload trends, with fluctuations in slope controlling its more local dynamics. Estimates of water and sediment fluxes to global oceans from 2,067 largest river outlets (draining 67% of the global continental area) are provided. Estimated water discharge at 30,579 km 3 /y corresponds well to past estimates; however, sediment flux is higher. Total global particulate load of 17.8 Gt/y is delivered to global oceans, 14.8 Gt/y as washload, 1.1 Gt/y as bedload, and 2.6 Gt/y as suspended bed material. The largest 25 rivers are predicted to transport more than half of the total sediment flux to global oceans.

Cohen, Sagy↗
DOE OSTI2022

Removal and recovery of ammonia from simulated wastewater using Ti3C2Tx MXene in flow electrode capacitive deionization

Abstract Flowing electrode capacitive deionization systems (FE-CDI) have recently garnered attention because of their ability to prevent cross contamination and operate in uninterrupted cycles ad infinitum. Typically, FE-CDI electrodes suffer from low conductivity, reducing deionization performance. Utilization of higher mass loadings to combat this leads to poor rheological properties. Herein, Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene was introduced as 1 mg mL −1 slurry electrodes in an FE-CDI system for the removal and recovery of ammonia from simulated agricultural wastewater. The electrode performance was evaluated by operating the FE-CDI system with a feed solution of 500 mg L −1 NH 4 Cl running in batch mode at a constant voltage of 1.20 and −1.20 V in charging and discharging modes, respectively. Despite the low loading, Ti 3 C 2 T x flowing electrodes showed markedly improved performance, achieving 60% ion removal efficiency in a saturation time of 115 min with an adsorption capacity of 460 mg g −1 . To understand the high adsorption performance of the electrodes, physiochemical and structural analysis was done via a variety of characterization techniques such as SEM, TEM, XRD, DLS, and Raman spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge profiles were obtained to evaluate the electrochemical properties of the electrodes. The system proved to be an energy-saving technology by exhibiting a charge efficiency of 58–70% while operating at an energy consumption of 0.45 kWh kg −1 . A 92% regeneration efficiency showed that the electrodes were stable and suitable for long term and scalable usage. The results demonstrate that MXenes have the potential to improve the FE-CDI process for energy-efficient removal and recovery of ammonia.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2026

OCHRE

OCHRE™ uses a variety of input data sources to run time-series simulations. Building models can be taken from the ResStock™ database or generated using the Building Energy Optimization Tool (BEopt™) or other OpenStudio-HPXML workflows. EV charging profiles can be taken from datasets used in NLR's 2030 National Charging Network project. Weather data can be taken from the National Solar Radiation Database or EnergyPlus® weather files. There are no public datasets with OCHRE outputs at this time. However, a recent project dataset on water heater and EV demand flexibility can be requested. OCHRE is a Python-based energy modeling tool designed to model flexible loads in residential buildings. OCHRE includes detailed models and controls for flexible devices including HVAC equipment, water heaters, EVs, solar PV, and batteries. It is designed to run in co-simulation with custom controllers, aggregators, and grid models.

32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATI↗
DOE OSTI2021

Adaptive Control for Residential HVAC Systems to Support Grid Services

In this paper, we propose an adaptive control strategy for residential buildings' heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems to support grid services. The proposed control strategy captures the time-varying characteristics of the building and weather environments. It assigns to each building a local controller to maintain the indoor temperature within a desired comfort level, while the load aggregator allocates the assigned reference power provided by the distribution system operator to support a specific grid service, such as demand peak reduction, balancing supply and demand, and consuming the solar photovoltaic (PV) power locally. Simulation results are presented to verify the performance of the proposed control strategy in terms of maintaining the indoor temperatures of several buildings within the desired comfort bands while tracking the reference power profile. Also, a comparison with a recently developed model-free control strategy is presented.

Wu, Tumin↗
DOE OSTI2023

Vectorization of CMSSW offline software

The CMS experiment has been utilizing vectorization, or SIMD, in parts of its data processing applications for over a decade. On x86 platforms the vectorization level is still SSE3. In the past attempts to use wider vector instruction sets such as AVX or AVX-512 have, in practice, not resulted in improvements in the overall event processing throughput, because the CPUs scale down their frequency when processing AVX instructions. In addition, a notable part of the global pool of CMS’ resources has been old systems either not supporting AVX, or where the CPU frequency downscaling impacts all cores of the CPU. CMS has nevertheless continued to vectorize more of its application code, and in this work we review profiling methods we have found effective to find out pieces of code that would benefit from vectorization, and techniques to transform those codes such that the GCC compiler is able to auto-vectorize those codes. The build system used for CMSSW, Scram, has also been enha nced to be able to build code for multiple CPU microarchitectures such that the shared libraries of desired microarchitecture level can be loaded based on the CPU of the system. This multi-microarchitecture setup is invisible to the workflow management system, which makes its deployment straightforward. We describe in detail how this multi-microarchitecture build is set up, and measure the impact of using wider vector units than SSE3 on the event processing throughput of CMS applications such as simulation and reconstruction on recent x86 CPUs.

Gartung, Patrick↗
DOE OSTI2023

Effect of a micro-scale dislocation pileup on the atomic-scale multi-variant phase transformation and twinning

In this paper, we perform concurrent atomistic–continuum (CAC) simulations to assess the contribution of the internal stress induced by the microscale dislocation pileup at an atomically structured interface to the atomic-scale phase transformations (PTs), reverse PTs, and twinning. The main novelty of this work is to unify the atomistic description of the interface and the coarse-grained (CG) description of the lagging dislocations away from the interface within one single framework. Our major findings are: (a) the interface dynamically responds to a pileup by forming steps/ledges, the height of which is proportional to the number of dislocations arriving at the interface; (b) the pileup-induced internal stress concentration profile follows neither the classical Eshelby model nor the super-dislocation model alone, but a combination of them; (c) when the pre-sheared sample is compressed, a direct square-to-hexagonal PT occurs ahead of the pileup tip and eventually grows into a wedge shape. The two variants of the hexagonal phases form a twin with respect to each other; (d) upon a further increase of the loading, part of the newly formed hexagonal phase transforms back to the square phase. The square product phase resulting from this reverse PT forms a twin with respect to the initial square phase. All phase boundaries (PBs) and twin boundaries (TBs) are stationary and correspond to zero thermodynamic Eshelby driving forces; and (e) the microscale dislocation pileup-induced internal shear stress and the structural change at the atomic-scale interface reduces the stress required for initiating a PT by a factor of 5.5, comparing with that in the sample containing no dislocations. This work is the first characterization of the behavior of PTs/twinning resulting from the reaction between a microscale dislocation slip and an atomically structured interface. In conclusion, the gained knowledge will advance our understanding of how the multi-phase material behaves in many complex physical processes, such as the synthesis of multi-phase high-entropy alloys or superhard ceramics under high-pressure torsion, deep mantle earthquakes in geophysics, and so on, which all involve dislocation slip, PTs, twinning, and their interactions across from the atomistic to the microscale and beyond.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2024

Infinitely rugged intra-cage potential energy landscape in metallic glasses caused by many-body interaction

The absence of translational symmetry in glassy materials poses a significant challenge in establishing effective structure-property relationships in real space. Consequently, the potential energy landscape (PEL) in phase space is widely utilized to comprehend the complex phenomena in glasses. The classical PEL features a two-scale profile comprising mega-basins and sub-basins, corresponding to α-relaxations (e.g. glass transition) and β-relaxations (e.g. local cage-breaking atomic rearrangements), respectively. Recent studies, however, reveal that sub-basins are not smooth and contain finer structures, the origins of which remain elusive. Here we probe the smoothness of sub-basin bottoms in glasses' PEL by introducing small intra-cage cyclic loading and then measuring the net changes in atomic-level stresses. Compared to glasses with pair interaction, glasses with many-body interaction exhibit orders-of-magnitude larger and loading-dependent stress changes even before the first cage-breaking event takes place, which reflect much more feature-rich sub-basins. We further demonstrate this stark contrast stems from the spatial distribution of individual atom's constraining force field. Specifically, at vanishing perturbations, many-body interactions disrupt the positive-definite synchrony in energy variations of the perturbed atom and the whole system, causing inherently less confined atomic responses and infinitely rugged sub-basins. The implications of these findings for the selective addition or removal of fine structures in the PEL and the subsequent tuning of glassy materials' responses to external stimuli are also explored.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Deep reinforcement learning assisted co-optimization of Volt-VAR grid service in distribution networks

With the increasing penetration of distributed energy resources in distribution networks, Volt-VAR control and optimization (VVC/VVO) have become very important to ensure an acceptable quality of service to all customers. System operators can rely on slow-responding utility devices, including capacitor banks and on-load tap changing transformers, along with fast-responding battery and photovoltaic (PV) inverters for the VVC/VVO implementation. Because of variations in response time of these two classes of devices, and different control actions (discrete versus continuous), coordinated and optimal scheduling and operation have become of utmost importance. Here, this paper develops a look-ahead deep reinforcement learning (DRL)-based multi-objective VVO technique to improve the voltage profile of active distribution networks, decrease network and inverter power loss, and save the operational cost of the grid. It proposes a deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG)-based approach to schedule the optimal reactive and/or active power set-points of fast-responding inverters, and a deep Q-network (DQN)-based DRL agent to schedule the discrete decisions variables of slow-responding assets. The reactive power output of PV and battery smart inverters are scheduled at 30-minute intervals and the capacitors’ commitment status is scheduled with several hour intervals. The proposed framework is validated on the modified IEEE 34-bus and 123-bus test cases with embedded PV and PV-plus-storage. To validate the efficacy of the proposed VVO, it is compared with several scenarios, including the base case without VVO, localized droop control of DERs, DDPG-only, and twin delayed DDPG (TD3) agent-based DRL techniques. The results justify the superior performance of the proposed method to improve the voltage profile, reduce network power loss, and minimize the look-ahead grid operational cost while minimizing the undesirable power losses in inverters as a result of power factor adjustments.

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION↗
DOE OSTI2023

EV charging site day-ahead load prediction in a synthetic environment for RL based grid-informed charging

Ensuring grid health in the face of increasing demand for power is an emerging challenge especially due to transportation electrification. A free market approach to influencing electric vehicle (EV) load through grid-informed hourly dynamic pricing is introduced in this work. The setting of charging price is done by a reinforcement learning (RL) agent that learns the complicated dynamics by interacting with a synthetic environment. This synthetic environment is a combination of distribution feeder simulation, EV charger user behavior dynamics, and EV charging simulation. A key module in this synthetic environment involves obtaining the day-ahead charging profile of EV charging stations based on real-world past data. The day-ahead prediction is also useful in other traditional optimizations related to EV charge scheduling. The proposed approach involves using EV charging data from two different past time horizons – one to determine the shape of the daily profile and the other to determine a scaling value to capture actual energy consumption. Real-world charging data over many years from the ACN charging network has been used to demonstrate the ability to predict the day-ahead profile with only charge session data. Both Python and MATLAB have been used for data cleaning, processing, analysis, and prediction.

Suryanarayana, Harish↗
DOE OSTI2024

HERO WEC Belt Test Data

The following submission includes raw and processed data from the 2024 Hydraulic and Electric Reverse Osmosis Wave Energy Converter (HERO WEC) belt tests conducted using NREL's Large Amplitude Motion Platform (LAMP). A description of the motion profiles run during testing can be found in the run log document. Data was collected using NREL's Modular Ocean Data AcQuisition (MODAQ) system in the form of TDMS files. Data was then processed using Python and MATLAB and converted to MATLAB workspace, parquet, and csv file formats. During Data processing, a low pass filter was applied to each array and the arrays were then resampled to common 10Hz timestamps. A MATLAB data viewer script is provided to quickly visualize these data sets. The following arrays are contained in each test data file: - Time: Unix seconds timestamp - Test_Time: Time in seconds since beginning of test - POS_OS_1001: Encoder position in degrees (the encoder is located on the secondary shaft of the spring return and is driven by the winch after a 4.5:1 gear reduction) - LC_ST_1001: Anchor load cell data in lbf - PRESS_OS_2002: Air spring pressure in psi This data set has been developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, operated by Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLC, for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308. Funding provided by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Water Power Technologies Office.

16 TIDAL AND WAVE POWER↗