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At least 649 records · Page 36

High-resolution imaging of solar system objects

A very extensive Io sodium imaging program beginning with the first images of the cloud and culminating in comprehensive characterization of the cloud's appearance and behavior as a function of both time and Io's orbital position now forms the basis for a collaborative modeling analysis and a continued observational study with emphasis on understanding how the cloud's behavior is diagnostic of spatial and temporal variations in the physical conditions of the inner Jovian magnetosphere. The sodium cloud was found to have a variety of systematic variations, a pronounced east-west orbital asymmetry, and temporal changes which could be diagnostic of time changes in both Io and its plasma environment. New comet imaging programs initiated at the 3.6-meter Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope draw upon both ultra high time resolution and high spatial resolution imaging capabilities. Seven observing runs between Dec. 1984 and May 1986 were devoted to observing Halley, Giacobini-Zinner, and several other comets. Among these observations were the first images of Halley through IHW filters, and images of Giacobini-Zinner during the ICE encounter which have been directly correlated with ICE magnetic field measurements.

Goldberg, B. A.↗

X-ray pulse profile and celestial position of Hercules X-1.

The celestial position of the binary X-ray source Her X-1 has been measured with a precision of 30 sec and, within the uncertainties, agrees with the position of the optical variable HZ Herculis. An average light curve for the 1.24-sec periodicity has been obtained with about 10-msec resolution. The average pulse is a double-peaked structure which shows significant intensity changes in time scales down to 30 msec.

Doxsey, R.↗

The optical identification of 2A 0311-227 with a new AM Herculis-type object

The X-ray source 2A 0311-227 has been precisely positioned by using the HEAO 1 scanning modulation collimator, resulting in an optical candidate with a B magnitude of about 15. Medium-resolution optical spectra of this star show remarkable similarity to the spectrum of AM Her, a short-period binary containing a magnetic white dwarf. The Balmer decrement in 2A 0311-227 is also similar to that in AM Her and may likewise be attributed to collisional excitation in a plasma with an electron density of the order of 10 to the 13th per cu cm.

Griffiths, R. E.↗

Current Studies of CH4 from 2.5 to 7 microns

The 3.5 micron region of methane was analyzed. The positions and strengths of approximately 9000 absorption lines in the region from 2400 to 3200 cm were measured. Spectra were obtained at a resolution of 0.1 cm using the Fourier transform spectrometer and at 0.02 cm resolution using the four passed grating spectrometer. The analysis of the 3.5 micron region required the use of spectra of CH4 in other regions, therefore the methane spectrum from 1200 to 4700 cm is indicated. The method used for the compilation of line lists is demonstrated.

Brown, L.↗

Atlas of high resolution infrared spectra of carbon dioxide, February 1983

A long path, low pressure laboratory spectrum of carbon dioxide is presented for the spectral region 1830 to 2010/cm. The data were recorded at 0.01/cm resolution and room temperature with the Fourier transform spectrometer in the McMath solar telescope complex at Kitt Peak National Observatory. A list of positions and assignments is given for the 1038 lines observed in this region. A total of 30 bands and subbands of 12C16O2, 13C16O2, 12C16O18O, 12C16O17O, and 13C16O18O were observed.

Benner, D. C.↗

Atlas of high resolution infrared spectra of carbon dioxide

A long path, low pressure laboratory spectrum of carbon dioxide is presented for the spectral region 1830 to 2010/cm. The data were recorded at 0.01/cm resolution and room temperature with the Fourier transform spectrometer in the McMath solar telescope complex at Kitt Peak National Observatory. A list of positions and assignments is given for the 1038 lines observed in this region. A total of 30 bands and subbands of 12C1602, 13C1602, 12C160180, 12C160170, and 13C160180 were observed. Previously announced in STAR as N83-19598

Rinsland, C. P.↗

The WIDe-angle GEocoronal Telescope (WIDGET)

We describe the WIDe-angle GEocoronal Telescope, or WIDGET. The telescope is designed to image the cold plasma constituent of the magnetosphere, the plasmasphere, by imaging the He II 304 A emission. It utilizes a spherical normal incidence f/2 mirror with a microchannel plate imaging detector positioned near the focal point of the mirror. The instrument has a 30-deg field of view with a .5-1-deg angular resolution. The mirror has a multilayer coating which, combined with an Al/C filter and the detector response, provides a peak sensitivity of approximately 0.5 ct/sec/Rayleigh/bin at 304 A with a bandpass of about 60 A. The instrument will be flown on a sounding rocket in the Fall of 1992 as a test of its capabilities. It can easily be adapted to different wavelengths (584, 834, and 1216 A) using suitable mirror coatings and filters. In this way, a series of WIDGETs could image different aspects of the inner magnetosphere simultaneously, thus providing a more unified picture of this complex region.

Cotton, Daniel↗

Scanning instrumentation for measuring magnetic field trapping in high Tc superconductors

Computerized scanning instrumentation measures and displays trapped magnetic fields across the surface of high Tc superconductors at 77 K. Data are acquired in the form of a raster scan image utilizing stepping motor stages for positioning and a cryogenic Hall probe for magnetic field readout. Flat areas up to 45 mm in diameter are scanned with 0.5-mm resolution and displayed as false color images.

Sisk, R. C.↗

Intercontinental Bistatic Radar Test Observation of Asteroid 1998 WT24

We describe the first intercontinental planetary radar test performed in Italy observing the near Earth asteroid (NEA) 33342 (1998 WT24) in December 2001 by means of the bistatic configurations Goldstone (California, USA)-Medicina (Italy) and Evpatoria (Ukraine)-Medicina. The experiment goal was to characterize the system for realtime radar follow-up observations of NEAs and artificial orbiting debris, in the framework of a feasibility study which aims at using the Sardinia Radio Telescope, at present under construction, also as a planetary radar facility. We report the preliminary results of the radar observations carried out by the IRA-CNR (Instituto di Radioastronomia - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche) and the OATo (Osservatorio Astronomico di Torino) groups, aimed at exploring the scientific potentials of a new space radar program, using the existing facilities in Italy. The planetary radar technique is uniquely capable of investigating geometry and surface properties of various solar system objects, demonstrating advantages over the optical methods in its high spatial resolution and ability to obtain three-dimensional images. A single radar detection allows to obtain extremely accurate orbital elements, improving the instantaneous positional uncertainties by orders of magnitude with respect to an optically determined orbit. Radar is a powerful means to spatially resolve NEAs by measuring the distribution of the echo power in time delay (range) and Doppler frequency (line-of-sight velocity) with extreme precision in each coordinate, as it provides detailed information about the target physical properties like size, shape, rotation, near-surface bulk density and roughness and internal density distribution. The Medicina 32m antenna had been successfully used for the first time as the receiving part of a bistatic configuration during a test experiment (September 2001) held to check the capabilities of the entire data acquisition system. This test was possible thanks to the collaboration undertaken with the Evpatoria radar station, and consisted in the observation of the ETALON-1 low orbit satellite

Righini, S.↗

The User Community and a Multi-Mission Data Project: Services, Experiences and Directions of the Space Physics Data Facility

From a user's perspective, the multi-mission data and orbit services of NASA's Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF) project offer a unique range of important data and services highly complementary to other services presently available or now evolving in the international heliophysics data environment. The VSP (Virtual Space Physics Observatory) service is an active portal to a wide range of distributed data sources. CDAWeb (Coordinate Data Analysis Web) enables plots, listings and file downloads for current data cross the boundaries of missions and instrument types (and now including data from THEMIS and STEREO). SSCWeb, Helioweb and our 3D Animated Orbit Viewer (TIPSOD) provide position data and query logic for most missions currently important to heliophysics science. OMNIWeb with its new extension to 1- and 5-minute resolution provides interplanetary parameters at the Earth's bow shock as a unique value-added data product. SPDF also maintains NASA's CDF (common Data Format) standard and a range of associated tools including translation services. These capabilities are all now available through webservices-based APIs as well as through our direct user interfaces. In this paper, we will demonstrate the latest data and capabilities now supported in these multi-mission services, review the lessons we continue to learn in what science users need and value in this class of services, and discuss out current thinking to the future role and appropriate focus of the SPDF effort in the evolving and increasingly distributed heliophysics data environment.

Fung, Shing F.↗

Terminal Descent Sensor Simulation

Sulcata software simulates the operation of the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) radar terminal descent sensor (TDS). The program models TDS radar antennas, RF hardware, and digital processing, as well as the physics of scattering from a coherent ground surface. This application is specific to this sensor and is flexible enough to handle end-to-end design validation. Sulcata is a high-fidelity simulation and is used for performance evaluation, anomaly resolution, and design validation. Within the trajectory frame, almost all internal vectors are represented in whatever coordinate system is used to represent platform position. The trajectory frame must be planet-fixed. The platform body frame is specified relative to arbitrary reference points relative to the platform (spacecraft or test vehicle). Its rotation is a function of time from the trajectory coordinate system specified via dynamics input (file for open loop, callback for closed loop). Orientation of the frame relative to the body is arbitrary, but constant over time. The TDS frame must have a constant rotation and translation from the platform body frame specified at run time. The DEM frame has an arbitrary, but time-constant, rotation and translation with respect to the simulation frame specified at run time. It has the same orientation as sigma0 frame, but is possibly translated. Surface sigma0 has the same arbitrary rotation and translation as DEM frame.

Chen, Curtis W.↗

Electro-Optic Time-to-Space Converter for Optical Detector Jitter Mitigation

A common problem in optical detection is determining the arrival time of a weak optical pulse that may comprise only one to a few photons. Currently, this problem is solved by using a photodetector to convert the optical signal to an electronic signal. The timing of the electrical signal is used to infer the timing of the optical pulse, but error is introduced by random delay between the absorption of the optical pulse and the creation of the electrical one. To eliminate this error, a time-to-space converter separates a sequence of optical pulses and sends them to different photodetectors, depending on their arrival time. The random delay, called jitter, is at least 20 picoseconds for the best detectors capable of detecting the weakest optical pulses, a single photon, and can be as great as 500 picoseconds. This limits the resolution with which the timing of the optical pulse can be measured. The time-to-space converter overcomes this limitation. Generally, the time-to-space converter imparts a time-dependent momentum shift to the incoming optical pulses, followed by an optical system that separates photons of different momenta. As an example, an electro-optic phase modulator can be used to apply longitudinal momentum changes (frequency changes) that vary in time, followed by an optical spectrometer (such as a diffraction grating), which separates photons with different momenta into different paths and directs them to impinge upon an array of photodetectors. The pulse arrival time is then inferred by measuring which photodetector receives the pulse. The use of a time-to-space converter mitigates detector jitter and improves the resolution with which the timing of an optical pulse is determined. Also, the application of the converter enables the demodulation of a pulse position modulated signal (PPM) at higher bandwidths than using previous photodetector technology. This allows the creation of a receiver for a communication system with high bandwidth and high bits/photon efficiency.

Birnbaum, Kevin↗

The Resolved Stellar Population in 50 Regions of M83 from HST/WFC3 Early Release Science Observations

We present a multi-wavelength photometric study of approximately 15,000 resolved stars in the nearby spiral galaxy M83 (NGC 5236, D = 4.61 Mpc) based on Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 observations using four filters: F336W, F438W, F555W, and F814W. We select 50 regions (an average size of 260 pc by 280 pc) in the spiral arm and inter-arm areas of M83 and determine the age distribution of the luminous stellar populations in each region. This is accomplished by correcting for extinction toward each individual star by comparing its colors with predictions from stellar isochrones.We compare the resulting luminosity-weighted mean ages of the luminous stars in the 50 regions with those determined from several independent methods, including the number ratio of red-to-blue supergiants, morphological appearance of the regions, surface brightness fluctuations, and the ages of clusters in the regions. We find reasonably good agreement between these methods. We also find that young stars are much more likely to be found in concentrated aggregates along spiral arms, while older stars are more dispersed. These results are consistent with the scenario that star formation is associated with the spiral arms, and stars form primarily in star clusters and then disperse on short timescales to form the field population. The locations ofWolf-Rayet stars are found to correlate with the positions of many of the youngest regions, providing additional support for our ability to accurately estimate ages. We address the effects of spatial resolution on the measured colors, magnitudes, and age estimates. While individual stars can occasionally show measurable differences in the colors and magnitudes, the age estimates for entire regions are only slightly affected.

Hubble Space Telescope↗

Spacecraft Alignment Determination and Control for Dual Spacecraft Precision Formation Flying

Many proposed formation flying missions seek to advance the state of the art in spacecraft science imaging by utilizing dual-spacecraft precision formation flying (PFF) to enable a 'virtual' telescope (VT). Using precision dual-spacecraft alignment, very long focal lengths can be achieved by locating the optics on one spacecraft and the detector on the other. Proposed science missions include astrophysics concepts for X-ray imaging and exo-planet observation with large spacecraft separations (1000 km to 80,000 km), and heliophysics concepts for X-ray or extreme ultra-violet (EUV) imaging or solar coronagraphs with smaller separations (50m - 500m). These proposed missions require advances in guidance, navigation, and control (GN&C) for PFF to enable high resolution science imaging. For many applications, the dual-spacecraft dynamics are coupled through the GN&C system when the relative ranging and position alignment sensor components are not co-located with their respective spacecraft mass centers. We develop a model-based PFF system design approach for the VT application, considering the coupling inherent in precision dual-spacecraft inertial alignment. These systems employ a variety of GN&C sensors and actuators, including laser-based alignment and ranging systems, camera-based imaging sensors, inertial measurement units (IMU), as well as microthruster systems and image motion compensation platforms. Results of a GN&C performance assessment reveal how data from relative position sensors can be employed in a Kalman filter framework to significantly improve alignment estimation performance. The assessment provides a comparison of two different GN&C formation flying architectures, illustrating the performance trades inherent in the choice of PFF system architecture in the VT application.

Formation Flying↗

Exoplanet Biosignatures: Future Directions

We introduce a Bayesian method for guiding future directions for detection of life on exoplanets. We describe empirical and theoretical work necessary to place constraints on the relevant likelihoods, including those emerging from better understanding stellar environment, planetary climate and geophysics, geochemical cycling, the universalities of physics and chemistry, the contingencies of evolutionary history, the properties of life as an emergent complex system, and the mechanisms driving the emergence of life. We provide examples for how the Bayesian formalism could guide future search strategies, including determining observations to prioritize or deciding between targeted searches or larger lower resolution surveys to generate ensemble statistics and address how a Bayesian methodology could constrain the prior probability of life with or without a positive detection.

Bayesian analysis↗

Debris Disk Structure and Morphology as Revealed by Aggressive STIS Multi-Roll Coronagraphy: A New Look at Some Old Friends

We present new imaging results from a well-selected sample of II circumstellar debris disks, all with HST pedigree, using STIS visible-light 6-roll PSF-template subtracted coronagraphy (PSFTSC). These new observations, pushing HST to its highest levels of coronagraphic performance, simultaneously probe both the interior regions of these debris systems, with inner working distances < app 8 AU for half the stars in this sample (corresponding to the giant planet and Kuiper belt regions within our own solar system), and the exterior regions far beyond. These new images enable direct inter-comparison of the architectures of these exoplanetary debris systems in the context of our own Solar System: These observations also permit us, for the first time, to characterize material in these regions at high spatial resolution and identify disk sub-structures that are signposts of planet formation and evolution; in particular, asymmetries and non-uniform debris structures that signal the presence of co-orbiting perturbing planets, and dynamical interactions (e.g., resulting in posited small grain stripping and disk "pollution") with the ISM. We focus here on recently acquired and reduced images of he circumstellar debris systems about: AU Mic (edge-on, and @ 10 pc the closest star in our sample), HD 61005, HD 32297 and HD 15115 (all with morphologies strongly suggestive of ISM wind interactions), HD 181327 & HDI07146 (close to face-on with respectively narrow and broad debris rings), and MP Mus (a "mature" proto-planetary disk hosted by a cTTS). All of our objects were previously observed in the near-IR with inferior spatial resolution and imaging efficacy, but with NICMOS r = 0.3" inner working angle (IWA) comparable to STIS multi-roll coronagraphy. The combination of new optical and existing near-IR imaging can strongly constrain the dust properties, thus enabling an assessment of grain processing and planetesimal populations. These results will directly inform upon the posited planet formation mechanisms that occur after the approximately 10 My epoch of gas depletion, a time in our solar system when giant planets were migrating and terrestrial planets were forming, and directly test theoretical models of these processes. These observations lmiquely probe both into the interior regions of these systems and are sensitive to and spatially resolve low surface-brightness (SB) material at large stellocentric distances with spatial resolution comparable to ACS and with augmenting NICMOS near-IR disk photometry in hand.

Grady, Carol A↗

Line positions and strengths of HDO in the 2400-3300 per cm region

The vibration-rotation spectrum of HDO in the 2400-3300 per cm region has been studied at 0.01 per cm resolution with a Fourier transform spectrometer. Values of the ground state levels and levels in the (100) and (020) states have been determined from the data. The ground state levels are fitted to a Watson-type Hamiltonian from which 17 rotational constants are obtained. Measurements of the strengths of over 1100 lines have been made using a nonlinear least-squares fitting technique, and 548 of these lines are analyzed to determine the band strengths, the coefficients of the F factors, and the Coriolis interaction parameters. The strengths of the A- and B-type (100) bands and the A- and B-type (020) bands are 53.2 + or - 0.9, 0.43 + or - 0.07, 6.00 + or - 0.54, and 2.75 + or - 0.12 per sq cm per atm at 296 K, respectively.

Toth, R. A.↗