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Results for “equations of state”

Search indexed NASA NTRS and DOE OSTI research on propulsion, heat transfer, battery materials and energy systems. Follow report and document links to the original sources.

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At least 649 records · Page 36
All sourcesNASA NTRSDOE OSTI
DOE OSTI2023

Photoluminescence of Cr 3+ in β-Ga 2 O 3 and (Al 0.1 Ga 0.9 ) 2 O 3 under pressure

The effects of pressure on single crystals of Cr-doped gallium oxide (β-Ga 2 O 3 :Cr 3+ ) and aluminum gallium oxide [(Al 0.1 Ga 0.9 ) 2 O 3 ] were examined by measuring the wavelength shift in the spectral R lines. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra of these materials were collected from samples in diamond anvil cells at pressures up to 9 GPa. The β-Ga 2 O 3 :Cr 3+ R lines were found to shift linearly under hydrostatic pressure. The (Al 0.1 Ga 0.9 ) 2 O 3 R lines also show a linear shift but the R 1 line shifted less than for β-Ga 2 O 3 :Cr 3+ . The ratio of R 2 to R 1 peak areas vs pressure is dominated by nonradiative recombination. X-ray diffraction measurements of (Al 0.1 Ga 0.9 ) 2 O 3 indicate that its equation of state is similar to that of β-Ga 2 O 3 . β-Ga 2 O 3 :Cr 3+ was examined under non-hydrostatic conditions by using mineral oil as a pressure transmitting medium. Similar to the case in ruby, the R 1 line is much more sensitive to non-hydrostatic stress than R 2 . Spatially resolved PL of a sample at 8 GPa in mineral oil showed significant variations in the R 1 emission wavelength. Furthermore, these results suggest that the R 1 line can serve as a sensitive probe of alloy composition and non-hydrostatic stress, while the R 2 line is insensitive to these perturbations.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2022

High-Entropy Borides under Extreme Environment of Pressures and Temperatures

The high-entropy transition metal borides containing a random distribution of five or more constituent metallic elements offer novel opportunities in designing materials that show crystalline phase stability, high strength, and thermal oxidation resistance under extreme conditions. We present a comprehensive theoretical and experimental investigation of prototypical high-entropy boride (HEB) materials such as (Hf, Mo, Nb, Ta, Ti)B2 and (Hf, Mo, Nb, Ta, Zr)B2 under extreme environments of pressures and temperatures. The theoretical tools include modeling elastic properties by special quasi-random structures that predict a bulk modulus of 288 GPa and a shear modulus of 215 GPa at ambient conditions. HEB samples were synthesized under high pressures and high temperatures and studied to 9.5 GPa and 2273 K in a large-volume pressure cell. The thermal equation of state measurement yielded a bulk modulus of 276 GPa, in excellent agreement with theory. The measured compressive yield strength by radial X-ray diffraction technique in a diamond anvil cell was 28 GPa at a pressure of 65 GPa, which is a significant fraction of the shear modulus at high pressures. The high compressive strength and phase stability of this material under high pressures and high temperatures make it an ideal candidate for application as a structural material in nuclear and aerospace fields.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Reaching percolation and conformal limits in neutron stars

Generating an ensemble of equations of state that fulfill multimessenger constraints, we statistically determine the properties of dense matter found inside neutron stars (NSs). We calculate the speed of sound and trace anomaly and demonstrate that they are driven towards their conformal values at the center of maximally massive NSs. The local peak of the speed of sound is shown to be located at values of the energy and particle densities, which are consistent with deconfinement and percolation conditions in QCD matter. Here, we also analyze fluctuations of the net-baryon number density in the context of possible remnants of critical behavior. We find that the global maxima of the variance of these fluctuations emerge at densities beyond those found in the interiors of NSs.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

X-ray diffraction reveals two structural transitions in szomolnokite

Hydrated sulfates have been identified and studied in a wide variety of environments on Earth, Mars, and the icy satellites of the solar system. The subsurface presence of hydrous sulfur-bearing phases to any extent necessitates a better understanding of their thermodynamic and elastic properties at pressure. End-member experimental and computational data are lacking and are needed to accurately model hydrous, sulfur-bearing planetary interiors. In this work, high-pressure X-ray diffraction (XRD) and synchrotron Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) measurements were conducted on szomolnokite (FeSO 4 ·H 2 O) up to ~83 and 24 GPa, respectively. This study finds a monoclinic-triclinic (C2/c to P1¯) structural phase transition occurring in szomolnokite between 5.0(1) and 6.6(1) GPa and a previously unknown triclinic-monoclinic (P1¯ to P2 1 ) structural transition occurring between 12.7(3) and 16.8(3) GPa. The high-pressure transition was identified by the appearance of distinct reflections in the XRD patterns that cannot be attributed to a second phase related to the dissociation of the P1¯ phase, and it is further characterized by increased H 2 O bonding within the structure. We fit third-order Birch-Murnaghan equations of state for each of the three phases identified in our data and refit published data to compare the elastic parameters of szomolnokite, kieserite (MgSO 4 ·H 2 O), and blödite (Na 2 Mg(SO 4 ) 2 ·4H 2 O). At ambient pressure, szomolnokite is less compressible than blödite and more than kieserite, but by 7 GPa both szomolnokite and kieserite have approximately the same bulk modulus, while blödite’s remains lower than both phases up to 20 GPa. Furthermore, these results indicate the stability of szomolnokite’s high-pressure monoclinic phase and the retention of water within the structure up to pressures found in planetary deep interiors.

58 GEOSCIENCES↗
DOE OSTI2023

Calibration of Single-Crystal TATB EOS

An equation of state (EOS) for the single-crystal TATB (C 6 H 6 N 6 O 6 , molar mass 258.15 g/mol) is calibrated using the experimental/computational calibration data uploaded to the caldata repository. The thermodynamically complete EOS is given by the Helmholtz free energy as a single-valued almost analytical function of the specific volume and temperature. The cold curve is taken to be of the MACAW form. The vibrational contribution to the Helmholtz free energy is described by a weighted sum of three Debye oscillators in the quasi-harmonic approximation. The calibration data suggests the range of reliable applicability of the EOS from the ambient conditions to temperatures of ∼ 3000 K and pressures of ∼ 50-70 GPa.

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2023

Simultaneous measurements of volume, pressure, optical images, and crystal structure with a dynamic diamond anvil cell: A real-time event monitoring system

The dynamic diamond anvil cell (dDAC) technique has attracted great interest because it possibly provides a bridge between static and dynamic compression studies with fast, repeatable, and controllable compression rates. The dDAC can be a particularly useful tool to study the pathways and kinetics of phase transitions under dynamic pressurization if simultaneous measurements of physical quantities are possible as a function of time. We report the development of a real-time event monitoring (RTEM) system with dDAC, which can simultaneously record the volume, pressure, optical image, and structure of materials during dynamic compression runs. In particular, the volume measurement using both Fabry–Pérot interferogram and optical images facilitates the construction of an equation of state (EoS) using the dDAC in a home-laboratory. We also developed an in-line ruby pressure measurement (IRPM) system to be deployed at a synchrotron x-ray facility. This system provides simultaneous measurements of pressure and x-ray diffraction in low and narrow pressure ranges. The EoSs of ice VI obtained from the RTEM and the x-ray diffraction data with the IRPM are consistent with each other. The complementarity of both RTEM and IRPM systems will provide a great opportunity to scrutinize the detailed kinetic pathways of phase transitions using dDAC.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2022

Evidence for Dissociation and Ionization in Shock Compressed Nitrogen to 800 GPa

Triple bonding in the nitrogen molecule (N 2 ) is among the strongest chemical bonds with a dissociation enthalpy of 9.8 eV/molecule. Nitrogen is therefore an excellent test bed for theoretical and numerical methods aimed at understanding how bonding evolves under the influence of the extreme pressures and temperatures of the warm dense matter regime. Here, we report laser-driven shock experiments on fluid molecular nitrogen up to 800 GPa and 4.0 g/cm 3 . Line-imaging velocimetry measurements and impedance matching method with a quartz reference yield shock equation of state data of initially precompressed nitrogen. Comparison with numerical simulations using path integral Monte Carlo and density functional theory molecular dynamics reveals clear signatures of chemical dissociation and the onset of L-shell ionization. Furthermore, combining data along multiple shock Hugoniot curves starting from densities between 0.76 and 1.29 g/cm 3 , our study documents how pressure and density affect these changes in chemical bonding and provides benchmarks for future theoretical developments in this regime, with applications for planetary interior modeling, high energy density science, and inertial confinement fusion research.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2024

Posterior Covariance Matrix Approximations

Here, the Davis equation of state (EOS) is commonly used to model thermodynamic relationships for high explosive (HE) reactants. Typically, the parameters in the EOS are calibrated, with uncertainty, using a Bayesian framework and Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. However, MCMC methods are computationally expensive, especially for complex models with many parameters. This paper provides a comparison between MCMC and less computationally expensive Variational methods (Variational Bayesian and Hessian Variational Bayesian) for computing the posterior distribution and approximating the posterior covariance matrix based on heterogeneous experimental data. All three methods recover similar posterior distributions and posterior covariance matrices. This study demonstrates that for this EOS parameter calibration application, the assumptions made in the two Variational methods significantly reduce the computational cost but do not substantially change the results compared to MCMC.

97 MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTING↗
DOE OSTI2020

GW190814's Secondary Component with Mass 2.50–2.67 M ⊙ as a Superfast Pulsar

Using Stergioulas's RNS code for investigating fast pulsars with Equation of States (EOSs) on the causality surface (where the speed of sound equals that of light) of the high-density EOS parameter space satisfying all known constraints from both nuclear physics and astrophysics, we show that one possible explanation for the GW190814's secondary component of mass (2.50-2.67) M ⊙ is that it is a super-fast pulsar spinning faster than 971 Hz about 42% below its Kepler frequency. If confirmed, it would be the fastest pulsar with the highest mass observed presently. There is a large and physically allowed EOS parameter space below the causality surface where pulsars heavier than 2.50 M ⊙ are supported if they can rotate even faster with critical frequencies depending strongly on the high-density behavior of nuclear symmetry energy.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Modeling fluid phase equilibria of carbon dioxide-methanol binary system

Accurate fluid phase equilibria modeling of carbon dioxide-methanol binary system is essential for numerous industrial applications. Prior modeling studies were limited in scope in terms of temperature and pressure ranges. In this study, the phase equilibria behavior of the binary system is modeled with cubic equations-of-state (EoS) including Peng-Robinson (PR) and Soave-Redlich-Kwong with various mixing rules, Predictive Soave-Redlich-Kwong, Cubic Plus Association, and Perturbed-Chain Statistical Associating Fluid Theory. Among them, the classical PR EoS and its variants yield the overall best results in representing the phase behavior at temperature above 330 K. Furthermore, PR incorrectly predicts two liquid phases when the CO 2 mole fraction exceeds ~ 0.4 at temperature lower than 330 K. Raoult’s law with the classical nonrandom two-liquid excess Gibbs energy model is recommended for the low temperature conditions.

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CH↗
DOE OSTI2023

Bayesian refinement of covariant energy density functionals

The last five years have seen remarkable progress in our quest to determine the equation of state of neutron rich matter. Here, recent advances across the theoretical, experimental, and observational landscape have been incorporated in a Bayesian framework to refine existing covariant energy density functionals previously calibrated by the properties of finite nuclei. In particular, constraints on the maximum neutron star mass from pulsar timing, on stellar radii from the NICER mission, on tidal deformabilities from the LIGO-Virgo collaboration, and on the dynamics of pure neutron matter as predicted from chiral effective field theories have resulted in significant refinements to the models, particularly to those predicting a stiff symmetry energy. Still, even after these improvements, we find it challenging to reproduce simultaneously the neutron skin thickness of both 208 Pb and 48 Ca recently reported by the PREX/CREX collaboration.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2023

Gravitational Wave Signal for Quark Matter with Realistic Phase Transition

The cores of neutron stars (NSs) near the maximum mass can realize a transitional change to quark matter (QM). Gravitational waves from binary NS mergers are expected to convey information about the equation of state (EOS) sensitive to the QM transition. Here, in this work, we present the first results of gravitational wave simulation with the realistic EOS that is consistent with ab initio approaches of χ⁢EFT and pQCD and is assumed to go through smooth crossover. We compare them to results obtained with another EOS with a first-order hadron-quark phase transition. Our results suggest that early collapse to a black hole in the post-merger stage after NS merger robustly signifies softening of the EOS associated with the QM onset in the crossover scenario. The nature of the hadron-quark phase transition can be further constrained by the condition that electromagnetic counterparts should be energized by the material left outside the remnant black hole.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Identifying the nature of the QCD transition in heavy-ion collisions with deep learning

In this proceeding, we review our recent work using deep convolutional neural network (CNN) to identify the nature of the QCD transition in a hybrid modeling of heavy-ion collisions. Within this hybrid model, a viscous hydrodynamic model is coupled with a hadronic cascade “after-burner”. As a binary classification setup, we employ two different types of equations of state (EoS) of the hot medium in the hydrodynamic evolution. The resulting final-state pion spectra in the transverse momentum and azimuthal angle plane are fed to the neural network as the input data in order to distinguish different EoS. To probe the effects of the fluctuations in the event-by-event spectra, we explore different scenarios for the input data and make a comparison in a systematic way. We observe a clear hierarchy in the predictive power when the network is fed with the event-by-event, cascade-coarse-grained and event-fine-averaged spectra. The carefully-trained neural network can extract high-level features from pion spectra to identify the nature of the QCD transition in a realistic simulation scenario.

73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2020

Recreating Giants Impacts in the Laboratory: Shock Compression of MgSiO 3 Bridgmanite to 14 Mbar

Understanding giant impacts requires accurate description of how extreme pressures and temperatures affect the physical properties of the constituent materials. Here, we report shock experiments on two polymorphs of MgSiO 3 : enstatite and bridgmanite (perovskite) crystals.We obtain pressure-density shock equation of state to 14 Mbar and more than 9 g/cm 3 , a 40% increase in density from previous data on MgSiO 3 . Density-functional-theory molecular dynamics (DFT-MD) simulations provide predictions for the shock Hugoniot curves for bridgmanite and enstatite and suggest that the Grüneisen parameter decreases with increasing density. The good agreement between the simulations and the experimental data, including for the shock temperature along the enstatite Hugoniot reveals that DFT-MD simulations reproduce well the behavior of dense fluid MgSiO 3 .We also reveal a high optical reflectance indicative of a metal-like electrical conductivity which supports the hypothesis that magma oceans may contribute to planetary magnetic field generation.

75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND↗
DOE OSTI2022

Dynamic properties of FeCrMnNi, a High Entropy Alloy

The goal of this paper was to assess the dynamic properties of a new class of materials, High entropy alloys (HEAs). Specifically, gas gun experiments coupled with recovery were performed on a specific HEA, FeCrMnNi, to measure its equation of state (EOS) and its spall strength, which is a measure of the stress required to nucleate voids under shock loading conditions. While there has been a plethora of work performed to assess the mechanical properties of these HEAs under uniaxial stress conditions as a function of strain rate, investigation of its properties in dynamic extremes remains rare. The current work fills this gap in knowledge for this novel class of materials. Our results show that the measured EOS for this material at one velocity was in reasonable agreement with an estimated Hugoniot. Furthermore, while the spall strength for this material was found to be ~1.9 GPa, with some variation based on sample location, the main failure mode wasbrittle. This brittle failure leading to formation of cracks in the material is different than the ductile failure observed in pure iron and its alloys. DOE/NV/03624--1298

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE↗
DOE OSTI2021

Mapping dynamical ejecta and disk masses from numerical relativity simulations of neutron star mergers

Abstract We present fitting formulae for the dynamical ejecta properties and remnant disk masses from the largest to date sample of numerical relativity simulations. The considered data include some of the latest simulations with microphysical nuclear equations of state (EOS) and neutrino transport as well as other results with polytropic EOS available in the literature. Our analysis indicates that the broad features of the dynamical ejecta and disk properties can be captured by fitting expressions, that depend on mass ratio and reduced tidal parameter. The comparative analysis of literature data shows that microphysics and neutrino absorption have a significant impact on the dynamical ejecta properties. Microphysical nuclear EOS lead to average velocities smaller than polytropic EOS, while including neutrino absorption results in larger average ejecta masses and electron fractions. Hence, microphysics and neutrino transport are necessary to obtain quantitative models of the ejecta in terms of the binary parameters.

79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS↗
DOE OSTI2022

A case study of using x-ray Thomson scattering to diagnose the in-flight plasma conditions of DT cryogenic implosions

The design of inertial confinement fusion ignition targets requires radiation-hydrodynamics simulations with accurate models of the fundamental material properties (i.e., equation of state, opacity, and conductivity). Validation of these models is required via experimentation. A feasibility study of using spatially integrated, spectrally resolved, x-ray Thomson scattering measurements to diagnose the temperature, density, and ionization of the compressed DT shell of a cryogenic DT implosion at two-thirds convergence was conducted. Synthetic scattering spectra were generated using 1D implosion simulations from the LILAC code that were post processed with the x-ray scattering model, which is incorporated within SPECT3D. Analysis of two extreme adiabat capsule conditions showed that the plasma conditions for both compressed DT shells could be resolved.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗
DOE OSTI2024

Tunable noninteracting free-energy density functionals for high-energy-density physics applications

In this work, we introduce the concept of a tunable noninteracting free-energy density functional and present two examples realized: (i) via a simple one-parameter convex combination of two existing functionals and (ii) via the construction of a generalized gradient approximation (GGA) enhancement factor that contains one free parameter and is designed to satisfy a set of incorporated constraints. Functional (i), constructed as a combination of the local Thomas–Fermi and a pseudopotential-adapted GGA for the noninteracting free-energy, has already demonstrated its practical usability for establishing the high temperature end of the equation of state of deuterium [Phys. Rev. B 104, 144104 (2021)] and CHON resin [Phys. Rev. E 106, 045207 (2022)] for inertial confinement fusion applications. Hugoniot calculations for liquid deuterium are given as another example of how the application of computationally efficient orbital-free density functional theory (OF-DFT) can be utilized with the employment of the developed functionals. Once the functionals have been tuned such that the OF-DFT Hugoniot calculation matches the Kohn–Sham solution at some low-temperature point, agreement with the reference Kohn–Sham results for the rest of the high temperature Hugoniot path is very good with relative errors for compression and pressure on the order of 2% or less.

70 PLASMA PHYSICS AND FUSION TECHNOLOGY↗